Isahluko 2
Lwaqala Njani Unqulo?
1, 2. Yintoni eye yaphawulwa ngokuphathelele ukukhokhoba nokuba ziindidi ezininzi konqulo?
IMBALI yonqulo intanganye nembali yomntu. Oko koko abembi bezinto zakudala nezazi ngemekobume yabantu zisixelela kona. Kukho ubungqina bokuba nabona bantu “basadla ngendeb’ endala,” oko kukuthi, abahlelelekileyo nabasemva ngempucuko, banohlobo oluthile lonqulo. Enyanisweni iThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi “abaphengululi baye bafumanisa ukuba, abazange babekho abantu, naphi na, nanini na, ababengengabo abonqulo ngangqiqo ithile.”
2 Ngaphandle kwako nje ukukhokhoba kwalo, unqulo lukwaziindidi ezininzi. Abazingeli abangokonqulo beentloko zabantu kwiintsunguzi zamahlathi aseBorneo, amaEskimo akwiNcam Engentla yomhlaba enengqele eqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, izibhadubhadu kwiNtlango yeSahara, abemi bezona zixeko zikhulu zehlabathi—bonke abantu nazo zonke iintlanga emhlabeni zinothixo okanye oothixo bazo nendlela yazo yokunqula. Ikhwankqisa ngokwenene indlela unqulo olwahlukahlukene ngayo.
3. Yiyiphi imibuzo emayela neenkonzo zehlabathi efuna ukuqwalaselwa?
3 Ngokusengqiqweni, kubakho imibuzo ephakamayo. Zavela phi zonke ezi nkonzo? Ekubeni kukho izinto eziphawulekayo ezahluke nezifana ngazo, ngaba zazivelela ngokwahlukeneyo, okanye ngaba zisenokuba zivele kumthombo omnye? Enyanisweni sisenokubuza sithi: Kwakutheni ukuze unqulo luqalise kwaukubakho? Ibe lwaqala njani? Iimpendulo kule mibuzo zibaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke abanomdla wokufumana inyaniso engonqulo nengeenkolelo zonqulo.
Imbambano Engemvelaphi Yalo
4. Sazi ntoni ngabaseki beenkonzo ezininzi?
4 Ngokubhekisele kwimbambano engemvelaphi yalo, abantu beenkonzo ezahlukeneyo bacinga ngamagama anjengoMuḥammad, uBuddha, uConfucius noYesu. Phantse kunqulo ngalunye, kukho umntu oyintloko ozukiswayo ngokuseka ‘unqulo lokwenyaniso.’ Bambi baba yayingabaseki benkqubo yohlaziyo ababezichasile iinkqubo zecawa. Abanye babezizithandi zobulumko zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okuhle. Kanti abanye babengamagorha azinikeleyo esizwe. Abaninzi babo bashiya ngasemva imibhalo okanye amazwi awathi aba sisiseko sonqulo olutsha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha oko bakuthethayo nabakwenzayo kwachazwa ngokweenkcukacha, kwahonjiswa ngokufakela amasolotyana athile, kwaza kwenziwa kwantsonkotha. Zimbi zezi nkokeli zada zenziwa oothixo.
5, 6. Iinkonzo ezininzi zasekwa njani?
5 Nakubeni aba bantu begqalwa njengabaseki beenkonzo eziphambili esiziqhelileyo, simele siqonde ukuba abazange ngokwenene baseke unqulo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iimfundiso zabo zivele kwiingcamango zonqulo ebezikho kakade, nakubeni inkoliso yaba baseki beenkonzo yazibanga ezo mfundiso njengeziphefumlelwe nguThixo. Okanye baye baguqula baza baphucula iinkqubo zonqulo ezazinganelisi ngandlel’ ithile.
6 Ngokomzekelo, ngokwengxelo echanileyo yembali, uBuddha wayeyinkosana eyayiyicekisa ingcinezelo nobugxwayiba obabuyingqongile kwibutho labantu elalilawulwa bubuHindu. Ukufuna kwakhe isicombululo kwiingxaki ezingcungcuthekisayo zobomi kwaphumela ekubeni kusekwe ubuBhuda. Ngokufanayo, uMuḥammad wayekuthiy’ egazini ukunqulwa kwezithixo nokuziphatha okubi awayekubona kuqheliselwa ngabantu bonqulo ababemngqongile. Kamva wazibabaza engotyhilelwe iimfundiso ezikhethekileyo nguThixo, ezabumba iQur’ān zaza zaba sisiseko senkqubo entsha yonqulo, ubuSilamsi. UbuProtestanti buphume kubuKatolika ngokubangelwa yinkqubo yoHlaziyo eyaqala ukubakho ekuqalekeni kwenkulungwane ye-16, xa uMartin Luther wayigatya kanobom inkqubo eyayiqheliselwa yokuhlawuliswa kwabantu ukuze kuhlanjululwe izono zabo yicawa yamaKatolika ngelo xesha.
7. Nguwuphi umbuzo omayela nonqulo osafuna ukuphendulwa?
7 Ngaloo ndlela, ngokubhekisele kwiinkonzo ezikhoyo ngoku, sinayo yonke inkcazelo ngokuphathelele imvelaphi nendlela ezavela ngayo, abaseki bazo, imibhalo yazo engcwele, njalo njalo. Kodwa kuthekani ngeenkonzo ezabakho ngaphambi kwezi zanamhlanje? Kwanezo zabakho kwamhlamnene? Ukuba siyilanda ukususela emva phayaa imbali, siya kuthi kwakamsinya sijamelane nombuzo othi: Lwaqala njani unqulo? Ngokucacileyo, ukuze sifumane impendulo kuloo mbuzo, kufuneka siphande nzulu ngonqulo ngalunye.
