Abalandeli BakaWaldo—Abaqhekeki Ababa NgamaProtestanti

Kwakungowe-1545 kummandla omhle waseLubéron eProvence, kumazantsi eFransi. Umkhosi wawuhlanganisene ukuze ulwe kwidabi elalibangelwa kukunganyanyezelwa kweembono ezahlukileyo zonqulo. Emva koko yaba zizantyalantyala zegazi iveki yonke.

IIDOLOPHANA zatshatyalaliswa, yaye abemi babevalelwa entolongweni okanye babulawe. Amajoni angenalusini ayebulala abantu ngokumanyumnyezi nto leyo eyabangela ukunkwantya kubo bonke abemi baseYurophu. Kwafa amadoda amalunga nama-2 700, yaye angama-600 athunyelwa ukuba aye kubheqa izikhephe, kungasathethwa ke ngokubandezeleka kwamabhinqa nabantwana. Umphathi-mkhosi owayekwelo dabi lalizaliswe zizantyalantyala zegazi wanconywa ngukumkani waseFransi nangupopu.

Ilizwe laseJamani lalisele lahlukene kubini ngenxa yoHlaziyo xa uKumkani waseFransi uFrancis I, owayengumKatolika, ngenxa yokuxhalatyiswa kukwanda kobuProtestanti, waphanda ngabo babebizwa ngokuba ngabaqhekeki ebukumkanini bakhe. Kunokuba bafumane iqaqobana nje labaqhekeki, abasemagunyeni baseProvence bafumana abantu ababeneembono zonqulo ezahlukileyo kwiidolophana ngeedolophana. Kwamiselwa umthetho wokuba kutshayelwe olu qhekeko yaye ekugqibeleni lwatshayelwa kwindyikitya yowe-1545.

Babengoobani aba baqhekeki? Yaye kutheni le nto baba zizisulu zogonyamelo lokunganyanyezelwa kweembono ezahlukileyo zonqulo?

Ukuphulukana Nobutyebi Ube Lihlwempu

Abo babulawa kuloo ndyikitya babengabantu behlelo lonqulo elaqalisa ukubakho ngenkulungwane ye-12 yaye laligubungela ummandla omkhulu waseYurophu. Indlela elalisasazeke ngayo nokuhlala kwalo likho ukutyhubela iinkulungwane kwalenza laba lelikhethekileyo kwimbali yokungavisisani okukhoyo phakathi konqulo. Inkoliso yababhali-mbali iyavuma ukuba eli hlelo laqalisa ukubakho malunga nonyaka we-1170. Kwisixeko saseFransi iLyons, umrhwebi osisityebi ogama linguVaudès waba nomdla onzulu wokufunda indlela yokukholisa uThixo. Mhlawumbi, echukunyiswe sisiluleko sikaYesu Kristu apho wayethetha ngendoda ethile eyayisisityebi eyathengisa impahla yayo yaza yabela amahlwempu, uVaudès waqinisekisa ukuba intsapho yakhe ifumana inkxaso eyaneleyo ngokwemali waza wabuncama bonke ubutyebi awayenabo ukuze ashumayele iVangeli. (Mateyu 19:16-22) Kungekudala waba nabalandeli kamva abaziwa ngokuba ngabaLandeli bakaWaldo.a

Ezona zinto zazixhalatyelwe nguVaudès’, yayingamahlwempu, ukushumayela neBhayibhile. Ukuchaswa kwento yokuba abefundisi babe zizityebi kwakungeyonto intsha. Kangangexesha elithile, iqela labo babephikisa abefundisi lalikugxeka ukunganyaniseki kweecawa nokusebenzisa kwazo kakubi igunya. Kodwa uVaudès wayengengomfundisi, ngokufanayo nenkoliso yabalandeli bakhe. Kucacile ke ukuba kungenxa yeso sizathu le nto wabona kuyimfuneko ukuba kubekho iBhayibhile ngolwimi lomthonyama, ulwimi olwaluthethwa ngabantu. Ekubeni inguqulelo yesiLatini eyayisetyenziswa ecaweni yayifunyanwa ngabefundisi kuphela, uVaudès wayalela ukuba kuguqulelwe iincwadi zeVangeli nezinye iincwadi zeBhayibhile kulwimi olwalubizwa ngokuba yiFranco-Provençal, ulwimi olwaluqondwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo ababehlala kwimpuma nombindi Fransi.b Ethobela umyalelo kaYesu wokushumayela, amaHlwempu aseLyons ashumayela isigidimi sawo esidlangalaleni. (Mateyu 28:19, 20) Umbhali-mbali uGabriel Audisio uthi ukuthi gqolo kwawo eshumayela esidlangalaleni kwaba yeyona mbambano eyaphembelela isimo sengqondo secawa ngokuphathelele abaLandeli bakaWaldo.

