Isahluko Seshumi Elinesine

Ookumkani Ababini Bayatshintsha

1, 2. (a) Yintoni eyabangela uAntiochus IV avume ukwenza oko kwakufunwa yiRoma? (b) ISiriya yaqalisa nini ukuba liphondo laseRoma?

UKUMKANI waseSiriya uAntiochus IV uhlasela iYiputa aze azibeke njengokumkani walapho. Ngokwesicelo esenziwa nguKumkani uPtolemy VI waseYiputa, iRoma ithumela uNozakuzaku uCaius Popilius Laenas eYiputa. Uphelekwe ziinqanawa zomkhosi ezoyikekayo kwaye uphethe imiyalelo evela kwiBhunga Lorhulumente waseRoma ethi uAntiochus IV makahlukane nesihlalo sobukhosi saseYiputa aze aphum’ aphele kwelo lizwe. Lo kumkani waseSiriya udibana nonozakuzaku waseRoma e-Eleusis, ihlomela ledolophu yakwa-Aleksandire. UAntiochus IV ucela ukunikwa ithuba lokudibanis’ iintloko nabacebisi bakhe, kodwa uLaenas umsikela umda ngokukrwela isangqa esijikeleze lo kumkani yaye uyamxelela ukuba aphendule ngaphambi kokuba awutsibe loo mgca. Ephoxeke emanzi, uAntiochus IV uyavuma ukwenza oko iRoma ikutshoyo ibe ubuyela eSiriya ngowe-168 B.C.E. Lwaba ke luyaphela ungquzulwano phakathi kokumkani wasemntla ongumSiriya nokumkani wasemzantsi ongumYiputa.

² Ekubeni iyingqonyela kwimicimbi yaseMbindi Mpuma, iRoma iyaqhubeka igagamela iSiriya. Ngenxa yoko, nangona abanye ooSeleucus belawula eSiriya emva kokufa kuka-Antiochus IV ngowama-163 B.C.E., abangeni kwisikhundla ‘sokumkani wasemntla.’ (Daniyeli 11:15) Ekugqibeleni iSiriya iba liphondo laseRoma ngowama-64 B.C.E.

3. IRoma yaqalisa nini yaye njani ukongamela iYiputa?

³ OoPtolemy baseYiputa bayaqhubeka bebambe isikhundla ‘sokumkani wasemzantsi’ kangangeminyaka edlula kancinane kweli-130 emva kokufa kuka-Antiochus IV. (Daniyeli 11:14) Ebudeni bedabi laseActium, ngowama-31 B.C.E., umlawuli ongumRoma uOctavian uswantsulisa imikhosi edityanisiweyo yokumkanikazi wokugqibela kooPtolemy—uCleopatra VII—nesithandwa sakhe esingumRoma, uMark Antony. Emva kokuba uCleopatra ezibulele kunyaka olandelayo, neYiputa iba liphondo laseRoma ibe ayisaqhubeki iphumeza indima yokumkani wasemzantsi. Kuthi kufika owama-30 B.C.E., iRoma ibe seyiyongamela iSiriya kunye neYiputa. Ngaba sifanele silindele ukuba kuvele abanye abalawuli abaza kuba ngukumkani wasemntla nokumkani wasemzantsi?

UKUMKANI OMTSHA UTHUMELA “UMQOKELELI”

4. Kutheni sifanele silindele ukuba ibe ngomnye urhulumente oba ngukumkani wasemntla?

⁴ Ngentwasahlobo yowama-33 C.E., uYesu Kristu waxelela abafundi bakhe esithi: “Xa nibona into elizothe ebangela isiphanziso, njengoko kwathethwa ngayo ngomprofeti uDaniyeli, imi kwindawo engcwele, . . . mabandule abo bakwelakwaYuda basabele ezintabeni.” (Mateyu 24:15, 16) UYesu walumkisa abalandeli bakhe ‘ngento elizothe ebangela isiphanziso’ eyayiza kuza, ecaphula uDaniyeli 11:31. Esi siprofeto esasibandakanya ukumkani wasemntla sadluliselwa malunga neminyaka engama-195 emva kokufa kuka-Antiochus IV, ukumkani ongumSiriya wokugqibela ukuphumeza loo ndima. Ngokuqinisekileyo kwakuza kufuneka kuvele omnye umlawuli oza kuba ngukumkani wasemntla. Ibe yayiza kuba ngubani bethu?

5. Ngubani owaba ngukumkani wasemntla, engena kwisikhundla esasikhe saba sesika-Antiochus IV?

⁵ Ingelosi kaYehova uThixo yaxela kwangaphambili isithi: “Oya kuma esikhundleni sakhe [uAntiochus IV] uya kumisela umqokeleli ngenjongo yokulondoloza ubungangamsha bobukumkani bakhe, kodwa ngexeshana elingephi naye uya kwaphulwa, phofu kungengangxabano namfazwe.” (Daniyeli 11:20) Lowo ‘umayo’ wangqineka engumlawuli ongumRoma, uOctavian, owayebizwa ngokuba nguKesare Agasto.—Bona umxholo othi “Omnye Uphathwa Ngembeko, Omnye Uyadelwa,” kwiphepha 248.

6. (a) “Umqokeleli” wadlulela nini ‘kubungangamsha bobukumkani,’ yaye kubaluleke ngantoni oko? (b) Kutheni kunokutshiwo ukuba uAgasto wafa “kungengangxabano namfazwe”? (c) Luluphi utshintsho olwenzekayo kukumkani wasemntla?

⁶ ‘Ubungangamsha bobukumkani’ buka-Agasto babuquka ‘ilizwe Eliligugu’—iphondo laseRoma lakwaYuda. (Daniyeli 11:16) Ngowe-2 B.C.E., uAgasto wathumela “umqokeleli” ngokuyalela ukuba kubhaliswe, okanye kubalwe abantu, mhlawumbi esenzela ukwazi inani labemi ngeenjongo zokubarhafisa nokugaya umkhosi. Ngenxa yalo myalelo, uYosefu noMariya bathabatha uhambo olwalusinge eBhetelehem beye kubhalisa, yaza loo nto yadala ukuba uYesu azalelwe kuloo ndawo njengoko kwakuxelwe kwangaphambili. (Mika 5:2; Mateyu 2:1-12) NgoAgasti 14 C.E.—“ngexeshana elingephi” emva kokuba eyalele ukuba kubhaliswe—uAgasto wafa eneminyaka engama-76, “kungengangxabano” ezandleni zezigwinta, kananjalo ‘kungengamfazwe,’ kodwa wagula. Ukumkani wasemntla wayetshintshe ngokwenene! Ngoku lo kumkani wayemelwa ngabalawuli boBukhosi baseRoma.

