Ukulwela Ukusindisa IBhayibhile YeSpanish

NGENYE imini ngo-Oktobha ngowe-1559, amaKatolika aseSpeyin angama-200 000 athontelana kwisixeko esisemantla saseValladolid. Ayeyokuzivela xa iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yayiza kuwisa isigwebo, apho “amaxhoba amabini atshiswa ehleli, alishumi akrwitshwa.” ‘Ayengabaqhekeki.’

Ukumkani oselula owayedumile uPhilip II wasongamela ngokwakhe eso siganeko. Xa enye indoda eyayigwetyiwe yacela ukwenzelwa inceba, lo kumkani waphendula wathi: “Ukuba unyana wam ebesisikhohlakali esinjengawe, bendiya kuzithwala ngokwam iinkuni zokumtshisa.” Sasiyintoni esi senzo sokwaphula umthetho seli xhoba liselishweni? Lalizifundela iBhayibhile.

Kwangaxeshanye, iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa YamaKatolika yayixakekile kwisixeko saseAndalusia eSeville. Apho, iqela leemonki kwikhaya lazo eSan Isidro del Campo, lalisandula ukuthunyelelwa ngokufihlakeleyo iBhayibhile ebhalwe ngeSpanish. Ngaba oontamnani babeza kubangcatsha? Abathile abaqonda ukuba babesengozini yokubulawa basaba kwelo lizwe. Kodwa abangama-40 kwabo basalayo baba selishweni yaye batshiselwa ezibondeni zemithi, phakathi kwabo kwakukho loo ndoda kanye yayithubelezise iBhayibhile ngokungekho mthethweni kwelo lizwe. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu iSpeyin yayiyindawo eyingozi kakhulu kubafundi beBhayibhile—abambalwa abasinda ngokulambisa kumakhamandela eNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa.

Phakathi kwabambalwa abasindayo kwakukho nowayesakuba yimonki, uCasiodoro de Reina (malunga nowe-1520-94). Wabalekela eLondon, kodwa nalapho akazange akhuseleke. INkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yathembisa ukunika lowo uthe wambamba umvuzo othile yaye unozakuzaku waseSpeyin kwibhotwe laseNgilani wenza iyelenqe lokumrhwebeshela kummandla owawungaphantsi kolawulo lwaseSpeyin nokuba kwakumnyam’ emntla. Ngexeshana nje elingephi, ukutyatyekwa kwakhe ngezityholo zobuxoki zokukrexeza nezobufanasini kwamnyanzelela ukuba alishiye elaseNgilani.

Enobuncwane obuncinane nentsapho eyayikhula ekwakufuneka eyondlile, waqala wabhacela eFrankfurt. Kamva, ukufuna kwakhe indawo yokusabela yonqulo kwamkhokelela eFransi, eHolland, yaye ekugqibeleni eSwitzerland. Sekunjalo ebudeni balo lonke eli xesha, wazigcina exakekile. Wathi, ‘Ngaphandle kwexesha endandigula okanye endandiseluhambeni ngalo, . . . andizange ndiwuyeke umsebenzi wam.’ Wachitha iminyaka emininzi eguqulela iBhayibhile kwiSpanish. Ekugqibeleni ukushicilelwa kwemibhalo yeBhayibhile kaReina engama-2 600 kwaqaliswa ngowe-1568 eSwitzerland kwaza kwagqitywa ngowe-1569. Enye inkalo eyimbalasane kwinguqulelo kaReina yayikukuba wasebenzisa igama elithi Iehoua (Jehová) kunokuba asebenzise igama elithi Señor kwiTetragrammaton, oonobumba abane besiHebhere begama lobuqu likaThixo.

Ukwenziwa KweBhayibhile YeSpanish

Okumangalisayo kukuba, ngexesha laxa, ngenxa yokwenziwa koomatshini bokushicilela, iiBhayibhile zazisanda eYurophu, eSpeyin zazinqabe kakhulu. Kwakungasoloko kulolu hlobo. Kangangeenkulungwane iBhayibhile yayiyeyona ncwadi isasazwa ngokubanzi eSpeyin. Imibhalo eyayibhalwe ngesandla yayifumaneka ngesiLatin yaye kangangeenkulungwane ezimbalwa, yayikwafumaneka ngesiGothic. Omnye umbhali-mbali wacacisa ukuba ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi, “iBhayibhile—njengomthombo ophefumlelweyo nonegunya, njengomlinganiselo wokholo nehambo—yayixhaphakile eSpeyin kunaseJamani okanye eNgilani.” Iimbali zeBhayibhile ezahlukileyo, iiNcwadi zeNdumiso, uluhlu lweenkcazelo, amabali afundisa ngokuziphatha nezinye iincwadi ezikwanjalo zaba zezona zithengiswa kakhulu ngelo xesha.

Abakhupheli ababeqeqeshiweyo bavelisa ngenyameko nangenkuthalo imibhalo-ngqangi yeBhayibhile echanileyo. Nangona kwathabatha ababhali abangama-20 unyaka wonke ukuze bavelise umbhalo-ngqangi omnye kuphela wodidi oluphezulu, iiBhayibhile ezininzi zesiLatin namawaka eencwadi ezinenkcazelo ngeBhayibhile yesiLatin zazithengiswa eSpeyin ngenkulungwane ye-15.

Ngaphezu koko, xa lwathi ulwimi lweSpanish lwaqala ukwanda, kwavuka umdla wokuba kubekho iBhayibhile ngolwimi lomthonyama. Ngaphambili ngenkulungwane ye-12, iBhayibhile yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiRomance, okanye iSpanish sakuqala, ulwimi abantu abaninzi ababeluthetha.

Umdla Owahlala Ithuba Elifutshane

Kodwa loo mdla wawungaz’ ukuhlala thuba lide. Xa amaWaldensi, amaLollards namaHussites asebenzisa iZibhalo ukuze athethelele iinkolelo zawo, abantu basabela ngokukhawuleza nangenkohlakalo. Amagosa amaKatolika ayengakuthandisisi ukufundwa kweBhayibhile, yaye iinguqulelo ezaziguqulelwe ngabantu abangenamava kwiilwimi ezaziwayo zagxekwa ngokuphandle.

IBhunga lamaKatolika laseToulouse (eFransi), elahlangana ngowe-1229, lavakalisa oku: “Siyamalela nawuphi na umrhamente ukuba abe neencwadi zeTestamente Endala okanye Entsha eziguqulelwe kulwimi olwaziwayo. Ukuba umrhamente uyanqwenela, usenokuba nayo incwadi yeeNdumiso okanye iBreviary [incwadi yamaculo nemithandazo] . . . kodwa akafanele naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko abe nazo ezi ncwadi zikhankanywe ngasentla ziguqulelwe kwisiRomance.” Kwiminyaka emine kamva, uJames I waseAragon (owayengukumkani kummandla omkhulu wosinga-siqithi) wabanika bonke abo babeneeBhayibhile ngolwimi olwaziwayo iintsuku ezisibhozo kuphela ukuba bazinike ubhishophu wasekuhlaleni ukuze azitshise. Ukusilela ukwenza oko, enoba ngumfundisi okanye ngumrhamente, kwakuya kwenza ukuba lowo unayo arhanelwe ngokuba ngumqhekeki.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi zalelo—ezazingasoloko zigcinwe ngokungqongqo—abanye abemi baseSpeyin babenokuqhayisa ngokuba neBhayibhile yesiRomance ebudeni benxalenye yokugqibela yamaXesha Aphakathi. Oku kwafikelela kwisiphelo esasingalindelekanga xa kwamiselwa iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yaseSpeyin phantsi koKumkanikazi uIsabella noKumkani uFerdinand ngowe-1478. Ngowe-1492, kwisixeko saseSalamanca kuphela, imibhalo yeBhayibhile engama-20 eyayibhalwe ngesandla eyayixabisekile yatshiswa. Ekuphela kwemibhalo-ngqangi yeBhayibhile yesiRomance eyasindayo yayiyileyo yayikumathala eencwadi obuqu kakumkani okanye ezidwangube ezimbalwa ezazingakrokrelwa.

Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini eyalandelayo, ekuphela kweBhayibhile yamaKatolika eyayisemthethweni eyapapashwa eSpeyin—ngaphandle kweVulgate yesiLatin—yayiyiComplutensian Polyglott, iBhayibhile yokuqala eyabhalwa ngeelwimi ezininzi, yaxhaswa nguKhadinali Cisneros. Ngokuqinisekileyo yayingumsebenzi wabaphengululi, ngokuqinisekileyo yayingenzelwanga abantu nje abaqhelekileyo. Kuphela yimibhalo engama-600 eyenziwayo, yaye bambalwa ababenokuyiqonda kuba yayinezicatshulwa zeBhayibhile ezazibhalwe ngesiHebhere, ngesiAramiki, ngesiGrike nangesiLatin—kungekhona ngeSpanish. Ngaphezu koko, ixabiso layo lalixhomile. Yayixabisa iingqekembe zemali zegolide ezintathu (mali leyo elingana nomvuzo weenyanga ezintandathu kumsebénzi nje oqhelekileyo).

IBhayibhile YeSpanish Iyathutyeleziswa

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, kwavela “uTyndale” waseSpeyin ogama linguFrancisco de Enzinas. Unyana womnini-mhlaba waseSpeyin owayefumile, waqalisa ukuguqulela iZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike kwiSpanish ngoxa wayesengumfundi oselula. Kamva inguqulelo yakhe yashicilelwa eNetherlands yaye ngowe-1544 ngenkalipho wazama ukufumana imvume yasebukhosini ukuze isasazwe eSpeyin. Umlawuli waseSpeyin, uCharles I, wayeseBrussels ngelo xesha, yaye okaEnzinas wasebenzisa elo thuba ukuze acele imvume yasebukhosini yalo msebenzi wakhe.

