Iingqungquthela Zemozulu—Ngaba Yinkcitha Xesha?
“Ihlabathi lifanele limanyane ukuze likwazi ukucombulula ingxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Inkoliso yezazinzulu iyavuma ukuba, ukuba sisong’ izandla, kuza kubakho imbalela engakumbi kunye nendlala yaye kuza kufuneka abantu bafuduke kwimimandla yabo, nto leyo enokukhokelela kungquzulwano olunokuqhubeka kangangamashumi eminyaka.”—UMongameli waseUnited States uBarack Obama.
EZINYE izazinzulu zithi umhlaba usengxakini. Iphephandaba laseBritani iThe Guardian lithi, izazinzulu zithi amaqondo obushushu omhlaba sele ekufuphi nelona nqanaba liphezulu—yaye xa enokunyuka nje nakancinane “anokubangela utshintsho olukhulu kwimeko-bume, nto leyo enokuwanyusa kakhulu amaqondo obushushu kuwo wonke umhlaba.”
Ibangelwe yintoni yonke le nto? Ngaba inokulungiswa? Ngaba abantu banawo amandla okulungisa ingxaki yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi lonke—singasathethi ke ngezinye iingxaki ezininzi olujamelene nazo uluntu?
Izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ekubeni zizinto ezenziwa ngabantu oyena nobangela wale ngxaki, ukususela ekuvulweni kwemizi-mveliso emininzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezinto ezifana namalahle neoli. Enye into efake isandla kule ngxaki kukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Amahlathi acoca umoya esiwuphefumlayo. Imithi ifunxa ezinye iigesi eziyingozi nezibangela ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu emhlabeni. Noko ke, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi amaninzi kubangela ukuba ezi gesi ziyingozi zande. Ukuze kulungiswe le ngxaki, iinkokeli zehlabathi ziye zabamba iingqungquthela zemozulu.
Isivumelwano SaseKyoto
Amazwe awatyobela isivumelwano saseKyoto sowe-1997 avuma ukunciphisa izinga lecarbon dioxide. Ngokutyobela esi sivumelwano, amazwe eManyano yaseYurophu namanye amazwe angama-37 anemizi-mveliso emininzi, avuma ukunciphisa icarbon dioxide ekhutshwa yimizi-mveliso yawo ngomlinganiselo osisi-5 ekhulwini xa kuthelekiswa nomyinge wonyaka we-1990 yaye athi oku kuya kwenzeka kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu, ukususela kowama-2008 ukusa kowama-2012.
Noko ke, esi sivumelwano seKyoto sasinamagingxigingxi. Ngokomzekelo, iUnited States ayizange inamathele kuso. Kwakhona, amazwe akhulayo kwezoqoqosho njengeTshayina neIndiya, awazange azibophelele kwinani eliqingqiweyo lokunciphisa ezi gesi ziyingozi. Sekunjalo, ama-40 ekhulwini ayo yonke icarbon dioxide esemoyeni avela eUnited States naseTshayina nje kuphela.
Ingqungquthela YaseCopenhagen
Injongo yengqungquthela yaseCopenhagen eyayibizwa ngokuba yiCOP 15, yayikukuthabathel’ indawo eyaseKyoto, nokwenza izivumelwano ezitsha awayeza kuzibophelela ngazo amazwe ukususela kowama-2012 ukusa phambili.a Ukuze bathethe ngengxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu, abameli bamazwe ali-192, kuquka nabongameli bamazwe abali-119, bahlanganisana eCopenhagen kwelaseDenmark, ngoDisemba 2009. Le COP 15 kwakufuneka icombulule ezi ngxaki zintathu zilandelayo:
1. Ukufikelela kwizivumelwano ezisemthethweni. Ngaba amazwe angoongxowa nkulu ayeza kuvuma ukunamathela kwizinga eliqingqiweyo lokukhutshwa kwezi gesi, ibe ngaba wona amazwe akhula kakhulu kwezoqoqosho ayeza kuvuma ukunqanda ukwanda kwezi gesi kumazwe awo?
2. Ukuxhasa ngokwezimali isicombululo sikanaphakade. Amazwe asakhulayo bekuya kufuneka akhuphe iibhiliyoni zeerandi kangangeminyaka emininzi ukuze akwazi ukujamelana nemiphumo yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu nokwenza izinto zobugcisa ezingayingcolisiyo indalo.
3. Ukuvumelana ngendlela yokulawula ubungakanani bemimoya eyingozi. Oku bekuya kunceda amazwe ngamanye ukuze akwazi ukunamathela kumlinganiselo oqingqiweyo. Kwakhona, bekuza kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amazwe asakhulayo ayisebenzisa kakuhle inkxaso-mali ayifumanayo.
Ngaba zaconjululwa ezi ngxaki zintathu? Ngendlela ekwakunzima ngayo ukuvumelana ngesicombululo, kwaba nzima nokuba kuvunyelwane nangeyona nto incinane. Ngasekupheleni kwengqungquthela, iinkokeli zamazwe angama-28 zabhala uxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba yiCopenhagen Accord. Olu xwebhu lwamkelwa kodwa ijelo leendaba iReuters lithi, iinkokeli azizange ziphume ncam egusheni kodwa zasuka zathi: “Ingqungquthela . . . ilubonile uxwebhu ekuthiwa yiCopenhagen Accord.” Ngamanye amazwi, lizwe ngalinye laliza kugqiba enoba liza kuzenza kusini na izinto ezazibhalwe kulo.
Kuza Kuthekani?
Zininzi iingqungquthela esele zibanjiwe okanye ezicetywayo kodwa abantu abaqinisekanga ukuba ziza kuza nesicombululo. Omnye umbhali wephephandaba iNew York Times, uPaul Krugman uthi: “Kuseza kuba goso okwaphukayo emhlabeni.” Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuphumelela kwezepolitiki nezoqoqosho kudla ngokujongwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kunokunyamekela indalo, zize ke izinto ziqhubeke zisenzeka ngendlela ebezisoloko zisenzeka ngayo. UKrugman uthi: “Eyona nto ibangela ukuba abantu barhuq’ inyawo, yimali.” Uhlabela mgama esithi, into ebangela ukuba kwilizwe lakhe kuyekwe ukuthethwa ngesicombululo sengxaki yemozulu “kukunyoluka nokuba ngamagwala [kweenkokeli zepolitiki].”
Kubonakala ngathi ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi kuyafana nenkanyamba. Izanuse zemozulu ziyakwazi ukubona kusengaphambili ukuba iza kuba namandla kangakanani nokuthi iza kuhlasela phi inkanyamba—ize loo nto ibancede abantu balo ndawo. Kodwa ke izazinzulu, iinkokeli zepolitiki noosomashishini behlabathi abanakukwazi ukuyinqanda inkanyamba. Kubonakala ngathi kuza kwenzeka into efanayo nangokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu emhlabeni. Oku kusikhumbuza amazwi eBhayibhile abhalwe kuYeremiya 10:23 athi: “Ayikho semntwini wasemhlabeni indlela yakhe. Asikokomntu ohambayo ukwalathisa inyathelo lakhe.”
Ukunyuka Kwamaqondo Obushushu Kuza Kupheliswa—NguThixo
IBhayibhile isixelela ukuba ‘uMyili womhlaba noMenzi wawo . . . akazange awudalele ilize.’ (Isaya 45:18) Kwakhona, iBhayibhile ithi: “Ke lona ihlabathi limi ngonaphakade.”—INtshumayeli 1:4, IBhayibhile yesiXhosa.
UThixo akayi kuvuma ukuba emhlabeni kube senyanyeni. Kunoko, uza kungenelela kwimicimbi yoluntu aze aphelise lonke ulawulo lwabantu kunye nabo bangawukhathalelanga umhlaba. Kwangaxeshanye, uza kubasindisa bonke abo baphila ngokuvisisana nemithetho yakhe nabo bafuna ngokunyanisekileyo ukumkholisa. IMizekeliso 2:21, 22 ithi: “Abathe tye bona baya kuhlala emhlabeni, nabangenakusoleka baya kusala kuwo. Bona ke abangendawo, baya kunqunyulwa emhlabeni; ke wona amaqhophololo, aya kuncothulwa kuwo.”
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a IConference of the Parties okanye iCOP, ibakho rhoqo yaye iququzelelwa yiUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 13]
Igesi ebizwa ngokuba yigreenhouse gas iyinxalenye yeegesi ezifunxa imitha evela emhlabeni. Iigesi ezininzi eziphuma kwimizi-mveliso yanamhlanje ziyinxalenye yezi greenhouse gases. Ziquka icarbon dioxide, ichlorofluorocarbons, imethane nenitrous oxide. Ngoku icarbon dioxide eba yinxalenye yomoya nyaka ngamnye iziitoni eziziibhiliyoni ezingama-25. Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba icarbon dioxide esesibhakabhakeni yenyuka ngama-40 ekhulwini oko kwaqalisa imizi-mveliso.
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 12]
Earth: NASA/The Visible Earth (http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/); Barack Obama: ATTILA KISBENEDEK/AFP/Getty Images