‘LOWO UDELEKILEYO UYEMA’

7, 8. (a) Ngubani owangena kwisikhundla sika-Agasto njengokumkani wasemntla? (b) Kutheni lowo wangena esikhundleni sika-Agasto Kesare wasinikwa nzima “isidima sobukumkani”?

⁷ Ihlabela mgama nesi siprofeto, ingelosi yathi: “Esikhundleni sakhe [uAgasto] kuya kuma lowo udelekileyo onganikwanga sidima sobukumkani; uya kungena kungekho mntu ulindeleyo, abuthabathe ubukumkani ngobuqhophololo. Nabo beza ngengalo eyomeleleyo nxamnye naye, uya kuyaphula ingalo leyo, abakhukulise, kwaneNkokeli yomnqophiso ngokunjalo.”—Daniyeli 11:21, 22.

⁸ “Lowo udelekileyo” yaba nguTibheriyo Kesare, unyana kaLivia, umfazi wesithathu ka-Agasto. (Bona umxholo othi “Omnye Uphathwa Ngembeko, Omnye Uyadelwa,” kwiphepha 248.) UAgasto wayemthiy’ egazini lo nyana womfazi wesithathu ngenxa yemikhwa emibi ibe wayengafuni ukuba abe nguKesare olandelayo. ‘Isidima sobukumkani’ wasinikwa nzima emva kokuba kubonakele ukuba bafe bonke ababefanelekela ukungena kuso. UAgasto wamenza unyana wakhe uTibheriyo ngowe-4 C.E. waza wamenza indlalifa kwisihlalo sakhe. Emva kokufa kuka-Agasto, uTibheriyo owayeneminyaka engama-54 ubudala—lowo udelekileyo—‘wema,’ ethabatha iintambo njengomlawuli waseRoma nokumkani wasemntla.

9. UTibheriyo ‘wabuthabatha njani ubukumkani ngobuqhophololo’?

⁹ IThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “UTibheriyo wasebenzisa amaqhinga xa wayeqhubana neBhunga Likarhulumente ibe akazange alivumele ukuba limbeke njengomlawuli kangangenyanga [emva kokuba uAgasto efile].” Waxelela iBhunga Likarhulumente ukuba nguAgasto kuphela owayenokukwazi ukuthwala uxanduva lokulawula uBukhosi baseRoma waza wawacela amalungu elo bhunga ukuba amisele iriphabliki ngokunikela elo gunya kwiqela lamadoda kunokuba alinike indoda enye. Umbhali-mbali uWill Durant wabhala esithi: “Lingenabuganga bakuyamkela loo nto ayithethayo, iBhunga Likarhulumente lathembiselana naye de ekugqibeleni walamkela elo gunya.” UDurant wongezelela esithi: “La maqela mabini achul’ ukunyathela kulo mba. UTibheriyo wayefuna ulawulo lweriphabliki, kungenjalo ngewayefumene indlela yokuluphepha; iBhunga Likarhulumente lalimoyika yaye limthiyile, kodwa lalingafuni ukuphinda limisele iriphabliki eyayisekwe, njengeyangaphambili, ngamaqumrhu alawula nje ngegama.” Ngenxa yoko uTibheriyo ‘wabuthabatha ubukumkani ngobuqhophololo.’

10. ‘Yaphulwa njani ingalo eyomeleleyo’?

¹⁰ Ngokubhekisele ‘kwingalo eyomeleleyo’—imikhosi yezikumkani ezingabamelwane—ingelosi yathi: ‘Iya kukhukuliswa ize yaphulwe.’ Xa uTibheriyo waba ngukumkani wasemntla, umtshana wakhe uGermanicus Caesar wayeyinkumanda yomkhosi waseRoma owawukuMlambo iRhine. Ngowe-15 C.E., uGermanicus wafunza imikhosi yakhe kwisithwalandwe saseJamani uArminius, waza wamngqula phantsi. Noko ke, nangona loo madabi mancinane oyiswayo, ilahleko yona yayinkulu gqitha, yaye emva koko uTibheriyo warhoxa ekuhlaseleni iJamani. Kunoko, wakhuthaza imfazwe yamakhaya, ezama ukuthintela ukumanyana kwezizwe zamaJamani. Ubukhulu becala uTibheriyo wayekholelwa kwinkqubo yokukhusela ilizwe lakhe ibe wabek’ iliso kakhulu kwimida yakhe. Le nkqubo yaphumelela ke noko. Yaye ngaloo ndlela ‘ingalo eyomeleleyo’ yalawulwa yaza ‘yaphulwa.’

11. ‘Yaphulwa njani iNkokeli yomnqophiso’?

¹¹ Omnye umntu ‘owaphulwayo’ ‘yiNkokeli yomnqophiso’ owawenziwe nguYehova uThixo kuAbraham wokusikelela zonke iintsapho zabantu ezisemhlabeni. UYesu Kristu wayeyiMbewu ka-Abraham eyayithenjiswe kuloo mnqophiso. (Genesis 22:18; Galati 3:16) NgoNisan 14, 33 C.E., uYesu wema phambi koPontiyo Pilato kwibhotwe lerhuluneli yaseRoma elaliseYerusalem. Ababingeleli abangamaYuda babetyhola uYesu ngokungcatsha umlawuli. Kodwa uYesu wamxelela oku uPilato: “Ubukumkani bam abuyonxalenye yeli hlabathi. . . . Ubukumkani bam abusuki kulo mthombo.” Esenzela ukuba le rhuluneli ingumRoma ingamkhululi uYesu owayemsulwa, amaYuda adanduluka, esithi: “Ukuba uyamkhulula lo mntu, akungomhlobo kaKesare. Wonke umntu ozenza ukumkani uthetha ngokunxamnye noKesare.” Emva kokunkqangaza esithi uYesu makabulawe, athi: “Asinakumkani ngaphandle kukaKesare.” Ngokuvisisana nomthetho onxamnye “nokuchasa ukumkani,” uTibheriyo awayewandisile ukuze uquke nasiphi na isinyeliso esibhekiswe kuKesare, uPilato wamnikela uYesu ukuze ‘aphulwe,’ okanye abethelelwe kwisibonda sentuthumbo.—Yohane 18:36; 19:12-16; Marko 15:14-20.