Ukuqhekeka KubuKatolika

Ngaloo mihla, yayingabefundisi kuphela ababenelungelo lokushumayela, yaye icawa yalithabathela kuyo ilungelo lokunika abantu igunya lokushumayela. Abefundisi babebagqala abaLandeli bakaWaldo njengabantu ababengenalwazi nabangafundanga, kodwa ngowe-1179, uVaudès wazifunela imvume esemthethweni yokushumayela, kuPopu Alexander III. Wavunyelwa—kodwa oko kwakuxhomekeke ekuvumelaneni kwabefundisi basekuhlaleni neso sigqibo. Umbhali-mbali uMalcolm Lambert uthi oku “kwakufana nje nokwala.” Eneneni, uBhishophu Omkhulu uJean Bellesmains waseLyons wala ngokuphandle ukuba amarhamente ashumayele. UVaudès waphendula ngokucaphula incwadi yeZenzo 5:29 ethi: “Simele sithobele uThixo njengomlawuli kunabantu.” Ngenxa yokuba engazange enze ngokuvumelana neso sigqibo, uVaudès wasikwa ecaweni ngowe-1184.

Nangona abaLandeli bakaWaldo babegxothiwe kwibhunga lenqila yaseLyons baza bakhutshelwa ngaphandle kwesixeko, kubonakala ngathi isigwebo sokuqala sasingekho ngqongqo kangako. Abantu abaninzi abaqhelekileyo babeyixabisa indlela abaLandeli bakaWaldo ababenyaniseke ngayo nababephila ngayo, kwanoobhishophu baqhubeka bethetha nabo.

Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali uEuan Cameron, kubonakala ngathi abashumayeli bamaWaldensi “babengayichasanga yona ngokwayo iCawa yamaRoma.” Into nje ababeyifuna “yayikukushumayela nokufundisa.” Ababhali-mbali bathi ekugqibeleni eli hlelo lanyanzeleka ukuba liqhekeke ngenxa yothotho lwemithetho eyayilicinezela ngokuqhubekayo. Isigwebo sokugqibela eyafikelela kuso iCawa nxamnye nabaLandeli bakaWaldo yaba kukugxothwa kwabo yiFourth Lateran Council ngowe-1215. Oku, kwakuchaphazela njani ukushumayela kwabo?

Bashumayela Ngokufihlakeleyo

UVaudès wafa ngomnyaka we-1217, yaye intshutshiso yabangela ukuba abalandeli bakhe basasazeke kwimimandla ekufuphi neentlambo zeAlps zaseFransi, eJamani, kumntla Itali nakuMbindi neMpuma Yurophu. Le ntshutshiso yabangela nokuba abaLandeli bakaWaldo bahlale kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, yaye oko kwabangela ukuba bangakwazi ukuya kushumayela kwiindawo ezininzi.

Ngowe-1229 IMfazwe Yomnqamlezo eyayisiliwa yiCawa yamaKatolika nxamnye namaCathari okanye iiAlbigenses, ezazikumzantsi weFransic yafikelela esiphelweni. Emva koko kwahlaselwa abaLandeli bakaWaldo. Kungekudala bonke abo babechasene necawa babeza kohlwaywa ngokungenalusini yiNkundla yokuNcina Amakholwa. Ngenxa yoloyiko abaLandeli bakaWaldo baqalisa ukushumayela ngokufihlakeleyo. Ngowe-1230 babengasashumayeli esidlangalaleni. UAudisio uthi: “Kunokuba bafune izimvu ezintsha . . . , bazinikela ekunyamekeleni abo babesandul’ ukuguquka, beqinisa ukholo lwabo kwingcinezelo nentshutshiso eyayivela ngaphandle.” Wongezelela ngokuthi “ukushumayela kwahlala kuyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kodwa babekwenza ngendlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo.”

Iinkolelo Zabo Nezinto Ababezenza

Kunokuba kushumayele amadoda namabhinqa, ngenkulungwane ye-14, abaLandeli bakaWaldo benza umahluko phakathi kwabashumayeli namakholwa. Yayingamadoda aqeqeshwe kakuhle kuphela awayenesabelo kumsebenzi wokushumayela. Kamva aba balungiseleli bahambahambayo baziwa ngokuba ziibarbes (oomalume).

Iibarbes, ezazityelela iintsapho zabaLandeli bakaWaldo emakhayeni azo, zazisebenzela ukugcina eli hlelo likho kunokuba zilandise. Zonke iibarbes zazikwazi ukufunda nokubhala, yaye uqeqesho ezazilufumana, olwaluthabatha iminyaka emithandathu, lwalusekelwe eBhayibhileni. Ukusebenzisa kwazo iBhayibhile yolwimi lomthonyama kwazinceda zakwazi ukuyicacisa kwimihlambi yazo. Kwanabachasi babevuma ukuba abaLandeli bakaWaldo, kuquka abantwana babo, babekholelwa ngokunzulu eBhayibhileni yaye babekwazi ukucaphula iinxalenye ezinkulu zeZibhalo.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto ababezigatya abaLandeli bakaWaldo bangaphambili, yayikukuxoka, intlambululo-miphefumlo, iMithendeleko yabafileyo, ukuxolelwa ngoopopu nokuhlawulelwa kwezono, ukunqulwa kukaMariya ‘neengcwele.’ Babebhiyozela neSidlo seNkosi Sangokuhlwa okanye iSidlo Sokugqibela. Ngokutsho kukaLambert, unqulo lwabo “ngenxa yoko, yayilunqulo lwamarhamente aqhelekileyo.”

“Ukuba Mbaxa”

AbaLandeli bakaWaldo babehlala ngokusondeleleneyo. Abantu babetshata nabantu abakwelo hlelo, yaye ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, oku kwabangela ukuba amalungu eentsapho ezithile onke abe ngamaWaldensi. Noko ke, ekuzameni kwabo ukulwela unqulo lwabo, abaLandeli bakaWaldo babezama ukuzifihla iingcamango zabo. Ukufihla kwabo iinkolelo nezithethe zabo zonqulo kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuba babe ngamaxhoba ezityholo zenkohlakalo ezazivela kubachasi babo, ngokomzekelo babebatyhola ngelithi banqula uMtyholi.d

Enye indlela ababezikhusela ngayo abaLandeli bakaWaldo kwizityholo ezinjalo yayikukulalanisa nokwenza oko umbhali-mbali ogama linguCameron akubiza ngokuba “kukuvumelana ngomlinganiselo omncinane” nonqulo lwamaKatolika. AbaLandeli abaninzi bakaWaldo babevuma izono kubefundisi bamaKatolika, babesiya eMthendelekweni, babesebenzisa amanzi angcwele yaye babede babe ngabahambi ngezonqulo. ULambert uthi: “Kwizinto ezininzi babelinganisa abamelwane babo abangamaKatolika.” Ngokuphandle uAudisio uthi ekuhambeni kwexesha, abaLandeli bakaWaldo “babephila ubomi obumbaxa.” Wongezelela ngelithi: “Kwelinye icala, xa bephakathi kwabanye abantu babeziphatha njengamaKatolika ukuze babe seluxolweni ngomlinganiselo othile; ukanti kwelinye icala, xa bebodwa, babegcina izithethe namasiko athile ukuze ibutho labo lihlale likho.”

Abaqhekeki Baba NgamaProtestanti

Ngenkulungwane ye-16, uHlaziyo lwayitshintsha ngokupheleleyo imeko yezonqulo eYurophu. Abo baba ngamaxhoba ngenxa yokunganyanyezelwa kweembono ezahlukileyo zonqulo kwakufuneka bazazise ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe labo okanye bafudukele kwelinye ilizwe ukuze baphile kamnandi. Ingcamango yoqhekeko yayeka ukuba ngumbandela onzulu kangako, ekubeni abantu abaninzi babeqalisa ukukuthandabuza ukubambelela kwiimfundiso ezisisiseko zonqulo.

Ukususela ngowe-1523, uMhlaziyi odumileyo uMartin Luther wathetha ngabaLandeli bakaWaldo. Ngowe-1526 omnye weebarbes zabaLandeli bakaWaldo weza neendaba kwiiAlps zokuba kuye kwakho iinguqulelo kunqulo kwelaseYurophu. Emva koko kwabakho ukutshintshiselana ngezimvo phakathi kwamaProtestanti nabaLandeli bakaWaldo. AmaProtestanti akhuthaza abaLandeli bakaWaldo ukuba baxhase umsebenzi wokuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile yokuqala ukusuka kwiilwimi zantlandlolo ukusa kwisiFrentshi. Le Bhayibhile yashicilelwa ngowe-1535, yaza kamva yaziwa ngokuba yiOlivétan Bible. Noko ke, into ehlekisayo kukuba inkoliso yabaLandeli bakaWaldo yayingasazi isiFrentshi.

Njengoko iCawa yamaKatolika yayiqhubeka ibatshutshisa, uninzi lwabaLandeli bakaWaldo lwafudukela kummandla waseProvence kumzantsi weFransi apho lwalukhuselekile, njengoko zenjenjalo neembacu ezingamaProtestanti. Kungekudala abasemagunyeni baxelelwa ngale mfuduko. Nangona zazininzi iingxelo ezintle ngokuphathelele indlela abaphila ngayo nabaziphethe ngayo abaLandeli bakaWaldo, abanye abantu babekuthandabuza ukunyaniseka kwabo yaye babatyhola ngelithi baphazamisa ucwangco. Kwawiswa umthetho waseMérindol, yaye oku kwaphumela kwidabi elimasikizi elichazwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku.

Ulwalamano lwalungasekho luhle ngoku phakathi kwamaKatolika nabaLandeli bakaWaldo. Ngenxa yoko kuhlaselwa kwabo, abaLandeli bakaWaldo bada babhenela kwizigalo ukuze bazikhusele. Le mfazwe yabanyanzelela ekubeni bazimanyanise namaProtestanti. Ngaloo ndlela, abaLandeli bakaWaldo bazenza amahlakani namaProtestanti.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, kuye kwamiselwa iicawa zobuWaldensi kumazwe akude neFransi njengeUruguay nelaseUnited States. Noko ke, inkoliso yababhali-mbali iyavumelana noAudisio, xa esithi “UbuWaldensi baphela ngexesha loHlaziyo,” xa “bazimanyanisa” nobuProtestanti. Eneneni, inzondelelo elalinayo ekuqaleni ihlelo lobuWaldensi yayisele iphelile kwakwiinkulungwane ezingaphambili. Oko kwenzeka xa amalungu abo, ngenxa yoloyiko ayiyekayo intshumayelo nemfundiso esekelwe eBhayibhileni.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Imaphu/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Imimandla eyaphenjelelwa ngabaLandeli bakaWaldo

FRANCE

Lyons

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Milan

Rome

Berlin

Prague

Vienna

[Umfanekiso]

AbaLandeli bakaWaldo baxhasa ukuguqulelwa kweOlivétan Bible ngowe-1535

[Inkcazelo]

Bible: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 20, 21]

VAUDÈS

Ukutshiswa kwamabhinqa amabini angamaWaldensi asele ekhulile

[Inkcazelo]

Pages 20 and 21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe