Umculo KuSirayeli Wamandulo
UMCULO wawuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yoSirayeli wamandulo. Amaxilongo nezigodlo zazivuthelwa ukuze kuqokelelwe abantu beze kunqula okanye ukuze kuchazwe iziganeko ezibalulekileyo. Imirhube neehadi zazidlalelwa ookumkani xa bengonwabanga. (1 Samuweli 16:14-23) Amagubu, amacangci nezinye izixhobo zazidlalwa xa kukho umbhiyozo othile.—2 Samuweli 6:5; 1 Kronike 13:8.
UYubhali oyinzala kaKayin, eBhayibhileni kuthiwa “ngunozala wabo bonke abaphatha uhadi nempempe.” (Genesis 4:21) Kusenokwenzeka ukuba waba ngowokuqala ukwenza izixhobo zomculo ezineengcingo nezivuthelwayo.
IBhayibhile ithetha ngeziganeko ezininzi ekwakudlalwa ngazo umculo. Sekunjalo, ayithethi kangako ngezixhobo zomculo. Noko ke, abaphengululi baye bazama ukufumanisa ukuba zazinjani izixhobo zomculo zamandulo nokuba zazivakala njani, besebenzisa ubungqina bezinto ezembiweyo nemibhalo yamandulo. Noko ke, ezinye zezinto abazithethayo azinabungqina bupheleleyo kodwa makhe sijonge eminye yemizekelo edumileyo.
Iintambula, Amakhenkcekhenkce Namacangci
Emva kokuba uThixo eweze uMoses namaSirayeli kuLwandle Olubomvu ngokungummangaliso, uMiriyam udade boMoses nabo “bonke abafazi” baphuma “beneentambula kwaye bengqungqa.” (Eksodus 15:20) Nangona zingekho iintambula zamaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile ezifana nezanamhlanje eziye zafunyanwa, imifanekiso ekwizinto zodongwe yabafazi abaphethe amagubu amancinane iye yafunyanwa kwiindawo zakwaSirayeli njengaseAkezibhi, eMegido naseBhete-sheyan. Esi sixhobo esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yintambula kwiinguqulelo zeBhayibhile, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sasisisazinge esenziwe ngeplanga saza sagqunywa ngofele lwesilwanyana.
Ngamaxesha oosolusapho, iintambula zazidlalwa ngabafazi kwimisitho, kuculwa yaye kungqungqwa. IBhayibhile ithi xa inkokeli yamaSirayeli uYifeta yabuyela ekhaya emva kokoyisa kwidabi elibalulekileyo, intombi yakhe yeza kumhlangabeza “ibetha intambula yaye ingqungqa.” Ngesinye isihlandlo abafazi babhiyozela izinto ezafezwa nguDavide “bevuma ingoma yaye bengqungqa” bedlala ‘neentambula.’—ABagwebi 11:34; 1 Samuweli 18:6, 7.
Xa ukumkani uDavide wafudusela ityeya yomnqophiso eYerusalem, abantu “babebhiyoza phambi koYehova ngazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zomthi wejunipha nangeehadi nangomrhubhe nangeentambula nangamakhenkcekhenkce nangamacangci.” (2 Samuweli 6:5) Kamva itempile yaseYerusalem yayineqela leemvumi ekwakukho kuzo ezaziqeqeshiwe nezazidlala amacangci, amaxilongo, iihadi nemirhubhe.
Nangona sinofifi lokuba zazinjani iintambula, ayenjani wona amakhenkcekhenkce? Kubonakala ukuba ayenziwe ngentsimbi embhoxo yaye ayesiba neziphatho. Xa ulishukumisa, ikhenkcekhenkce lalikhupha isandi esikhenkcezayo. IBhayibhile ithetha kube kanye ngamakhenkcekhenkce. Akhankanywa xa ityeya yomnqophiso yayifuduselwa eYerusalem. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwembali yamaYuda, amakhenkcekhenkce ayedlalwa nangamaxesha alusizi.
Kuthekani ngamacangci amandulo? Ayengamacangci amakhulu entsimbi awayebethaniswa. Noko ke, amanye wamacangci awayesetyenziswa ngamaSirayeli amandulo ayengamakhulu kangako, ngenxa yoko ayekhupha nje isandi esincinane.