UZWILAKHE ‘UCEBA AMACEBO AKHE’

12. (a) Ngubani owazenza ihlakani likaTibheriyo? (b) UTibheriyo ‘waba namandla njani ngohlanga oluncinane’?

¹² Isaprofeta ngoTibheriyo, ingelosi yathi: “Uya kubakhohlisa abo bazimanyanisa naye, anyuke, azuze amandla ngohlanga oluncinane.” (Daniyeli 11:23) Amalungu eBhunga Likarhulumente waseRoma ‘ayezimanyanise’ noTibheriyo eqhutywa ngumgaqo-siseko, yaye naye ngokuyinxenye wayexhomekeke kuwo. Kodwa ke waba namaqhinga, okunene esiba “namandla ngohlanga oluncinane.” Olo hlanga luncinane yayiliQela Labalindi Bakomkhulu baseRoma, elalihlome iintente kufutshane neendonga zaseRoma. Ubukho balo babuloyikisa iBhunga Likarhulumente ibe lanceda uTibheriyo wakwazi ukufuthanisela nayiphi na imvukelo yabantu eyayinxamnye negunya lakhe. Ngoko ke, enabalindi abanokuba ngama-10 000, uTibheriyo wakwazi ukuqhubeka enamandla.

13. UTibheriyo wabagqwesa njani ooyisemkhulu?

¹³ Ingelosi yongezelela iprofeta isithi: “Uya kuhlasela amaphondo atyebileyo engalindelanga, abe nempumelelo egqwesa eyooyise nooyisemkhulu. Ke amaxhoba nako konke okuphangiweyo uya kukwabela abantu bakhe; aze acebe iindlela zokuhlasela iindawo ezinqatyisiweyo; kodwa oko kuya kuba kokwexeshana.” (Daniyeli 11:24) UTibheriyo lo wayebarhanela gqitha abanye abantu, yaye ulawulo lwakhe lwalubalasele ngemiyalelo emininzi yokubulawa kwabantu. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yempembelelo kaSejanus, owayeyinkumanda yeQela Labalindi Bakomkhulu, inxalenye yokugqibela yolawulo lwakhe yayibalasele ngoloyiko ebantwini. Ekugqibeleni, kwanoSejanus lowo warhanelwa waza wabulawa. UTibheriyo wayebagqwesile ooyisemkhulu ngokulawula ngegqudu.

14. (a) UTibheriyo wawasasaza njani “amaxhoba nako konke okuphangiweyo” kuwo onke amaphondo aseRoma? (b) UTibheriyo wagqalwa njani ngexesha lokufa kwakhe?

¹⁴ Noko ke, uTibheriyo wasasaza “amaxhoba nako konke okuphangiweyo” kuwo onke amaphondo aseRoma. Wathi esifa, babe bonke abantu bephila tofotofo. Irhafu yayiphantsi, ibe wayenezinwe kwabo bakwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo. Xa amajoni okanye amagosa ayecinezela nabani na okanye esebenzisa ubuqhetseba ekwenzeni izinto, ayenokulindela ukohlwaywa ngurhulumente. Ukuzibamba kwakhe aziqinise iintambo kwabagcina bekhuselekile abantu, ibe inkqubo ephucukileyo yonxibelelwano yaba luncedo kwezoqoqosho. UTibheriyo wayeqiniseka ukuba izinto zenziwa ngokusesikweni nangendlela efanelekileyo kwimimandla engaphakathi nengaphandle kweRoma. Imithetho yaphuculwa, ibe imigaqo yentlalo neyokuziphatha yahlaziywa, phofu ke kuthatyathwa apho wayeyeke khona uAgasto Kesare. Kodwa ke, uTibheriyo ‘waceba amacebo akhe,’ kangangokuba umbhali-mbali ongumRoma uTacitus wamchaza njengomhanahanisi, usomaqhingashe owambethe ufele lwegusha. Uthe esifa ngoMatshi 37 C.E., wabe uTibheriyo sele egqalwa njengozwilakhe.

15. Yayinjani iRoma ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo nangasekuqaleni kweyesibini?

¹⁵ Emva koTibheriyo indima yokumkani wasemntla yathatyathwa nguGayo Kesare (Caligula), uKlawudiyo I, uNero, uVespasian, uTitus, uDomitian, uNerva, uTrajan noHadrian. IThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ubukhulu becala, abo balandela uAgasto baqhubeka besebenzisa indlela yakhe yokulawula neyokuphucula izinto, nangona kwakungekho nto intsha beza nayo kodwa babebalasele ngokucel’ injezu.” Kwale ncwadi inye ilikhupha litsole isithi: “Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala nasebutsheni beyesibini iRoma yafikelela incopho yobukhulu bayo ibe yayinabona bantu baninzi.” Nangona izinto zazingahambi kakuhle kwimimandla engumda weRoma ebudeni belo xesha, ungquzulwano lwayo lokuqala nokumkani wasemzantsi olwaluxelwe kwangaphambili aluzange lubekho de kwayinkulungwane yesithathu yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo.

ILWA NOKUMKANI WASEMZANTSI

16, 17. (a) Ngubani owaba ngukumkani wasemntla ekubhekiselwa kuye kuDaniyeli 11:25? (b) Ngubani owangena kwisikhundla sokumkani wasemzantsi, yaye kwenzeka njani oko?

¹⁶ Ingelosi kaThixo yahlabela mgama nesiprofeto, isithi: “[Ukumkani wasemntla] uya kuzithemba ngamandla ize intliziyo yakhe imxhokonxele ekubeni ahlasele ukumkani wasemzantsi enomkhosi omkhulu wamajoni; wothi ke naye ukumkani wasemzantsi axhobele imfazwe, amhlangabeze ngomkhosi omkhulu nonamandla ngokugqithiseleyo. Kodwa [ukumkani wasemzantsi] akayi kuma, kuba baya kumenzela iyelenqe. Uya kuwiswa kanye ngabo badla naye esithebeni sakhe. Umkhosi wakhe wamajoni uya kukhukuliswa uphele, kufe abaninzi.”—Daniyeli 11:25, 26.

¹⁷ Kwiminyaka emalunga nama-300 emva kokuba uOctavian enze iYiputa yaliphondo laseRoma, uMlawuli ongumRoma uAurelian waba ngukumkani wasemntla. Kusenzeka oko nje, uKumkanikazi uSeptimia Zenobia wethanga lamaRoma lasePalmyra wayengena kwisikhundla sokumkani wasemzantsi.a (Bona umxholo othi “UZenobia—UKumkanikazi Oligorha WasePalmyra,” kwiphepha 252.) Umkhosi wasePalmyra wayithimba iYiputa ngowama-269 C.E., phofu usithela ngento yokuba uyigcinela iRoma. UZenobia wayefuna ukuba iPalmyra ibe sesona sixeko sikhulu empuma yaye ejonge ukulawula amaphondo eRoma asempuma. Esothuswa ngamabhongo ale nzwakazi, intliziyo ka-Aurelian ‘yamxhokonxela’ ukuba afunze kuZenobia.

18. Waba yintoni umphumo kwimfazwe eyayiphakathi koMlawuli uAurelian, ukumkani wasemntla, noKumkanikazi uZenobia, ukumkani wasemzantsi?

¹⁸ Njengorhulumente owayelawulwa nguZenobia, ukumkani wasemzantsi ‘waxhokonxelwa’ ekubeni alungiselele imfazwe nokumkani wasemntla “ngomkhosi omkhulu nonamandla ngokugqithiseleyo” owawubhexeshwa ziinjengele ezimbini, uZabdas noZabbai. Kodwa uAurelian wayithimba iYiputa waza emva koko waqalisa ukuhlasela iAsia Minor neSiriya. UZenobia woyiswa e-Emesa (ngoku eyiHoms), waza ke waya kuzikhoth’ amanxeba ePalmyra. Xa uAurelian wasingqingayo eso sixeko, uZenobia wasilwela ngenkalipho kodwa woyiswa. Yena nonyana wakhe babhaca besinge ngasePersi, baza babanjwa ngamaRoma ngakuMlambo umEfrati. Abemi basePalmyra baxhom’ izandla baza basincama isixeko sabo ngowama-272 C.E. UAurelian akazange ambulale uZenobia, emgcina njengelona xhoba libalulekileyo abuye nalo kumngcelele woloyiso owenziwa eRoma ngowama-274 C.E. Inxalenye eseleyo yobomi bakhe wayichitha eyinkosikazi yomRoma othile.

19. UAurelian wawa njani ‘ngenxa yeyelenqe abamenzela lona’?

¹⁹ NoAurelian ‘akazange eme ngenxa yeyelenqe abamenzela lona.’ Ngowama-275 C.E., waqalisa iphulo lokulwa namaPersi. Wathi esaxhwarhe eThrace elinde ithuba lokunqumla kwiinyoba aze aye kugaleleka eAsia Minor, abo ‘babesidla naye esithebeni sakhe’ bamenzela iyelenqe baza babangela ‘ukuwa’ kwakhe. Wayeza kuphendulisa unobhala wakhe uEros ngenxa yamagingxigingxi athile awayekho. Noko ke, uEros wabhala uludwe lwamagama amagosa awayeza kubulawa. La magosa athi akulubona olo ludwe apheka iyelenqe lokumgebenga uAurelian nelokumbulala.

20. ‘Umkhosi’ wokumkani wasemntla ‘wakhukuliswa’ njani?

²⁰ Ukumkani wasemntla akazange aphele ngokufa koMlawuli uAurelian. Bakho abalawuli abangamaRoma abalandelayo. Kangangethuba elithile, kwakukho umlawuli wasentshona nowasempuma. Phantsi kwala madoda, ‘umkhosi wamajoni’ wokumkani wasemntla ‘wakhukuliswa,’ okanye “wachithachithwa,”b yaye ‘kwafa abaninzi’ ngenxa yohlaselo lwezizwe zamaJamani ezazivela emntla. AmaGoth atyhoboza kwimida yamaRoma ngenkulungwane yesine yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo. Emva koko, yaba luhlaselo emva kolunye. Ngowama-476 C.E., inkokeli yaseJamani uOdoacer yamshenxisa umlawuli wokugqibela waseRoma. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesithandathu, uBukhosi baseRoma basentshona babuchithiwe, iBritani, iGaul, i-Itali, uMntla Afrika neSpeyin zilawulwa ngookumkani baseJamani. Inxalenye engasempuma yobo bukhosi yaqhubeka ikho de kwayinkulungwane ye-15.

UBUKHOSI OBUKHULU BUYAQHEKEKA

21, 22. Luluphi utshintsho olweza noConstantine ngenkulungwane yesine yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo?

²¹ Izityeshela iinkcukacha ezingeyomfuneko eziphathelele ukuwa koBukhosi baseRoma, obathabatha iinkulungwane eziliqela, ingelosi kaYehova yaqhubeka ixela kusengaphambili ngezenzo zokumkani wasemntla nokumkani wasemzantsi. Noko ke, ukuvandlakanya ezinye zeziganeko ezazisenzeka kuBukhosi baseRoma kuya kusinceda sifanise aba kumkani babini kamva.

²² Ngenkulungwane yesine, uMlawuli uConstantine waseRoma wamkela ubuKristu obuwexukileyo njengonqulo oluvunywe nguRhulumente. Wayede wabiza ibhunga lecawa waza waliqhuba ngokwakhe eNicaea, eAsia Minor, ngowama-325 C.E. Kamva, uConstantine walifudusa ibhotwe eRoma elisa eByzantium, okanye eConstantinople, waza eso sixeko wasenza ikomkhulu lakhe elitsha. UBukhosi baseRoma baqhubeka buphantsi komlawuli omnye de kwasekufeni koMlawuli uTheodosius I, ngoJanuwari 17, 395 C.E.

23. (a) Bahlulwa njani uBukhosi baseRoma emva kokufa kukaTheodosius? (b) Baphela nini uBukhosi baseMpuma? (c) Ngubani owayelawula eYiputa ngowe-1517?

²³ Emva kokufa kukaTheodosius, uBukhosi baseRoma bahlulelwa oonyana bakhe. UHonorius wafumana inxalenye esentshona, waza uArcadius wafumana esempuma, ibe iConstantinople yaba likomkhulu lakhe. IBritani, iGaul, i-Itali, iSpeyin kunye noMntla Afrika zazingamaphondo ecandelo elisentshona. IMakedoniya, iThrace, iAsia Minor, iSiriya neYiputa zazingamaphondo ecandelo elisempuma. Ngowama-642 C.E., ikomkhulu laseYiputa, iAleksandire, lahluthwa ngamaSaracen (ama-Arabhu), ibe iYiputa yaba liphondo lamabambela kaMohamed. NgoJanuwari 1449, uConstantine XI waba ngumlawuli wokugqibela wasempuma. Abemi baseTurkey ababekhokelwa nguSultan Mehmed II bayithimba iConstantinople ngoMeyi 29, 1453, baba buyaphela ngolo hlobo uBukhosi baseMpuma baseRoma. Ngowe-1517 iYiputa yaba liphondo laseTurkey. Noko ke, ethubeni eli lizwe lokumkani wasemzantsi wamandulo laliza kuba phantsi kobunye ubukhosi basentshona.

24, 25. (a) Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abathile, yintoni eyaphawula isiqalo soBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma? (b) Ekugqibeleni kwenzeka ntoni kwisibizo ‘somlawuli’ kuBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma?

²⁴ Kwicandelo elisentshona loBukhosi baseRoma kwavela ubhishopu waseRoma owayengumKatolika, owaziwa ngokuba nguPopu Leo I, nowaziwa njengowanyanzelisa igunya lepopu ngenkulungwane yesihlanu yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo. Ethubeni, lo popu wayithabathela kuye imbopheleleko yokuthwesa umlawuli wecandelo lasentshona. Oko kwenzeka eRoma ngeKrismesi yowama-800 C.E., xa uPopu Leo III wathwesa uKumkani uCharles (uCharlemagne), owayengumFrank, njengomlawuli woBukhosi baseNtshona bamaRoma obutsha. Olu thweso lwayihlaziya inkqubo yabalawuli yaseRoma ibe, ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali-mbali, lwaba sisiqalo soBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma. Ukususela ngoko kwabakho uBukhosi baseMpuma noBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma obabusentshona, ibe omabini la macandelo ayezibanga engamaKristu.

²⁵ Ekuhambeni kwethuba, abalawuli abalandela uCharlemagne bangqineka bengenabuchule. Isikhundla somlawuli sada sahlala singenamntu kangangethuba elithile. Ngelo xesha, uKumkani ongumJamani uOtto I wayesele elawula inxalenye enkulu yomntla nombindi weItali. Wazibeka njengokumkani waseItali. NgoFebruwari 2, 962 C.E., uPopu John XII wathwesa uOtto I njengomlawuli woBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma. Ikomkhulu labo laliseJamani, kwaye nabalawuli babo ingamaJamani, njengoko nenkoliso yabantu babo yayingawo. Kwiinkulungwane ezintlanu emva koko “ulawulo” lwawela kwintsapho yaseOstriya yakwaHapsburg lwaza lwahlala kuyo kangangenxalenye enkulu yeminyaka eyayisasele yoBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma.

OOKUMKANI ABABINI BAPHINDA BABONAKALE NGOKUCACILEYO

26. (a) Yintoni enokuthethwa ngesiphelo soBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma? (b) Ngubani owaba ngukumkani wasemntla?

²⁶ UNapoléon I wabungqula phantsi uBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma xa engazange avume kwaukubugqala njengobukhoyo emva kokuba oyise iJamani ngowe-1805. Engazi nokuba makathini, uMlawuli uFrancis II warhoxa kwisihlalo sobukhosi baseRoma ngoAgasti 6, 1806, waza wanikel’ ingqalelo kurhulumente welizwe lakhe njengomlawuli waseOstriya. Emva kweminyaka eli-1 006, uBukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma—obabusekwe nguLeo III, ipopu engumRoma Katolika, noCharlemagne, ukumkani ongumFrank—baphela. Ngowe-1870, iRoma yaba likomkhulu lobukumkani baseItali obuzimeleyo nobabungasalawulwa yiVatican. Kunyaka olandelayo, ubukhosi baseJamani basungulwa waza uWilhelm I wangukesare, okanye ukaiser. Waba ke ukumkani wasemntla wale mihla—iJamani—uyabonakala ehlabathini.

27. (a) Kwenzeka njani ukuba iYiputa ibe phantsi kokhuselo lweBritani? (b) Ngubani owaba ngukumkani wasemzantsi?

²⁷ Kodwa ke kuthekani ngokumkani wasemzantsi wale mihla? Imbali ibonisa ukuba iBritani yaba ligunya elibubukhosi ngenkulungwane ye-17. Ezimisele ukuxaba endleleni yabarhwebi baseBritani, uNapoléon I wayithabathela kuye iYiputa ngowe-1798. Hay’ ke zadiban’ ebezikade zizondana, ibe amaNgesi awayedibanise imikhosi nabemi baseTurkey awakhupha ngenkani amaFrentshi eYiputa, eyayingukumkani wasemzantsi ekuqaleni kolu ngquzulwano. Kwinkulungwane eyalandelayo, impembelelo yaseBritani yaya isanda eYiputa. Emva kowe-1882, iYiputa yayisele ixhomekeke kwiBritani. Xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaqhambukayo ngowe-1914, iYiputa yayisele iphantsi kweTurkey yaye ilawulwa lisekela lokumkani. Noko ke, emva kokuba iTurkey ixhase iJamani kuloo mfazwe, iBritani yalisusa elo sekela lokumkani yaza yenza iYiputa yaphantsi kokhuselo lweBritani. IBritani neMerika zaya zisiba ngamahlakani zaza zaba liGunya Lehlabathi LamaNgesi NamaMerika. Omabini la mazwe aba ngukumkani wasemzantsi.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

UZUZE NTONI?

• Nguwuphi umlawuli ongumRoma owaba ngukumkani wasemntla wokuqala, ibe wamthumela nini “umqokeleli”?

• Ngubani owaba ngukumkani wasemntla emva koAgasto, ibe ‘yaphulwa njani iNkokeli yomnqophiso’?

• Waba yintoni umphumo kwimfazwe eyayiphakathi kuka-Aurelian owayengukumkani wasemntla noZenobia owayengukumkani wasemzantsi?

• Kwenzeka ntoni kuBukhosi baseRoma, ibe ngawaphi amagunya awamela ookumkani ababini ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19?

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 248-251]

OMNYE UPHATHWA NGEMBEKO, OMNYE UYADELWA

OMNYE wayiguqula iriphabliki eyayibhuqwe yimfazwe wayenza yabubukhosi behlabathi. Omnye wabandisa ubutyebi bayo ngokuphindwe kangangamashumi amabini ngeminyaka engama-23. Omnye waphathwa ngembeko ekufeni kwakhe, kodwa omnye wadelwa. Ulawulo lwaba balawuli babini baseRoma lwathabatha iminyaka elingana neyobomi nobulungiseleli bukaYesu. Babengoobani? Yaye kwakutheni ukuze omnye aphathwe ngembeko, kuze kungabi njalo komnye?

“IROMA WAYIFUMANA IZIZITENA  WAZA WAYISHIYA ILIBHASTILE”

Ngowama-44 B.C.E., ukugwintwa kukaJulius Caesar, umzukulwana wodade wabo uGayo Octavian wayeneminyaka eli-18 kuphela ubudala. Ekubeni wayamkelwe nguJulius Caesar njengonyana wakhe neyona ndlalifa yakhe, uOctavian owayeseze ngobuso elizweni wakhawuleza waya eRoma eyokubanga ilifa lakhe. Wathi akufika apho wadibana nenyok’ iphung’ umhluzi—umphathi-mkhosi kaCaesar, uMark Antony wayesigxeleshile eso sihlalo. Idabi lokubangisana ngolawulo nangegunya elasuka apho lathabatha iminyaka eli-13.

Kuphela kusemva kokoyiswa kwemikhosi edibeneyo yoKumkanikazi waseYiputa uCleopatra nesithandwa sakhe uMark Antony (ngowama-31 B.C.E.) awathi uOctavian wakhonya yedwa njengomlawuli woBukhosi baseRoma. Kunyaka olandelayo uAntony noCleopatra bazibulala, ibe uOctavian wayithimba iYiputa. Ngaloo ndlela washenxiswa umzila wokugqibela woBukhosi baseGrisi, ibe iRoma yaba ligunya lehlabathi.

Ekhumbula ukuba ukulawula ngegqudu kukaJulius Caesar kwaphumela ekubeni agwintwe, uOctavian wachul’ ukunyathela ezimisele ukuba kungenzeki esezolo. Ngoko engafuni ukuwaphath’ emanyeni amaRoma awayefuna iriphabliki, walufihla ulawulo lwakhe elwenza lubonakale ngathi yiriphabliki. Akazange avume ukubizwa ngokuthi “kumkani” okanye “mlawuli.” Ukongezelela koko, wakhupha isaziso sokuba ufuna ukunikela ulawulo lwawo onke amaphondo kwiBhunga Likarhulumente waseRoma esithi emva koko uza kuhla kweso sihlalo wayekuso. Elo qhinga lasebenza. IBhunga Likarhulumente elayixabisayo yonke le nto lamcenga uOctavian ukuba angehli kwisihlalo sakhe aze aqhubeke elawula amanye aloo maphondo.

Ukongezelela koko, ngoJanuwari 16, 27 B.C.E., eli Bhunga Likarhulumente lanika uOctavian isibizo esithi “Agasto,” esithetha “Ozukileyo, Ongcwele.” UOctavian akazange anele nje ukwamkela eso sibizo kodwa wakwathiya inyanga ethile ngegama lakhe eboleka usuku kuFebruwari ukuze uAgasti abe neentsuku ezilingana nezikaJulayi, inyanga ethiywe ngoJulius Caesar. Ngaloo ndlela uOctavian waba ngumlawuli wokuqala waseRoma ibe emva koko wabizwa ngokuba nguKesare Agasto okanye “Lowo Uzukileyo.” Kamva wamkela nesibizo esithi “pontifex maximus” (umbingeleli omkhulu), ibe ngowesi-2 B.C.E.—unyaka awazalwa ngawo uYesu—iBhunga Likarhulumente lamnika isibizo esithi Pater Patriae, “uBawo Welizwe Lakhe.”

Kwangaloo nyaka mnye, “kwaphuma ummiselo kuKesare Agasto wokuba wonke umhlaba omiweyo ubhaliswe; . . . yaye bonke abantu bahamba besiya kubhaliswa, ngamnye kwisixeko sakowabo.” (Luka 2:1-3) Ngenxa yalo mmiselo, uYesu wazalelwa eBhetelehem nto leyo eyazalisekisa isiprofeto seBhayibhile.—Daniyeli 11:20; Mika 5:2.

Urhulumente owayephantsi kuka-Agasto wayenomlinganiselo othile wokunyaniseka yaye emi kakuhle nakwezoqoqosho. Enye into eyenziwa nguAgasto kukuyila inkqubo ephucukileyo yokuposa waza wakha iindlela neebhulorho. Walungelelanisa umkhosi, eyila umkhosi waselwandle owawuza kuhlala uhleli, waza waseka iqela loompondo-zihlanjiwe elaliphaphile nelalisaziwa ngokuba liQela Labalindi Bakomkhulu. (Filipi 1:13) Ababhali abanjengoVirgil noHorace bafumana udumo bexhaswa nguye, kwaye abenzi bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo babesenza izinto zamehlo namhlanje ezinokubizwa ngokuba zezodidi. UAgasto wagqibezela izakhiwo awayezishiye engazigqibanga uJulius Caesar waza wahlaziya iitempile ezininzi. IPax Romana (“Uxolo LwaseRoma”) awayisungulayo yaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200. NgoAgasti 19, 14 C.E., enemiyaka engama-76 ubudala, uAgasto wafa waza wagqalwa njengothixo emva koko.

UAgasto waqhayisa ngelithi “iRoma wayifumana izizitena waza wayishiya ilibhastile.” Engafuni ukuba iRoma ibuyele kwimfazwe yangaphambili xa yayiyiriphabliki, wazimisela ukuqeqesha lowo wayeza kuba ngumlawuli olandelayo. Kodwa ke kwakungekho khetho lungako wayenokulwenza ngokuphathelele lowo wayeza kungena esihlalweni sakhe. Umtshana wakhe, abazukulwana bakhe ababini, umkhwenyana kunye nomnye unyana osisiza-nanina babefe bonke, kwakusele uTibheriyo naye owayesisiza-nanina ukuba abambe iintambo.

“LOWO UDELEKILEYO”

Kwisithuba esingaphantsi kwenyanga efile uAgasto, iBhunga Likarhulumente waseRoma labeka uTibheriyo owayeneminyaka engama-54 ubudala njengomlawuli. Ubomi nolawulo lukaTibheriyo lwaqhubeka de kwangoMatshi 37 C.E. Ngenxa yoko, wayengumlawuli waseRoma ngexesha lobulungiseleli bukaYesu basesidlangalaleni.

Njengomlawuli, uTibheriyo wayeneempawu ezintle, phofu ekwanazo nezimbi. Phakathi kwezo zintle kungabalwa ukungathandi kwakhe ukusafaza ngemali esenzela ukuphila tofotofo. Ngenxa yoko, ubukhosi bakhe baba nenkqubela waza waba neengxowa-mali zokunceda abo bathwaxwa ziintlekele nabahlelelekileyo. Enye into anconywa ngayo uTibheriyo kukuba, wayezigqala njengomntu nje ofana nabanye, engavumi ukuwongwa ngezibizo ezininzi, ibe ubukhulu becala wayesithi makunqulwe uAgasto njengomlawuli kunokuba kunqulwe yena. Akazange athiye inyanga yekhalenda ngegama lakhe njengoko uAgasto noJulius Caesar benzayo, engazange kananjalo avume ukuba abanye bamwonge ngaloo nto.

Noko ke, iimpawu ezingathandekiyo zikaTibheriyo zazigqumelela iimpawu zakhe ezintle. Wayekuthanda kakhulu ukurhanela abantu yaye ehanahanisa xa eqhubana nabo, ibe ulawulo lwakhe lwalubalasele ngemiyalelo yokubulawa kwabantu—ibe abaninzi phakathi kwamaxhoba akhe yayingabahlobo bakhe bangaphambili. Wawandisa umthetho welèse-majesté (wokunyeliswa kwezikhakhamela) ukuze, ukongezelela kwizenzo zokuqhwaya imvukelo, uquke amazwi okumnyelisa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngulo mthetho owabangela ukuba amaYuda anyanzele iRhuluneli engumRoma uPontiyo Pilato ukuba iyalele ukuba uYesu abulawe.—Yohane 19:12-16.

UTibheriyo waqokelela iQela Labalindi Bakomkhulu waza walibeka kufutshane neRoma elakhela umzi onqatyisiweyo kumntla weendonga zeso sixeko. Ubukho beli Qela Labalindi babuloyikisa iBhunga Likarhulumente waseRoma, elalisongela igunya lakhe, ibe lalibeke iliso elibukhali kuko nakuphi na ukungalawuleki kwabantu. Kwakhona uTibheriyo wakhuthaza inkqubo yokusebenzisa oontamnani, ibe inxalenye yokugqibela yolawulo lwakhe yayibalasele ngokugrogriswa kwabantu.

UTibheriyo wathi esifa wabe sele egqalwa njengozwilakhe. Ibe xa wafayo, amaRoma avuya laza neBhunga Likarhulumente alavuma ukumenza uthixo. Ngenxa yezi zizathu nezinye, siyayibona indlela esazaliseka ngayo isiprofeto esingoTibheriyo esithi “lowo udelekileyo” wayeza kuba ‘ngukumkani wasemntla.’—Daniyeli 11:15, 21.

UZUZE NTONI?

• UOctavian waba nguye njani umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma?

• Yintoni enokuthethwa ngoko kwaphunyezwa ngurhulumente ka-Agasto?

• Ziziphi iimpawu ezintle nezimbi awayenazo uTibheriyo?

• Sazaliseka njani kuTibheriyo isiprofeto esiphathelele “lowo udelekileyo”?

[Umfanekiso]

UTibheriyo

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 252-255]

UZENOBIA—UKUMKANIKAZI OLIGORHA WASEPALMYRA

“WAYEYINTSUNDUKAZI . . . Amazinyo akhe emhlophe okwekhephu, ezo ngqanda zamehlo akhe amnyama zibengezela ngendlela engaqhelekanga, phofu ke zibuye zithityazwe bobo buhle bakhe buthi ndijonge. Wayenelizwi elikhulu phofu liyondelelene. Ubukrelekrele bakhe bahlutshezwa baza baqwelwa sisikolo. Wayesikhupha nangeempumlo isiLatini, phofu ke nesiGrike, isiSiriya nesiYiputa ezazi ngokufanayo.” Lawo ngamazwi umbhali-mbali uEdward Gibbon awamtyibela ngawo uZenobia—ukumkanikazi owayeligorha wesixeko saseSiriya iPalmyra.

Umyeni kaZenobia yayinguOdaenathus, isidwangube sasePalmyra esawongwa ngesikhundla sokuba ngunozakuzaku waseRoma ngowama-258 C.E., ngenxa yokuba sasiye saphumelela xa sasizakuzela uBukhosi baseRoma nxamnye nePersi. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uOdaenathus wavavwa nguMlawuli waseRoma uGallienus ngesibizo esithi corrector totius Orientis (irhuluneli elawula yonke iMpuma). Esi sibizo wasifumana ngenxa yokoyisa uKumkani uShāpūr I wasePersi. Ekugqibeleni uOdaenathus wazinika isibizo esithi “ukumkani wookumkani.” Ubukhulu becala yonke impumelelo kaOdaenathus yayibangelwa yinkalipho nobulumko bukaZenobia.

UZENOBIA UZIMISELA UKWAKHA UBUKHOSI

Ngowama-267 C.E., xa ulawulo lwakhe lwafikelela incopho yalo, uOdaenathus nendlalifa yakhe bagwintwa. UZenobia wathabatha apho wayeyeke khona umyeni wakhe, ekubeni unyana wakhe wayesemncinane kakhulu ukuba alawule. Ekubeni wayeyinzwakazi, enamabhongo, ekwazi ukuphatha abantu, eqhelene nokuphum’ iphulo nomyeni wakhe, yaye ezazi kakuhle iilwimi ezininzi, wahlonelwa waza waxhaswa ngabantu bakhe. UZenobia wayeyithanda incwadi kwaye wayezisondeza kwizifundiswa. Omnye wabacebisi bakhe yayisisithandi sobulumko nengcungela yombhali uCassius Longinus—abathi abamaziyo “wayelithala leencwadi kunye nemyuziyam ehambayo.” Kwincwadi ethi Palmyra and Its Empire—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome, umbhali uRichard Stoneman uthi: “Ebudeni beminyaka emihlanu emva kokufa kukaOdenathus . . . , uZenobia wayesaziwa ngabantu bakhe ngokuba yingqonyelakazi yaseMpuma.”

Kwelinye icala lomhlaba kaZenobia kwakukho iPersi, awayesandul’ ukuyibhuqa phantsi enomyeni wakhe, ukanti kwelinye kwakukho iRoma eyayisiwa. Ethetha ngoko kwakusenzeka kuBukhosi baseRoma ngelo xesha, umbhali-mbali uJ. M. Roberts uthi: “Ngenkulungwane yesithathu . . . iRoma yayisithi inqanda amanzi engena endlwini kumda osempuma kube kusenzeka okufanayo nakosentshona, kwangaxeshanye ibhuqwa yimfazwe yamakhaya yaye kubangiswana ngolawulo. Bangama-22 abalawuli (ngaphandle kwabo babebambela) abatshintshisana ngeso sihlalo.” Kwelinye icala, le ngqonyelakazi yaseSiriya yayinobukumkani obuzimele geqe emmandleni wayo. UStoneman uthi: “Egxeleshe ezi zikumkani zibini [amaPersi namaRoma], wazimisela ukwakha obesithathu obabuza kuzilawula zombini.”

Ithuba likaZenobia lokwandisa ubukhosi bakhe lavela ngowama-269 C.E. xa kwathi vumbu ibambela elithile eYiputa elalingafuni nokulubona ulawulo lwamaRoma. Umkhosi kaZenobia wenza amatshe ukuya eYiputa, wamthi qwaka qwaka loo mvukeli, waza walithimba elo lizwe. Ezibiza ngokuthi ungukumkanikazi waseYiputa, wenza iingqekembe zemali ezazibizwa ngegama lakhe. Ngoku ubukumkani bakhe babususela kumlambo umNayile buye kuma ngomEfrati. Kungeli xesha ke ebomini bakhe awathi uZenobia waba ‘ngukumkani wasemzantsi.’—Daniyeli 11:25, 26.

IKOMKHULU LIKAZENOBIA

UZenobia walinqabisa waza walihombisa ikomkhulu lakhe, iPalmyra, kangangokuba lalikumgangatho olinganayo nezixeko ezikhulu zamaRoma. Abemi balo babeqikelelwa ngaphezu kwe-150 000. IPalmyra yayizaliswe bubuqheleqhele bezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, iitempile, imiyezo, iintsika namatye esikhumbuzo, isisixeko esingqingwe ludonga oluziikhilomitha ezingama-21 ubude. Esona sitrato sikhulu sasiphahlwe luluhlu lweentsika zaseKorinte eziziimitha ezingaphezu kwe-15 ukuphakama—ezimalunga ne-1 500 zizonke. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo neyomzimba ongasentla yamaqhawe nezinhanha yayizalise yonk’ indawo kweso sixeko. Ngowama-271 C.E., uZenobia wenza umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wakhe nomyeni wakhe owayesele efile.

Esinye sezona zakhiwo zihle zasePalmyra yayiyiTempile Yelanga kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo yayiyeyona ndawo yonqulo ibalaseleyo kweso sixeko. UZenobia usenokuba wayenqula uthixo onento yokwenza nelanga. Noko ke, zazininzi iinkonzo kwiSiriya yenkulungwane yesithathu. Kubukhosi bukaZenobia, kwakukho abo babezibiza ngokuba bangamaKristu, amaYuda nabanquli belanga nenyanga. Wayezijonga njani ezi mvaba zahlukeneyo? Umbhali uStoneman uthi: “Umlawuli olumkileyo akayi kuzityeshela naziphi na izithethe ezibonakala zifanelekile kubantu bakhe. . . . Aba thixo, . . . kwakucingelwa ukuba, babexhasa iPalmyra.” Kuyabonakala ukuba uZenobia wayengazichasi iimbono ezahlukileyo zonqulo.

Ekubeni ubuntu bakhe babunomtsalane, uZenobia wayethandwa ngabantu abaninzi. Okona kubalulekileyo yindima awayiphumezayo njengorhulumente wezobupolitika owayexelwe kwangaphambili kwisiprofeto sikaDaniyeli. Noko ke, akazange alawule iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. UMlawuli ongumRoma uAurelian wamoyisa uZenobia ngowama-272 C.E. waza wayishiya ingumpha ochutywe walahlwa iPalmyra. UZenobia waxolelwa. Kuthiwa watshata nelungu lebhunga likarhulumente waseRoma waza ke mhlawumbi wachitha inxalenye eseleyo yobomi bakhe esidla umhlala-phantsi.

UZUZE NTONI?

• Buye bachazwa njani ubuntu bukaZenobia?

• Ziziphi ezinye zezenzo zikaZenobia?

• Sasiyintoni isimo sikaZenobia ngonqulo?

[Umfanekiso]

UKumkanikazi uZenobia ethetha namajoni akhe

[Isicangca/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 246]

OOKUMKANI ABAKUDANIYELI 11:20-26

Daniyeli 11:20 UAgasto

Daniyeli 11:21-24 UTibheriyo

Daniyeli 11:25, 26 UAurelian UKumkanikazi uZenobia

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UTibheriyo

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UAurelian

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Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo omncinane kaCharlemagne

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UAgasto

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Inqanawa yemfazwe yaseBritani yenkulungwane ye-17

[Umfanekiso ozalise iphepha, kwiphepha 230]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 233]

UAgasto

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 234]

UTibheriyo

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 235]

Ngenxa yomyalelo ka-Agasto, uYosefu noMariya bathabatha uhambo olwalusinge eBhetelehem

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 237]

Njengoko kwakuxelwe kwangaphambili, uYesu ‘waphulwa’ ngokubulawa

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 245]

1. UCharlemagne 2. UNapoléon I 3. UWilhelm I 4. Amajoni aseJamani, IMfazwe Yehlabathi I