Iingcamango Ezininzi
8. Kangangeenkulungwane, besiyintoni isimo sengqondo sabantu ngokubhekisele elunqulweni?
8 Ngokwentelekiso kusisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba kuhlolisiswe imvelaphi yonqulo. Kangangeenkulungwane, phants’ ukuba abantu bebesamkela isithethe sonqulo abazalelwe baza bakhuliselwa kulo. Inkoliso yabo ibikade yanelisekile ziingcaciso ezadluliselwa kubo ngoomawokhulu, ivakalelwa kukuba unqulo lwayo beluyinyaniso. Bekunqabile ukuba kubekho nasiphi na isizathu sokuthandabuza nantoni na, kungekho namfuneko yokuphanda indlela izinto ezabakho ngayo, ixesha okanye isizathu sokubakho kwazo. Enyanisweni, kangangeenkulungwane, ekubeni bezisikelwe umda iindlela zohambo nezothungelwano, ibingabantu nje abambalwa abebesazi okuthile ngezinye iinkqubo zonqulo.
9. Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-19, ngawaphi amalinge aye enziwa okuphanda ngendlela nesizathu sokubakho konqulo?
9 Phofu ke, ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19, iimeko zaqalisa ukuguquka. Ingcamango yendaleko yayinwenwa kwibutho labantu abaziinkcubabuchopho. Oko, okwakuhambisana nophando lwenzululwazi olwalusenziwa, kwabangela ukuba abantu abaninzi bazithandabuze iinkqubo ezimiselweyo, kuquka eyonqulo. Beyiqonda imiqobo yokuhlolisisa ubungqina boku kunqulo olukhoyo, bambi abaphengululi baye baphethukela kwimizila yempucuko yamandulo okanye kwimimandla esemagqagaleni yehlabathi apho abantu basasela ngendeb’ endala. Baye bazama ukusebenzisa kwaba bantu iinkqubo zenzululwazi yengqondo, yezentlalo, yemekobume yabantu, njalo njalo, benethemba lokufumana umkhondo wendlela olwaqala ngayo unqulo nesizathu soko.
10. Waba yintoni umphumo wophando lwemvelaphi yonqulo?
10 Ube yintoni umphumo? Ngequbuliso, kwavela iingcamango ezininzi—ekubonakala ukuba, zazilingana nenani labaphengululi—mphengululi ngamnye ephikisana nomnye, ibe ngamnye ezabalazela ukugqwesa omnye ngenkalipho nangobukrelekrele. Bambi baba baphengululi bafikelela kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo; imisebenzi yabanye isuke nje yalibaleka. Kuyasifundisa yaye kusivul’ ingqondo ukufumana amavandlakanya emiphumo yolu phando. Kuya kusinceda ukuba sisiqonde ngakumbi isimo sengqondo esingokonqulo sabantu esidibana nabo.
11. Chaza ingcamango yeanimism.
11 Ingcamango yokuba zonke izinto zinomphefumlo, ebizwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuthi animism, yaveliswa sisazi ngemekobume yabantu esiliNgesi uEdward Tylor (1832-1917). Wabonisa ukuba amava anjengamaphupha, imibono, ukubona nokuva izinto ezingekhoyo, nokungabi nabomi kwezidumbu kwabangela ukuba abantu bamhlamnene bagqibe ngelokuba umzimba womntu unomphefumlo (anima, ngesiLatini). Ngokwale ngcamango, ekubeni babephupha ngokufuthi ngabantu babo abathandekayo abangasekhoyo, babecinga ukuba umphefumlo uyaqhubeka uphila emva kokufa, nokuba uyawushiya umzimba uze uhlale emithini, emaweni, emilanjeni, njalo njalo. Ekugqibeleni, abafi nezinto ekwakusithiwa imiphefumlo yayihlala kuzo zathi zanqulwa njengoothixo. Ibe ngaloo ndlela kwasekwa unqulo, watsho njalo lo kaTylor.
12. Chaza ingcamango yeanimatism.
12 Esinye isazi ngemekobume yabantu esiliNgesi, uR. R. Marett (1866-1943), sayiphucula ingcamango yeanimism, saza sayibiza ngokuthi animatism. Emva kokuhlolisisa iinkolelo zamaMelanesia akwiziqithi zePasifiki nezabemi bomthonyama baseAfrika nabaseMerika, umfo kaMarett wagqiba kwelokuba endaweni yokuba babe nengcamango yomphefumlo wobuqu, abantu bamhlamnene babekholelwa ukuba kwakukho amandla angengowamntu okanye amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo awabangela ukubakho kwayo yonke into; loo nkolelo yabenza bangamaphakuphaku abantu baza batyhwatyhwa kukoyika, nto leyo eyaba sisiseko sonqulo lwabo lwamhlamnene. UMarett wayelugqala unqulo njengentshukumisa nje engokweemvakalelo kwinto engaziwayo. Inkcazelo yakhe ethandwayo yayiyeyokuba unqulo “aluzange lunikele ngqalelo ingako kwizinto oluzenzayo.”
13. Yiyiphi ingcamango engokonqulo eyaveliswa nguJames Frazer?
13 Ngowe-1890 ingcali yaseSkotlani yesithethe samandulo, uJames Frazer (1854-1941), yapapasha incwadi enempembelelo ethi The Golden Bough, awathi kuyo wachaza ukuba unqulo lwavela kumlingo. Ngokutsho kwalo kaFrazer, ekuqaleni umntu wazama ukulawula ubomi bakhe nemekobume yakhe ngokulinganisa, oko wayekubona kusenzeka kwindalo. Ngokomzekelo, wayecinga ukuba wayenokunisa imvula ngokufefa amanzi emhlabeni ekudibanisa oko nokubetha igubu elaliye litsho ngesandi esingathi sesendudumo okanye wayenokwenzakalisa utshaba lwakhe ngokuhlaba oonotaka kumfanekiso womntu oqingqiweyo. Oku kwakhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwezithethe zonqulo, koomabophe namakhubalo kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi. Xa ezi zinto zingazange zisebenze njengoko kwakulindelekile, ngoko umntu waxoza mphini wumbi ngokuthi abhenele kumandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ecela uncedo lwawo, endaweni yokuba azame ukuwalawula. Izithethe zonqulo nomlingo zazisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa amadini nemithandazo, kwaza ngaloo ndlela kwaqala ukubakho konqulo. Ngokwamazwi kaFrazer, unqulo “lusisicamagusho okanye ukuxolelaniswa namandla angaphezu kwawomntu.”
14. USigmund Freud wayichaza njani imvelaphi yonqulo?
14 Kwanogqirha owaziwayo waseOstriya wokunyanga izifo zengqondo ngokuphanda imbali yomntu uSigmund Freud (1856-1939), kwincwadi yakhe ethi Totem and Taboo, wazama ukucacisa imvelaphi yonqulo. Ngokuvumelana nomsebenzi wakhe, lo kaFreud wachaza ukuba olona nqulo lwantlandlolo lwaluphuma koko wakubiza ngokuba kukoyika umfuziselo kabawo. Wavelisa ingcamango yokuba, njengokuba kwakunjalo kumahashe asendle neenkomo, kwibutho labantu bamhlamnene ubawo wayekwalawula isizwe. Oonyana, ababemthiyile yaye kwangaxeshanye bemhlonela ubawo, bamvukela baza bambulala. Lo kaFreud uthi, ukuze bafumane amandla kabawo, ‘aba nyana bazizikrelemnqa ezineengcwangu balitya ixhoba labo.’ Kamva, ngokutyiwa sisazela, bayila izithethe zonqulo ukuze bacamagushele isenzo sabo. Ngokwengcamango kaFreud, lo mfuziselo kabawo waba nguThixo, izithethe zonqulo zaba lunqulo lwantlandlolo, kwaza ukutyiwa kukabawo obuleweyo kwaba sisithethe somthendeleko esiqheliselwa kwiinkonzo ezininzi.
15. Yintoni eyenzekileyo kwinkoliso yeengcamango ezaveliswayo ezingemvelaphi yonqulo?
15 Kunokucatshulwa intlaninge yezinye iingcamango ezingamalinge okuchaza imvelaphi yonqulo. Phofu ke, inkoliso yazo iye yalityalwa, ibe akukho nanye kuzo eye ngokwenene yathenjwa okanye yamkelwa ngaphezu kwezinye. Ngasiphi isizathu? Ngenxa nje yokuba akuzange kubekho bungqina bungokwembali bokuba ezi ngcamango zaziyinyaniso. Zaziziingcamango nje okanye iintelekelelo zabaphengululi, ezazisina zidedelana.
Isiseko Esiphosakeleyo
16. Kutheni le nto kangangeminyaka uphando luye lwasilela ukunikela inkcazelo engendlela olwaqala ngayo unqulo?
16 Emva kokuma bume kangangeminyaka bewuhla amahlongwane lo mbandela, abaninzi baye ngoku bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba akubonakali ngathi ingakho indlela yokufumana impendulo kumbuzo ongendlela olwaqala ngayo unqulo. Okokuqala, kungenxa yokuba amathambo namasuntswana aseleyo abantu bamandulo awasixeleli indlela abo bantu ababecinga ngayo, nezinto ababezoyika, okanye isizathu sokuba banqule. Naziphi na izigqibo abantu abafikelela kuzo ngokuhlolisisa ezi zinto zingoyena qashi-qashi ufundelweyo. Okwesibini, uqheliselo lonqulo lwabantu banamhlanje abafane babizwe ngokuba ngabamhlamnene njengaBemi Bomthonyama baseOstreliya, alusoloko lungumlinganiselo wokuthenjwa wokuhlolisisa oko abantu bamaxesha amandulo babekwenza okanye bekucinga. Akukho bani wazi ngokuqinisekileyo enoba inkcubeko yabo yaguquka kusini na ebudeni beenkulungwane ezidluleyo kwanendlela eyaguquka ngayo.
17. (a) Yintoni abayaziyo ababhali-mbali banamhlanje bonqulo? (b) Yintoni ebonakala ilutyekelo oluyintloko xa kuhlolisiswa unqulo?
17 Ngenxa yawo onke la mathandabuzo, incwadi iWorld Religions—From Ancient History to the Present iqukumbela ngelithi “umbhali-mbali wanamhlanje wonqulo uyazi ukuba akukho bani unokuze akwazi ukuyiphanda imbali yonqulo.” Phofu ke, ngokubhekisele kwimizamo yababhali-mbali le ncwadi ithi: “Kwixa elidluleyo iingcaphephe ezininzi kakhulu zazityekele kungekuphela nje ekuchazeni okanye ekucaciseni unqulo kodwa kwanasekulunyeliseni, zivakalelwa kukuba ukuba iinkqubo zamandulo zazisekelwe kwiinkolelo zenkohliso ngoko ezo zamva nje neenkonzo eziphambili zimele zisingelwe phantsi.”
18. (a) Kutheni le nto abaphengululi abaninzi bengakhange baphumelele ekuchazeni imvelaphi yonqulo? (b) Ziintoni ekubonakala ukuba zaziziinjongo zokwenyaniso zabaphengululi bonqulo “abangokwenzululwazi”?
18 La magqabaza okugqibela asithela thsupha ngesizathu sokuba abaphengululi “bezenzululwazi” abahlukahlukeneyo abaphanda ngemvelaphi yonqulo bengakwazanga ukunikela iinkcazelo ezichanileyo. Kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba isigqibo esichanileyo sinokufunyanwa kuphela kwingcamango echanileyo. Ukuba ubani uqala ngengcamango ephosakeleyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba afikelele kwisigqibo esisengqiqweni. Ukusilela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwabaphengululi “bezenzululwazi” ukunikela inkcazelo esengqiqweni kuyenza ithandabuzeke kanobom ingcamango ababezisekele kuyo iimbono zabo. Ngokulandela ingcamango yabo, kumalinge abo ‘okutshitshisa unqulo’ baye bazama ukutshitshisa uThixo.
19. Nguwuphi umgaqo osisiseko owalandelwayo kuphando olunempumelelo olungokwenzululwazi? Khawuzekelise.
19 Le meko inokufaniswa neendlela ezininzi ezathi izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zangaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-16 zazama ngazo ukucacisa indlela ezihamba ngayo izijikelezi-langa. Kwakukho iingcamango ezininzi, kodwa akukho nanye kuzo eyayisanelisa ngokwenene. Kwakutheni? Kwakungenxa yokuba zazisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba umhlaba wawusisazulu sendalo iphela esasijikelezwa ziinkwenkwezi nazizijikelezi-langa. Akuzange kwenziwe nkqubela yokwenene de izazinzulu—neCawa yamaKatolika—zakuvuma ukwamkela isibakala sokuba umhlaba wawungesosazulu sendalo iphela kodwa wawujikeleza ilanga, elisisazulu sazo zonke izijikelezi-langa. Ukusilela kweengcamango ezininzi ukucacisa izibakala kwakhokelela ekubeni abantu abanengqondo ephangaleleyo, bangazami ukuvelisa iingcamango ezintsha, kodwa bahlolisise iingcamango zophando lwabo. Ibe oko kwakhokelela kwimpumelelo kulo mba.
20. (a) Yiyiphi ingcamango ephosakeleyo eyayiphembelela uphando “olungokwenzululwazi” lwemvelaphi yonqulo? (b) Yiyiphi imfuneko esisiseko awabhekisela kuyo uVoltaire?
20 Kwalo mgaqo ufanayo unokusetyenziswa kuphando lwemvelaphi yonqulo. Ngenxa yokungakholelwa kuThixo nokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwengcamango yendaleko, abantu abaninzi baye bayithabatha njengeyinyaniso into yokuba uThixo akakho. Ngokusekelwe kule ngcamango, bavakalelwa kukuba ngumntu ngokwakhe onokuchaza ubukho bonqulo—ngendlela acinga ngayo, ngeentswelo zakhe, ngoko ‘akoyikayo nakuxhalabeleyo.’ UVoltaire wathi, “Ukuba uThixo wayengekho, kwakuya kufuneka ukuba ayilwe”; ngoko babanga ukuba abantu baye bayila uThixo.—Bona ibhokisi, iphepha 28.
21. Sisiphi isigqibo esisengqiqweni esinokufikelela kuso ngenxa yokusilela kweengcamango ezininzi ezingemvelaphi yonqulo?
21 Ekubeni iingcamango ezininzi ziye zasilela ukunikela impendulo eyanelisa ngokwenene, ngaba eli asiloxesha lokuhlolisisa ingcamango olwalusekelwe kuyo olo phando? Kunokuba silandele ngokungenampumelelo kwaikhondo elifanayo, bekungayi kuba sengqiqweni kusini na ukukhangela komnye umthombo ukuze sifumane impendulo? Ukuba sikulungele ukuba nengqondo ephangaleleyo, siya kulivuma elokuba ukwenjenjalo kusengqiqweni yaye kungokwenzululwazi. Ibe sinomzekelo omhle wokusinceda sibone indlela elisengqiqweni ngayo eli khondo.
Uphando Lwamandulo
22. Iingcamango ezininzi zabemi baseAtene zayichaphazela njani indlela ababenqula ngayo?
22 Kwinkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, iAtene, eGrisi, yayiliziko elidumileyo lemfundo. Phofu ke, abemi baseAtene babeneengcamango ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, njengamaEpikure namaStoyike, ngalinye kula maqela linengcamango yalo ngoothixo. Ngokusekelwe kwezi ngcamango zahlukahlukeneyo, kwakuhlonelwa oothixo abaninzi yaye kwaveliswa neendlela ezahlukeneyo zonqulo. Ngenxa yoko, eso sixeko sasizaliswe zizithixo naziitempile ezenziwe ngabantu.—IZenzo 17:16.
23. Yiyiphi imbono eyahluke ngokupheleleyo engoThixo awathi umpostile uPawulos wayidandalazisa kubantu baseAtene?
23 Malunga nonyaka wama-50 C.E., umpostile ongumKristu uPawulos watyelela kwelaseAtene waza wanikela kubemi balapho ingcamango eyahluke ngokupheleleyo. Wabaxelela oku: “UThixo yena, owenza ihlabathi neento zonke ezikulo, lowo, eyiNkosi nje yezulu nomhlaba, akahlali zitempileni zenziwe ngazandla. Kananjalo akaphiliswa zizandla zabantu, ngokoswele into, inguye nje obanika bonke ubomi, nomphefumlo, nazo zonke izinto.”—IZenzo 17:24, 25.
24. Enyanisweni, uPawulos wayebaxelela ntoni abemi baseAtene ngonqulo oluyinyaniso?
24 Ngamany’ amazwi, uPawulos wayexelela abemi baseAtene ukuba uThixo oyinyaniso, “owenza ihlabathi neento zonke ezikulo,” akayilwanga ngabantu, yaye engakhonzwa nangeendlela abantu abasenokuzivelisa. Unqulo lokwenyaniso alungomgudu nje wabantu ocala-nye wokuzama ukwanelisa intswelo engokwengqondo okanye ukuphelisa uloyiko oluthile. Kunoko, ekubeni uThixo oyinyaniso enguMdali, owathi wanika abantu ubuchule bokucinga namandla okuqiqa, kusengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo ukuba ibe Nguye onika abantu indlela yokuba nolwalamano olwamkelekileyo kunye Naye. Ngokutsho kukaPawulos, oko koko kanye uThixo wakwenzayo. “Zonke iintlanga zabantu wazidala zaphuma mlibeni mnye, wazenza ukuba ziwume wonke umhlaba . . . Oku wakwenza ukuze zihlale zimzingela, hleze zimphuthaphuthe de zimfumane; nangona yena uThixo engekude kuthi sonke.”—IZenzo 17:26, 27, TE.
25. Chaza ingongoma eyintloko yengxoxo kaPawulos ngemvelaphi yoluntu.
25 Phawula ingongoma eyintloko kaPawulos: UThixo ‘wazidala zonke iintlanga zabantu zaphuma mlibeni mnye.’ Nakubeni namhlanje kukho iintlanga ezininzi zabantu, eziphila kuwo wonke umhlaba, eneneni, izazinzulu ziyazi ukuba lonke uluntu luphuma kumlibo omnye. Le ngcamango ibaluleke kakhulu kuba xa sithetha ngoluntu lonke njengoluphuma kumlibo omnye, oko kuthetha okungakumbi kunokuhlobana kwalo nje ngokwenzululwazi nangokwemfuza. Lukwahlobene kwanangezinye iinkalo.
26. Yintoni eyaziwayo ngolwimi exhasa ingongoma eyintloko kaPawulos?
26 Ngokomzekelo, phawula oko kutshiwo yincwadi ethi Story of the World’s Worship ngolwimi lwabantu. “Abo baye bazifundisisa iilwimi zehlabathi baza bazithelekisa, banokuthile abakutshoyo, okukoku: Zonke iilwimi zinokuhlanganiswa ngokwamaqela entetho yeentsapho okanye yeqela labantu, ibe kubonakala ngathi zonke ezi ntsapho ziphuma kumthombo omnye.” Ngamany’ amazwi, iilwimi zehlabathi azizange zivele ngokwahlukeneyo nangokuzenzekelayo, njengoko oonondaleko besengasenza sikholelwe njalo. Bavelisa ingcamango yokuba abantu baseAfrika ababehlala emiqolombeni, baseYurophu nabeseAsiya baqala ngokwenza umgqumo othile baza bavungama bada ekugqibeleni bavelisa iilwimi zabo. Kwakungenjalo. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iilwimi “ziphuma kumthombo omnye.”
27. Kutheni le nto kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba iingcamango zomntu ngoThixo nangonqulo zavela kumthombo omnye?
27 Ukuba oko kuyinyaniso ngento eyeyobuqu nesemntwini ngokukhethekileyo njengolwimi, ngoko ngaba bekungayi kuba sengqiqweni kusini na ukucinga ukuba iingcamango zabantu ngoThixo nangonqulo nazo zikwafanele ukuba zavela kumthombo omnye? Ngapha koko, unqulo luhlobene nokucinga, yaye ukucinga kuhlobene nobuchule bomntu bokusebenzisa ulwimi. Oku akuthethi ukuba zonke iinkonzo ngokwenene zavela kunqulo olunye, kodwa iingcamango zazo zifanele zibe zavela kwingcamango enye engokonqulo. Ngaba bukho ubungqina bokuxhasa oku? Yaye ukuba, ngokwenene, iinkonzo zabantu zivele kumthombo omnye, umele ukuba nguwuphi? Sinokuwazi njani?
Zahlukene Ukanti Ziyafana
28. Sinokufumanisa njani enoba iinkonzo zehlabathi zinemvelaphi enye?
28 Sinokuyifumana impendulo ngendlela efanayo naleyo zathi iingcali zolwimi zazifumana ngayo iimpendulo ngemvelaphi yolwimi. Ngokuzibopha ngabande linye zonke iilwimi aze aphawule ukufana kwazo, umfundi ngemvelaphi yamagama unokuwuphanda umthombo weelwimi ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukwanjalo, ngokuzibopha ngabande linye zonke iinkonzo, sinokuhlolisisa iimfundiso zazo ezisisiseko, amabali, izithethe, imisitho, iziqalelo zazo, njalo njalo, size sibone enoba kukho nawuphi na umzila wokufana okuthile yaye, ukuba ukho, sinokulanda emkhondweni wawo.
29. Iiyantlukwano ezininzi ezikhoyo phakathi kweenkonzo kunokuthiwa zibangelwa yintoni?
29 Xa kugwengulwa nje phezulu, kubonakala ngathi iinkonzo ezininzi ezikhoyo namhlanje zibonakala zahlukene kakhulu. Noko ke, ukuba sizihlubula bonke nje ubuyokoyoko bokuzihombisa nobugocigoci obuye bongezelelwa kamva, okanye ukuba sishenxisa ucalucalulo lwazo olubangelwa ziingcamango zazo, lulwimi, ziimeko ezingaqhelekanga zamazwe ezasekwa kuwo, nangabanye oothunywashe, kuyamangalisa ukubona ukuba inkoliso yazo ingumgubo nje wengxow’ enye.
30. Kukuphi ukufana okuthile okubonayo phakathi kobuRoma Katolika nobuBhuda?
30 Ngokomzekelo, inkoliso yabantu ibinokucinga ukuba akukho naziphi na iinkonzo ezimbini ezahlukene ngakumbi enye kwenye ukodlula iCawa yamaRoma Katolika yaseNtshona nobuBhuda baseMpuma. Phofu ke, sibona ntoni xa sikubekela ecaleni ukwahlukana kwezi nkonzo okubangelwa lulwimi naziinkolelo zazo ezingokwesithethe? Ukuba sinengqondo ephangaleleyo mayela nalo mbandela, simele sivume ukuba kukho izinto ezininzi ezifana ngazo ezi nkonzo zimbini. UbuKatolika nobuBhuda bunentlaninge yezithethe nemisitho. Oku kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwamakhandlela, iziqhumiso, amanzi angcwele, irosari, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeengcwele, iincwadi zamaculo nezemithandazo, kwanophawu lomnqamlezo. Zombini ezi nkonzo zineemonki noonongendi ibe ziphawulwa ngesifungo sabefundisi sokungatshati, ngesambatho esikhethekileyo, ngeentsuku ezingcwele nangokutya okukhethekileyo. Olu ludwe alunazo zonke iinkcukacha, kodwa lubonisa ingongoma ethile. Umbuzo ophakamayo ngulo, Kutheni le nto iinkonzo ezimbini ezibonakala zahlukene kangaka zinezinto ezininzi kangaka ezifana ngazo?
31. Kukuphi ukufana okuthile okubonayo phakathi kwezinye iinkonzo?
31 Njengoko ukuthelekiswa kwezi nkonzo zimbini kuye kwasivul’ ingqondo, kunokwenziwa okufanayo nakwezinye iinkonzo. Xa sisenjenjalo sifumanisa ukuba kukho iimfundiso neenkolelo ezithile ezifanayo phantse kuzo zonke. Inkoliso yethu iqhelene neemfundiso ezisisiseko ezinjengokungafi komphefumlo womntu, ukufumana kwabo bonke abantu abalungileyo umvuzo wokuya ezulwini, ukuthuthunjiswa ngonaphakade kwabangendawo kwelemimoya, indawo yentlambululo-miphefumlo, uthixo oziziqu ezithathu okanye uthixo omelwe ngoothixo abaninzi, nothixokazi ongumama kathixo okanye oyinkosazana yasezulwini. Phofu ke, ngaphezu koko, kukho amabali neentsomi ezininzi ezifanayo. Ngokomzekelo, kukho amabali angokuphulukana komntu nobabalo lukaThixo ngenxa yelinge lakhe elingekho mthethweni lokufuna ukuphila ngokungenasiphelo, angemfuneko yokunyusa imibingelelo ukuze kucanyagushelwe isono, angokufunwa komthi wobomi okanye umthombo wokubuyela ebutsheni, angoothixo nabantu abagqalwa njengoothixo ababephila phakathi kwabantu baze bavelisa abantwana abanamandla awongamileyo, nabalisa ngomkhukula oyintlekele owatshabalalisa phantse bonke abantu.a
32, 33. (a) Sinokugqiba kwelithini ngokubhekisele kukufana okuphawulekayo okukhoyo kwiinkonzo zehlabathi? (b) Nguwuphi umbuzo ofuna ukuphendulwa?
32 Sinokufikelela kwesiphi isigqibo ngokusuka kuko konke oku? Siphawula ukuba abo babekholelwa kwezi ntsomi nakula mabali babehlala kwimimandla eqelelene kakhulu. Inkqubo yabo yesizwe nezithethe zabo zazahlukile yaye zingafani. Amasiko abo asekuhlaleni awazange akhe ubudlelane phakathi kwabo. Ukanti, ngokubhekisele kwiinkonzo zabo, babekholelwa kwiingcamango ezifana ngolo hlobo. Nangona ingenguye wonk’ ubani kwaba bantu owayekholelwa kuzo zonke ezi zinto zikhankanyiweyo, bonke babekholelwa kwezinye zazo. Umbuzo osengqiqweni ngulo, Kutheni kunjalo nje? Kubonakala ngathi kwakukho umthombo omnye olwathi unqulo ngalunye lwadimbaza kuwo iinkolelo zalo ezisisiseko, ezinye iinkonzo zadimbaza kakhulu, ezinye zadimbaza kancinane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi ngcamango zisisiseko zahonjiswa zaza zaphuculwa, kwaza kwavela ezinye iimfundiso kuzo. Kodwa umthombo ongundoqo uzicacele.
33 Ngokusengqiqweni, ukufana kweengcamango ezisisiseko zeenkonzo ezininzi zehlabathi kububungqina obunamandla bokuba azizange ziqale ngokwahlukeneyo nangokuzenzekelayo. Endaweni yoko, ukususela emva phayaa, kumele ukuba iingcamango zazo zinemvelaphi enye. Yiyiphi loo mvelaphi?
Ixesha Lamandulo Lolonwabo
34. Liliphi ibali ngokubhekisele kwimvelaphi yomntu eliqhelekileyo kwiinkonzo ezininzi?
34 Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, phakathi kwamabali aqhelekileyo kwiinkonzo ezininzi kukho elithi uluntu lwaqala ukubakho ngexesha lolonwabo elibizwa ngokuba lixesha lolonwabo, xesha elo abantu babengenasono ngalo, bephila ngolonwabo nangoxolo benobuhlobo obusenyongweni noThixo, yaye bekhululekile ekuguleni nasekufeni. Nangona iinkcukacha zisenokwahluka, le ngcamango ikwanye yeparadisi egqibeleleyo eyakha yakho iyafumaneka kwimibhalo nakumabali eenkonzo ezininzi.
35. Chaza inkolelo yabalandeli bakaZoroaster bamandulo ngokubhekisele kwixesha lamandulo lolonwabo.
35 IAvesta, incwadi engcwele yonqulo lwamandulo lwabalandeli bakaZoroaster basePersi, ithetha “ngoYima onobulungisa, umalusi olungileyo,” owaba ngumntu wokuqala ofayo awathi uAhura Mazda (umdali) wancokola naye. Wayalelwa nguAhura Mazda ukuba “ondle, alawule, aze anyamekele ihlabathi lakhe.” Ukuze abe nokwenjenjalo, kwakufuneka akhe “iVara,” ikhaya elingaphantsi komhlaba, lokuhlala zonke izidalwa eziphilileyo. Kulo, “kwakungekho sidalwa sigagamela esinye nesinamandla angaphantsi kwesinye, babungekho ubuyatha nogonyamelo, babungekho ubuhlwempu nobuqhetseba, babungekho ubuthathaka bomzimba nesiphene, kungekho nazidalwa zinamazinyo amakhulu nezinemizimba emikhulu ngaphezu komlinganiselo oqhelekileyo. Abemi bakhona abazange bangcoliswe ngumoya ombi. Babehlala phakathi kwemithi enevumba elimnandi neentsika zegolide; abantu ababehlala apho babengabona bakhulu, nabona babalaseleyo nabona bahle emhlabeni; babeluhlanga olude noluhle.”
36. Imbongi yamaGrike uHesiod yalichaza njani “iXesha Lolonwabo”?
36 KumaGrike amandulo, umbongo kaHesiod othi Works and Days uthetha ngamaXesha Amahlanu Embali Yomntu, elokuqala kuwo “liXesha Lolonwabo” laxa abantu babenandipha ulonwabo ngokupheleleyo. Wabhala oku:
“Oothixo abangafiyo, abahambahamba kwiinkundla zasezulwini,
Baqala benza uhlanga lwabantu lwexesha lolonwabo.
Lwaluphila njengoothixo, lunemiphefumlo eyonwabileyo nengenaxhala,
Lukhululekile ekubandezelekeni nakwiintlungu; nempilo yalo
Ayizange yonakale ngenxa yobudala, kodwa bonke ubomi balo lwabuchithela
Emisithweni, yaye amalungu alo omzimba awazange aphelelwe ngamandla.”
Elo xesha lolonwabo lasebalini lalidlule, ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaGrike, xa uEpimetheus wazimanya nenzwakazi enguPandora eyifumana njengesipho esivela kuthixo uZeus owayehlala kwintaba iOlympus. Ngaminazana ithile uPandora wavula isiciko sengqayi yakhe enkulu, kwaza ngequbuliso kwaphuma kuyo iingxaki, iinkxwaleko, nokugula, zinto ezo uluntu olwalungayi kuze lufumane mnyinyiva kuzo.
37. Chaza ingxelo ebuntsomirha yamaTshayina amandulo “yeparadisi” yasekuqaleni kwembali.
37 Kwakhona amabali amandulo amaTshayina asixelela ngexesha lolonwabo ngemihla kaHuang-Ti (Umlawuli oGwangqa), ekuthiwa wayesele elawule kangangeminyaka elikhulu kwinkulungwane yama-26 B.C.E. Wazukiswa kusithiwa wayila yonke into enokuthanani nempucuko—impahla nekhusi, iinqwelo-mafutha zothutho, izixhobo nemfazwe, ukulawulwa kwamazwe, ukuveliswa kwezinto, imveliso yesilika, umculo, ulwimi, imathematika, ikhalenda, njalo njalo. Kuthiwa, ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, “ayengekho amasela ingekho nemilo eTshayina, ibe abantu babethobekile yaye beseluxolweni. Imvula eyayisina ngexesha layo elifanelekileyo nemozulu ngokunjalo zaphumela ekubeni kubekho intabalala yesivuno minyaka le. Okona kukhwankqisa kakhulu kukuba nkqu namarhamncwa asendle akazange abulale, kwaneentaka ezidla inyama azizange zenzakalise nto. Ngamafutshane, imbali yaseTshayina yaqalisa ngobomi baseparadisi.” Ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, amaTshayina asazibanga eyinzala yalo Mlawuli oGwangqa.
38. Sinokufikelela kwesiphi isigqibo ngokusuka kuzo zonke iingxelo ezibuntsomirha zembali yomntu?
38 Kukwakho iingxelo ezifanayo ezibuntsomirha zexesha lolonwabo nelemfezeko ekuqaleni kwembali yomntu ezifumaneka kwiinkonzo zabanye abantu abaninzi—abemi baseYiputa, abemi baseTibet, abemi basePeru, abemi baseMexico, nabanye. Ngaba kwasuka nje kwazenzekela ukuba bonke aba bantu, ababehlala kwimimandla eqeleleneyo nababeneenkolelo ezingokwesithethe, iilwimi namasiko awahlukene ngokupheleleyo, babe neengcamango ezifanayo ngemvelaphi yabo? Ngaba kwasuka nje kwenzeka ngamabona-ndenzile okanye kukwenzeka kweziganeko ngaxeshanye okwabangela ukuba bonke bakhethe ukuchaza imvelaphi yabo ngendlela efanayo? Ukusebenzisa ingqiqo namava kusenza sibone ukuba kungangenkankulu ukuba kube njalo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa siwathelekisa onke la mabali, kumele ukuba kukho imithombo efanayo yenyaniso ngemvelaphi yomntu nonqulo lwakhe.
39. Yiyiphi inkcazelo eyondeleleneyo ekunokufikelelwa kuyo ngokusuka kwimithombo aphuma kuyo amabali amaninzi angemvelaphi yomntu.
39 Eneneni, kukho imithombo emininzi efanayo ephawulekayo kuwo onke amabali awahlukeneyo angemvelaphi yomntu. Xa siyihlanganisa, kuphuma inkcazelo ephelele ngakumbi. Isixelela ngendlela uThixo awayidala ngayo indoda nomfazi bokuqala waza wababeka eparadisi. Babaneliseke yaye bonwabe kakhulu ekuqaleni, kodwa kwakamsinya baba nemvukelo. Loo mvukelo yakhokelela ekubeni baphulukane neparadisi egqibeleleyo, yaza yathatyathelw’ indawo ngumsebenzi onzima nokubandezeleka, yintlungu neengcinezelo. Ekugqibeleni uluntu lwaziphatha kakubi kangangokuba uThixo walohlwaya ngokuhlisa unogumbe omkhulu wamanzi owatshabalalisa bonke abantu kodwa kwasinda intsapho enye. Njengoko le ntsapho yaya isanda ngokwanda, bambi benzala yayo bahlanganisana baza baqalisa ukwakha inqaba ende bemcel’ umngeni uThixo. UThixo walitshitshisa icebo labo ngokuduba intetho nangokubachithachitha emhlabeni wonke.
40. Chaza indlela iBhayibhile ehlobene ngayo namabali angemvelaphi yeenkonzo zabantu.
40 Ngaba le nkcazelo engena gingci kulo mbandela iyinto equlunqwe yingqondo yomntu? Akunjalo. Ngokusisiseko, leyo yinkcazelo ebhalwe eBhayibhileni, kwizahluko ezili-11 zokuqala zencwadi yeGenesis. Nangona singasayi kuxubusha ngokubhalwa kwale nkcazelo eBhayibhileni, masiphawule ukuba ingxelo yeBhayibhile engembali yokuqala yomntu iboniswe kwimithombo eyintloko aphuma kuyo amabali amaninzi.b Ingxelo ibonisa ukuba njengoko uhlanga lwabantu lwaqalisa ukusasazeka kwelaseMesopotami, lwahamba nenkumbulo, amava, neengcamango zalo kuzo zonke iindawo olwalusiya kuzo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha zaphuculwa zaza zaguqulwa zagqibela ngokuba sisiseko sonqulo kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi. Ngamany’ amazwi, xa sibuyela emva kuthelekiso olwenziwe ngaphambilana, ingxelo yeGenesis imisela umthombo wantlandlolo nocace gca eziphuma kuwo iingcamango ezisisiseko ezingemvelaphi yomntu nonqulo lweenkonzo ezahlukahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Kwezi ngcamango ziye zongezelela iimfundiso noqheliselo lwazo lobuqu, kodwa ukuhlobana kwazo kuzicacele.
41. Yintoni ofanele uyikhumbule njengoko ufundisisa izahluko ezilandelayo kule ncwadi?
41 Kwizahluko ezilandelayo zale ncwadi, siza kuxubusha ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi ngendlela iinkonzo ezithile ezaqala nezavela ngayo. Uya kukufumanisa kuvula ingqondo ukuphawula kungekuphela nje indlela iinkonzo ezahlukene ngayo kodwa kwanendlela ezifana ngayo. Kwakhona uya kuba nako ukuphawula indlela unqulo ngalunye olungqamana ngayo nesihlandlo sexesha lembali yabantu nembali yonqulo, indlela incwadi okanye imibhalo yalo engcwele ehlobene ngayo neminye, indlela umseki okanye inkokeli yalo eyaphenjelelwa ngayo zezinye iingcamango zonqulo, nendlela oluye lwayiphembelela ngayo ihambo nembali yoluntu. Ukuphanda ngephulo loluntu lokufuna uThixo kangangethuba elide ucinga ngezi ngongoma kuya kukunceda ukuba ube nembono ephangaleleyo ngenyaniso engonqulo neemfundiso ezingokonqulo.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Ukuze ufumane ukuthelekiswa okuneenkcukacha kwamabali awahlukahlukeneyo omkhukula afumaneka kubantu abahlukeneyo, nceda ubone incwadi ethi Insight on the Scriptures, epapashwe yiWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., ngowe-1988, Umqulu 1, iphepha 328, 610, nelama-611.
b Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo eneenkcukacha ngalo mbandela, nceda ubhekisele kwincwadi ethi IBhayibhile—Ngaba Ililizwi LikaThixo Okanye Lomntu?, epapashwe yiWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., ngowe-1989.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 23]
Ukuveliswa kophando olungokwenzululwazi nengcamango yendaleko kubangele ukuba abaninzi baluthandabuze unqulo
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 34]
Kubonakala ngathi kwakukho umthombo omnye olwathi unqulo ngalunye lwadimbaza kuwo iinkolelo zalo ezisisiseko
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 28]
Kutheni Abantu Betyekele Elunqulweni?
▪ UJohn B. Noss uphuhlisa le ngongoma kwincwadi yakhe ethi Man’s Religions: “Zonke iinkonzo zithi ngandlel’ ithile umntu akanako ukuzimela yedwa. Uhlobene ngokusisiseko yaye ukwaxhomekeke kumandla eNdalo nakwiButho labantu. Ngokumfiliba okanye ngokucacileyo, uyazi ukuba akanamandla okuzimela engaxhomekekanga kwihlabathi.”
Ngokufanayo, incwadi iWorld Religions—From Ancient History to the Present ithi: “Ukuhlolisiswa konqulo kutyhila ukuba inkalo ebalulekileyo yalo kukulangazelela ukuphila ubomi obunentsingiselo, inkolelo yokuba ubomi abubangakho ngamabona-ndenzile yaye bungebubo obungenantsingiselo. Ukuphanda ngentsingiselo yobomi kukhokelela ekukholelweni kumandla angaphezu kwawomntu, ibe ekugqibeleni kwingqondo ekrelekrele ngokungenamlinganiselo okanye eyongamileyo enenjongo nomnqweno wokulondoloza eyona milinganiselo iphakamileyo yobomi babantu.”
Ngoko unqulo lwanelisa imfuneko esisiseko yabantu, kanye njengokuba ukutya kuphelisa iphango. Siyazi ukuba ukutya yonke into xa silambile kusenokuliphelisa iphango; phofu ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuya kuyonakalisa impilo yethu. Ukuze siphile ubomi obunempilo, sifuna ukutya okunik’ impilo nokunesondlo. Ngokukwanjalo, ukuze silondoloze impilo yethu yokomoya sifuna ukutya kokomoya okunik’ impilo. Kungenxa yeso sizathu le nto iBhayibhile isixelela oku: “Akaphili ngasonka sodwa umntu; umntu lo yena uphila ngento yonke ephuma emlonyeni kaYehova.”—Duteronomi 8:3.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 39]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
Njengoko uhlanga lwabantu lwachithakalayo kwelaseMesopotami, lwahamba neengcamango neenkumbulo zalo zonqulo
IBHABHILONI
ILIDIYA
ISIRIYA
IYIPUTA
IASIRIYA
ELAMAMEDI
IELAM
ELAMA-PERSI
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 21]
Amadoda anjengoBuddha, uConfucius noLuther aziguqula iinkqubo zonqulo ezazikho; awazange aluseke unqulo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 25]
Ugqirha waseOstriya onyanga izifo zengqondo ngokuphanda imbali yomntu uSigmund Freud wathi unqulo lukukoyika umfuziselo kabawo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]
Ingcamango yokuba umhlaba wawusisazulu sendalo iphela yakhokelela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo ngokubhekisele kwindlela ezihamba ngayo izijikelezi-langa
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 33]
UbuBhuda nobuRoma Katolika—kutheni ezi nkonzo zibonakala zinezinto ezininzi ezifana ngazo?
Uthixokazi wobabalo wamaBhuda aseTshayina ephethe usana
UMariya Ongcwele wamaKatolika ephethe usana olunguYesu
UmBhuda waseTibet esebenzisa ivili lomthandazo nerosari
UmKatolika esebenzisa irosari
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 36]
Amabali amaTshayina abalisa ngexesha lolonwabo ebudeni bokulawula kukaHuang-Ti (uMlawuli oGwangqa) ngamaxesha asentsomini