Iihadi Nemirhubhe
Uhadi lwaluxhaphakile kwaSirayeli. UDavide waludlala ukuze athuthuzele ukumkani uSawule. (1 Samuweli 16:16, 23) Abaphengululi baye bafumana imizobo yeehadi ezahlukahlukeneyo ezingama-30 kwiindonga, iingqekembe, amatye amancinane, imisongo namatywina. Abantu babesenza ngeendlela ezingafaniyo esi sixhobo. Umdlali waso wayesibamba esi sixhobo aze asidlale ngeminwe nangezinye izixhobo.
Sikho nesinye isixhobo esasifana nohadi. Akuqinisekwa ncam ukuba sasineengcingo ezingaphi, sisikhulu kangakanani yaye sidlalwa njani. Noko ke, inkoliso yabaphengululi ithi esi sixhobo kunye nohadi zaziphathwa ngumntu owayezidlala.
Amaxilongo Nezigodlo
UThixo wayalela uMoses ukuba enze amaxilongo amabini. Ayefanele enziwe ngesilivere ekhandiweyo. (Numeri 10:2) Ayevuthelwa ngababingeleli ukuchaza iziganeko ezinokuthanani netempile nemibhiyozo eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ixilongo elichaza isiganeko esithile lalivuthelwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo, ngezinye izihlandlo lalivuthelwa ixesha elide kanti ngezinye izihlandlo lalikhala nje ixeshana. Akwaziwa ukuba ayenjani la maxilongo kuba alikho ixilongo lamaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile elakha lafunyanwa. Ekuphela kwemifanekiso esinayo yileyo yenziwa ngabazobi njengaleyo ifumaneka kumfanekiso okwiGophe likaTitus eRoma.
Isigodlo kuthethwa ngaso ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezingama-70 kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere. Esi sixhobo sasisenziwa ngophondo lwebhokhwe okanye olwenkunzi yegusha. Ngokutsho kwemithombo yamaYuda, kwakukho iintlobo ezimbini zesigodlo—esinye sasisenziwa singqale size sibe nomlomo wegolide ukanti esinye sasisenziwa sibe namajikojiko size sihonjiswe ngesilivere. Esi sigodlo sasisetyenziswa ukuze kuchazelwe abantu ngemeko ethile kuba sasingxola yaye sasinokuviwa ngumntu okude.
KuSirayeli wamandulo isigodlo sasisetyenziswa ukuze kwaziswe abantu ngesiganeko sonqulo njengokuqala nokuphela kweSabatha. Kodwa sasisetyenziswa nangenye indlela—ngokomzekelo ngamaxesha emfazwe. Sinokuyithelekelela indlela eyayisoyikisa ngayo ingxolo eyayiphuma kwizigodlo ezingama-300 ngaphambi kokuba umkhosi kaGidiyon uhlasele amaMidiyani ebusuku engalindelanga.—ABagwebi 7:15-22.
Iintlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zezixhobo Zomculo
Ngamaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile kwakusetyenziswa nezixhobo ezinjengeentsimbi, iimbande nezigingci. Umprofeti kaYehova uDaniyeli owayethinjwe kwiBhabhiloni yamandulo wabhala ngeqela leemvumi zikaKumkani uNebhukadenetsare waseBhabhiloni. Zazidlala ikitare, impempe nempempe enengxowa.—Daniyeli 3:5, 7.
Ukuhlolisisa ezinye zezixhobo ezikhankanywe ziZibhalo kungqina ukuba umculo wawuyinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla kuSirayeli wamandulo nakwezinye iindawo zamandulo. Umculo wawudlalwa kumabhotwe ookumkani, kwiindawo zonqulo, kwilali nakumakhaya.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]
Ikhenkcekhenkce wawulishukumisa xa ulidlala
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]
UKumkani uDavide wayelichule ekudlaleni uhadi
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]
Intambula ibidlalwa ukususela kumaxesha oosolusapho
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]
Ixilongo lalivuthelwa ukuze kuchazwe isiganeko esithile
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16]
Umfanekiso wangenkulungwane yesibhozo Ngaphambi Kwexesha Eliqhelekileyo webhinqa elidlala isixhobo somculo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16]
Ingqekembe enomrhubhe yenkulungwane yesibini yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16]
Eli litye lenkulungwane yokuqala Ngaphambi Kwexesha Eliqhelekileyo letempile yaseYerusalem libhalwe amazwi athi “kwindawo yamaxilongo”
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 16]
Pottery figurine: Z. Radovan/BPL/Lebrecht; coin: © 2007 by David Hendin. All rights reserved; temple stone: Photograph © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority