‘Umhambi Ongenadyudyu Owasasaza IVangeli’
KUTHIWA xa wayeneminyaka eli-18, uGeorge Borrow wayesele esazi iilwimi ezili-12. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva wayesele ekwazi ukuguqulela “ngokulula nangokucacileyo” iilwimi ezingama-20 ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Ngowe-1833 le ndoda inobuchule obungathethekiyo yamenyelwa udliwano-ndlebe yiBritish and Foreign Bible Society eLondon, eNgilani. Kuba wayengenazintsiba zokuhlawulela uhambo lwakhe, kodwa engazimiselanga kuliyeka lihambe namanzi eli thuba uBorrow owayeneminyaka engama-30 ubudala wabetha ngezikaTshiwo kangangeekhilomitha ezili-180 ukusuka ekhayeni lakhe eliseNorwich, ekwenza oko ngeeyure nje ezingama-28.
Lo Mbutho WeBhayibhile wambekela ucelomngeni lokuba afunde ulwimi lwesiManchu olusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezithile zaseTshayina, kwisithuba nje seenyanga ezintandathu. Wacela incwadi yegrama, kodwa wanikwa umbhalo weNcwadi yeVangeli kaMateyu ngesiManchu, kwakunye nesichazi-magama sesiManchu nesiFrentshi. Kodwa, kwiiveki nje ezili-19 wabhalela eLondon echaza ukuba, “Sendisicwaba isiManchu,” esithi oko ukwenze, “ngoncedo lukaThixo.” Okwenza oku kwaphawuleka nangakumbi kukuba kuthiwa wayesele elungisa amakhwiniba akwiVangeli kaLuka yolwimi lwesiNahuatl, lwimi olo oluphakathi kweelwimi zomthonyama zaseMexico.
IBhayibhile NgesiManchu
Ngenkulungwane ye-17, xa kwaqalwa ukubhalwa kwesiManchu, kusetyenziswa oonobumba ababolekwe kwisi-Uighur saseMongolia, olu lwimi lwalusetyenziswa eburhulumenteni eTshayina. Nakuba sasingasasetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha, amalungu eBritish and Foreign Bible Society ayelangazelela ukushicilela aze asasaze iiBhayibhile ngesiManchu. Ngowe-1822 axhasa ngemali ukuhlelwa kwemibhalo engama-550 yencwadi yeVangeli kaMateyu, neyayiguqulelwe nguStepan V. Lipoftsoff. Wayelilungu leOfisi Yemicimbi Yezangaphandle eRashiya, nelahlala eTshayina kangangeminyaka engama-20. Le ncwadi yevangeli yashicilelwa eSt. Petersburg, kodwa emva kokuba kusasazwe nje imibhalo embalwa, eseleyo yatshatyalaliswa zizikhukula.
Akuzange kube kudala kwabakho inguqulelo epheleleyo yeZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike. Ngowe-1834 ukufunyanwa kwemibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo yenxalenye enkulu yeZibhalo ZesiHebhere kwabangela ukuba iBhayibhile ithandwe ngakumbi. Ngubani owayeza kwalathisa ukuhlaziywa kweBhayibhile eyayisele ikho yesiManchu aze aguqulele eminye imibhalo eyayisasele? IBritish and Foreign Bible Society yathumela uGeorge Borrow ukuba aye kuyimela ekuphumezeni lo msebenzi.
Waya ERashiya
Uthe akufika eSt. Petersburg, lo kaBorrow wazibhokoxa ekusifundeni ngokucokisekileyo isiManchu ukuze akwazi ukuhlola iimpazamo aze ayihlele ngokuchane ngakumbi iBhayibhile yolo lwimi. Sekunjalo, lo msebenzi waba nzima kakhulu, kangangokuba wayesebenza iiyure ezili-13 ngemini encedisa ekushicileleni iThe New Testament, loo nto yabangela ukuba ekugqibeleni kuthiwe “olu luhlelo olusemagqabini lwencwadi yaseMpuma.” Kwashicilelwa imibhalo eli-1 000 ngowe-1835. Kodwa iminqweno eyayisoloko isentliziyweni kaBorrow yokuthabatha le nguqulelo ayise eTshayina aze ayisasaze apho yaphazanyiswa. Urhulumente waseRashiya wala ukunika lo kaBorrow imvume yokudlula kwimida yaseTshayina ephethe nokuba “ngumbhalo omnye weBhayibhile yesiManchu,” kuba lo rhulumente wayesoyikela ukuba kuza kuthiwa uthumela abavangeli ukuya kuphazamisana nobuhlobo anabo neTshayina.
Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, kwasasazwa imibhalo embalwa, yaye ngowe-1859, kwavela iincwadi zeVangeli zikaMateyu noMarko ezinamacandelo esiManchu nesiTshayina. Noko ke, ngelo xesha abantu abaninzi ababekwazi ukufunda isiManchu babekhetha ukufunda isiTshayina, ngoko laye lisiba mfiliba nethemba lokubona iBhayibhile epheleleyo ngesiManchu. Xa sithetha inyaniso, isiManchu esi sasiphelelwa, kubonakala ukuba siza kugqunyelelwa sisiTshayina. Loo nto yenzeka ngokupheleleyo ngowe-1912 xa iTshayina yaba yiriphabliki.
USingasiqithi WeIberia
Ekhuthazekile koko wahlangabezana nako, uGeorge Borrow wabuyela eLondon. Ngowe-1835 wabelwa ePortugal naseSpeyin, “ukuba aye kuhlola ukuba abantu bakulungele kangakanani na ukwamkela ubuKristu,” ngokutsho kwakhe. Ngelo xesha, inxalenye enkulu yala mazwe omabini yayingekafikelelwa yiBritish and Foreign Bible Society ngenxa yezidubedube zezobupolitika neengxwabangxwaba zabantu. Lo kaBorrow wakuvuyela ukuncokola ngeBhayibhile nabantu abantetho isisiPhuthukezi abahlala emaphandleni, kodwa ngethutyana nje elingephi inkcaso yonqulo awayifumana apho yamnyanzela ukuba adlulele eSpeyin.
ISpeyin yaba nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo, ingakumbi uhlanga lwamaGypsy, awakhawuleza wadibana nalo ngengqondo lo kaBorrow, ngenxa yokukwazi kwakhe ukuthetha ulwimi lwalo. Kungekudala efikile apho, waqalisa ukuguqulela “iTestamente Entsha” ngolwimi lwamaGypsy aseSpeyin, isiGitano. Xa wayesenza inxalenye yalo msebenzi, wacela ukuncediswa ngamabhinqa amabini angamaGypsy. Wayewafundela umbhalo wesiSpanish aze acele ukuba wona aguqulele. Wafunda ngale ndlela ukusebenzisa amaqhalo esiGypsy. Ngenxa yalo mgudu, incwadi yeVangeli kaLuka yapapashwa ngentwasahlobo yowe-1838, nto leyo eyabangela omnye ubhishopu ukuba athi: “Uza kuyiguqula yonke iSpeyin ngolwimi lwesigypsy.”
UGeorge Borrow wagunyaziswa ukuba akhangele “umntu okhutheleyo oza kuguqulela iZibhalo ngesiBasque.” Loo msebenzi wanikwa uGqr. Oteiza, “osazi kakuhle eso siyelelane, nam endinofifana lwaso,” wabhala watsho uBorrow. Ngowe-1838, incwadi yeVangeli kaLuka yaba yincwadi yokuqala yeBhayibhile ukupapashwa ngesiBasque saseSpeyin.
Ekhuthazwa ngumdla awayenawo wokukhanyisela abantu abaqhelekileyo, uBorrow wahamba imigama emide eyayiba yingozi maxa wambi, ngenjongo yokusasaza iincwadi zeBhayibhile kubantu abahlwempuzekileyo abasemaphandleni. Wayefuna ukubakhulula ebumnyameni bonqulo neenkolelo. Ebhenca ukungabi nto kokuhlawulelwa kwezono ababekwenza wayekhe ababuze oku maxa wambi: “Ingenzeka njani into yokuba uThixo, olilungisa, avumele ukuthengiswa kwesono?” Kodwa usoyikela ukuba ukuhlasela kwakhe iinkolelo ezinesiseko esiqinileyo kunokukhokelela ekuvalweni komsebenzi wawo, uMbutho WeBhayibhile wamyalela ukuba anikele ingqalelo kuphela ekusasazweni kweZibhalo.
Lo kaBorrow wagunyaziswa ngomlomo ukuba ashicilele iEl Nuevo Testamento, iTestamente Entsha yesiSpanish, ngaphandle kweenkolelo ezibhaliweyo zamaRoma Katolika. Oko kwenzeka nakuba ekuqaleni inkulumbuso yayingafuni, njengoko yayisithi le nguqulelo “yincwadi engafanelekanga” neyingozi. UBorrow wavula indawo eMadrid ukuze athengise le Testamente Intsha yesiSpanish, nto leyo eyamxabanisa neenkokeli zonqulo namagunya aseburhulumenteni. Wavalelwa iintsuku ezili-12. Wathi akuyikhalazela loo nto, lo kaBorrow wacelwa ukuba ahambe ngoxolo. Esazi kakuhle ukuba ubanjwe ngokungekho mthethweni, wacaphula umzekelo kampostile uPawulos waza wakhetha ukuhlala de kube lixesha elifanelekileyo lokukhululeka, ngelokususa naliphi na ichaphaza elalisecaleni kwegama lakhe.—IZenzo 16:37.
Wathi esimka lo mfo ukhutheleyo eSpeyin ngowe-1840, uMbutho WeBhayibhile wanikela le ngxelo: “Imalunga ne-14 000 imibhalo yeZibhalo eye yasasazwa eSpeyin kule minyaka mihlanu idluleyo.” Emva kwegalelo lakhe elibonakalayo koku, uBorrow eshwankathela wachaza ixesha lokubakho kwakhe eSpeyin “njengeyona minyaka imyoli yokuphila kwakhe.”
IThe Bible in Spain, eyapapashwa okokuqala ngowe-1842—nesapapashwayo—iphathelele amava abaliswa nguGeorge Borrow angokuhamba kwakhe nezinto awaziphumezayo. Kule ncwadi eyasasazwa kakhulu, wazibiza ngokuba “ungumhambi owasasaza iVangeli.” Wabhala wathi: “Ndandifuna ukutyelela iingontsi eziphakathi kwemiwewe nemixawuka, ndize ndithethe nabantu ngoKristu.”
Ekusasazeni nasekuguquleleni iZibhalo ngokuzimisela okunjalo, uGeorge Borrow wabekela abanye isiseko esihle—lungelo elo elingathethekiyo.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 29]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
Imigudu kaGeorge Borrow yokuguqulela nokusasaza iBhayibhile yamsusa (1) eNgilani yaya kumbeka (2) eRashiya, (3) ePortugal, (4) naseSpeyin
[Inkcazelo]
Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 28]
Ingabula-zigcawu yencwadi yeVangeli kaYohane ngesiManchu, eyashicilelwa ngowe-1835, iqala entla ukuya ezantsi, ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene
[Inkcazelo]
From the book The Bible of Every Land, 1860
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 27]
From the book The Life of George Borrow by Clement K. Shorter, 1919