Indlela IsiArabhu Esaba Lulwimi Lwezifundiswa Ngayo — IWatchtower LAYBRARI EKWI-INTANETHI

Indlela IsiArabhu Esaba Lulwimi Lwezifundiswa Ngayo

KANGANGEENKULUNGWANE, isiArabhu sasilulwimi lwezifundiswa. Ukususela ngenkulungwane yesibhozo yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, iinkcuba-buchopho ezazithetha isiArabhu kwizixeko eziliqela zoMbindi Mpuma zaguqulela zaza zahlaziya imibhalo yenzululwazi neyentanda-bulumko, eyayibhalwe mandulo ukususela ngemihla kaPtolemy noAristotle. Ngaloo ndlela, izifundiswa zesiArabhu zalondoloza zaza zahlaziya iincwadi ezazibhalwe ziinkcuba-buchopho zamandulo.

Ukuhlanganisana Kweenkcuba-buchopho Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe neyesibhozo yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, kwavela amagunya amabini kuMbindi Mpuma—ubukhosi beeUmayyad nobeeAbbasid. Ekubeni abantu ababephantsi kwala magunya eArabhiya, eAsia Minor, eYiputa, ePalestina, ePersi naseIraq babeqhelene nenkcubeko yaseGrisi neyaseIndiya, aba balawuli batsha bakwazi ukuphaka kwabo vimba beenkcuba-buchopho zalapho. Abalawuli beAbbasid bazakhela ikomkhulu elitsha iBaghdad, yaye zazidibana apho iinkcuba-buchopho ezahlukahlukeneyo. Apho, ama-Arabhu ayedibana nama-Armenia, amaBerber, amaCopt, amaGrike, abaseIndiya, amaPersi, abaseTurkey, amaTshayina, amaYuda namaSogdian kuquka nabemi ngaphaya koMlambo iOxus kummandla ekuthiwa yiAmu Dar’ya namhlanje kuMbindi Asia. Babefunda ngenzululwazi baze baphakelane ngezimvo.

Abalawuli beeAbbasid abahlala eBaghdad babezamkela iimbono zoompondo-zihlanjiwe beenkcuba-buchopho kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela phi yaye befuna ukuba babe negalelo kwinkqubela yobukhosi babo. Kwenziwa iinzame zokuguqulela kwisiArabhu amawaka eencwadi ezazithetha ngemibandela eyahlukahlukeneyo kuquka ezamachiza, izibalo, ezonyango, umculo, intanda-bulumko nefiziksi.

UMlawuli ual-Manṣūr owalawula ukususela ngowama-754 ukusa kowama-775 C.E. wathuma oonozakuzaku kwinkundla yaseByzantine ukuba baye kucela iincwadi zamaGrike zezibalo. NoMlawuli ual-Ma’mūn (813-833 C.E.) wazeka mzekweni, evula ithuba lokuguqulelwa kwesiGrike kwisiArabhu, umsebenzi owaqhubeka ixesha elingaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngenxa yoko, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, phantse zonke iincwadi zamaGrike zentanda-bulumko nezenzululwazi zazisele ziguqulelwe ngesiArabhu. Noko ke, izifundiswa zama-Arabhu zenza okungakumbi kunoko. Zongezelela nezazo izimvo.

Izimvo Zama-Arabhu

Abaguquleli abaninzi bama-Arabhu babeguqulela ngokuchanileyo yaye bekhawulezisa ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Ngoko, abanye ababhali-mbali bathi kufanele ukuba aba baguquleli babeqhelene nezinto ababeziguqulela. Enye into, abaguquleli abaliqela basebenzisa izinto ababeziguqulela ukuze bazenzele olwabo uphando.

Ngokomzekelo, ugqirha owayengumguquleli uḤunayn ibn Isḥāq (808-873 C.E.) nowayengumKristu othetha isiSiriya, waba negalelo elibonakalayo kwindlela ekuqondwa ngayo ukusebenza kweliso. Iincwadi zakhe ezazinemizobo echanileyo yeliso zasetyenziswa kwizifundo zokunyangwa kweliso kummandla wama-Arabhu naseYurophu. Isithandi sobulumko esasingugqirha uIbn Sīnā, owaziwa ngokuba nguAvicenna eNtshona (980-1037 C.E.), wabhala iincwadi eziliqela ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwindlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo, nokusebenzisa ingqondo ukusa kwezonyango nezenzululwazi. Umqulu wakhe iCanon of Medicine wawusekelwe kulwazi olwalukho ngelo xesha, kuquka iimbono zeenkcuba-buchopho zamaGrike ezidumileyo uGalen noAristotle. Le ncwadi yakhe yasetyenziswa njengencwadi yezonyango kangangeminyaka emalunga nama-400.

Abaphandi bama-Arabhu babexhasa uluvo lokuba izinto mazisekelwe kubungqina obucacileyo ukuze zibe yinyani, nto leyo isengundoqo nanamhla oku kwinzululwazi. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni baphinde babale ubungakanani bomhla baze balungise iimpazamo ezabhalwa nguPtolemy ngobume bawo. Umbhali-mbali uPaul Lunde uthi, “Zange bonqene nkqu nokuhlola ubunyaniso bezinto ezabhalwa nguAristotle.”

Indlela ababehambele phambili ngayo kwimfundo ibonakala kwizinto ezininzi abazenzayo, njengamadama, imijelo yamanzi nezinye izinto ezisekho nanamhlanje. Iincwadi ezintsha zezolimo zanceda abalimi bakhetha izityalo ezichumayo kwiindawo ezithile nto leyo eyabanceda baba nentabalala yesivuno.

Ngowama-805 C.E. uMlawuli uHārūn ar-Rashīd wavula isibhedlele sokuqala kwelo lizwekazi lakhe. Kungekudala, sixeko ngasinye esikhulu saba nesibhedlele saso.

Amaziko Emfundo Amatsha

Izixeko eziliqela kwelama-Arabhu zazinemizi yogcino zincwadi namaziko emfundo. EBaghdad, uMlawuli ual-Ma’mūn waseka iziko lokuguqulela nelokuphanda, elalibizwa ngokuba yiBait al-Hikma, igama elithetha ukuthi “Indlu Yobulumko.” Kubantu ababesebenza apho kwakukho neenkcuba-buchopho ezazihlawulwa. Owona mzi wogcino zincwadi mkhulu eCairo kuthiwa wawunemiqulu engaphezu kwesigidi. Ukanti, iCórdoba ikomkhulu leUmayyad eSpeyin lalinemizi yogcino zincwadi engama-70 yaye kwakusiza apho iinkcuba-buchopho nabafundi ababevela kulo lonke elama-Arabhu. Kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabini, iCórdoba yayilelona ziko lemfundo liphambili.

EPersi, izazi zezibalo zamaGrike zaziphakelan’ izimvo nezaseIndiya, apho izazi zezibalo zaziqalise ukusebenzisa uziro (0) xa zibala. Ukusetyenziswa kukaziro kwakunceda ekuqondeni ubukhulu benani. Ngokomzekelo, inani u-1 libhekisela kwinto enye, kodwa xa lino-0 libhekisela kwizinto ezilishumi yaye xa bebabini libhekisela kwikhulu, njalo njalo. ULunde uthi, le nkqubo “ayizange yenze nje kube lula ukubala, kodwa yanceda ekuqalisweni kwealgebra.” Iinkcuba-buchopho zama-Arabhu zahambela phambili nakwizifundo zegeometry, itrigonometry nenavigation.

Xa ama-Arabhu ayehambela phambili kwinzululwazi nezibalo, abanye abantu ehlabathini babengenamdla kwimfundo. Kwenziwa imigudu efanayo yokugcina iincwadi zeenkcuba-buchopho eYurophu ngamaXesha Aphakathi, ingakumbi kwimizi yoonongendi. Lo migudu yayimincinane kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nenkqubela yama-Arabhu. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane yeshumi izinto zaqala ukutshintsha xa iincwadi zama-Arabhu zaqalisa ukuguqulelwa ngeelwimi zaseNtshona. Ethubeni ezi ncwadi zakhokelela ekuvuselelweni kophando lwenzululwazi eYurophu.

Imbali epheleleyo ibonisa ukuba akukho luhlanga lunye okanye isizwe esifanele sizukiswe sodwa ngenxa yolwazi lwenzululwazi nezinye izinto ezaziwayo namhlanje. Imfundo ekhoyo namhlanje ikho ngenxa yabantu bamandulo abakhuthaza uphando, bahlolisisa ngokutsha izinto ezazibhalwe ziinkcuba-buchopho ezaziphambi kwabo baza bakhuthaza imfundo.

[Imaphu ekwiphepha 26]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

◼Impembelelo yeUmayyad

◻Impembelelo yeAbbasid

ISPEYIN

ICórdoba

IBYZANTIUM

IRoma

IConstantinople

Oxus River

IPERSI

IBaghdad

IYerusalem

ICairo

IARABHIYA

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]

Umzobo weliso kaHunayn ibn Isḥāq

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]

Iphepha lencwadi ka-Avicenna ethi “Canon of Medicine”

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 28]

Iinkcuba-buchopho zama-Arabhu kwithala leencwadi laseBasra, ngowe-1237 C.E.

[Inkcazelo]

[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 27]