Incoko engaqhelekanga phakathi kwala madoda mabini kuthiwa yahamba ngolu hlobo: “Yincwadi eluhlobo luni le?” wabuza oko lo mlawuli. Lo kaEnzinas waphendula ngelithi: “Le yinxalenye yeZibhalo Ezingcwele ebizwa ngokuba yiTestamente Entsha.” Wabuzwa oku, “Ngubani umbhali wale ncwadi?” Waphendula ngelithi, “Ngumoya oyingcwele.”

Lo mlawuli wakugunyazisa ukupapashwa kwayo kodwa phantsi kwesivumelwano esinye—sokuba umcebisi wakhe wangasese, imonki yaseSpeyin, naye wayefanele akuvume oku. Ngelishwa likaEnzinas, akazange avunyelwe yaye kamsinya wazifumana evalelwe entolongweni Yinkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa. Emva kweminyaka emibini wakwazi ukusaba.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uhlelo oluhlaziyiweyo lwale nguqulelo lwashicilelwa eVenice, eItali, yaye yayilolu hlelo lweZibhalo awathi uJulián Hernández waluthubelezisa walusa eSeville, eSpeyin. Kodwa wabanjwa, yaye emva kweminyaka emibini yokuthuthunjiswa nokuvalelwa entolongweni, wabulawa kunye nabanye abafundi beBhayibhile.a

KwiBhunga laseTrent (1545-63), iCawa yamaKatolika yaphinda yakubethelela ukungazifuni kwayo iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile ngolwimi lomthonyama. Yapapasha isalathiso seencwadi ezalelweyo, ezaziquka zonke ezo nguqulelo zeBhayibhile ezazivelisiwe ngaphandle kwemvume yecawa. Ngokoqobo oku kwakuthetha ukuba zonke iiBhayibhile zolwimi lomthonyama lweSpanish zazingekho mthethweni yaye ukuba nenye yazo nje kwakunokuphelela kwisiqinisekiso sokufa komntu.

Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokupapashwa kwenguqulelo kaReina, uCipriano de Valera, omnye owayesakuba yimonki owasaba ingqumbo yeNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa eSeville, wayihlaziya. Le nguqulelo yashicilelwa eAmsterdam ngowe-1602 C.E., yaye eminye imibhalo yathunyelwa eSpeyin. Iinguqulelo zantlandlolo nezihlaziyiweyo zeBhayibhile kaReina noValera zisezezona nguqulelo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi phakathi kwamaProtestanti athetha iSpanish.

Amasango Avuliwe

Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1782 iNkundla Yokuncina Amakhowa yamisela ukuba iBhayibhile yayinokupapashwa logama nje yayiza kuquka iinkcazelo ezingokwembali neemfundiso zecawa. Ngowe-1790 ibhishophu yamaKatolika yaseSegovia, uFelipe Scio de San Miguel, esebenzisa iVulgate yesiLatin, waguqulela iBhayibhile kwiSpanish. Ngelishwa, ixabiso layo lalixhomisa amehlo—iingqekembe zemali ezili-1 300, ixabiso ekwakunzima ukulifikelela ngelo xesha—yaye indlela eyayibhalwe ngayo yayintsonkothile, kangangokuba omnye umbhali-mbali waseSpeyin wayichaza “njengeselishweni kakhulu.”

Kwiminyaka ethile kamva, ukumkani waseSpeyin uFernando VII wayalela ubhishophu waseAstorga, uFélix Torres Amat, ukuba enze inguqulelo ephuculiweyo, nayo eyayisekelwe kwiVulgate yesiLatin. Le nguqulelo yagqitywa ngowe-1823 yaza yasasazwa ngokubanzi kunenguqulelo kaScio. Noko ke, njengokuba yayingasekelwanga kwisiHebhere nesiGrike santlandlolo, yayinezinto ezingachananga eziqhelekileyo kwiinguqulelo zenguqulelo.

Phezu kwayo nje le nkqubela, icawa nabalawuli belo lizwe babengekeyiseki ukuba iZibhalo zazifanele zifundwe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Xa uGeorge Borrow, ummeli woMbutho WeBhayibhile WaseBritani Namazwe Angaphandle, ngeminyaka yee-1830 wacela imvume yokushicilela iiBhayibhile eSpeyin, waxelelwa oku ngumphathiswa waseburhulumenteni uMendizábal: “Mhlekazi wam omhle, ayizoBhayibhile esizifunayo, kunoko sifuna imipu nerhuluwa, ukuze sitshabalalise abavukeli, yaye ngaphezu kwako konke, sifuna imali esinokuhlawula ngayo imikhosi yamajoni.” UBorrow waqhubeka eguqulela iVangeli kaLuka kulwimi lweeGypsy zaseSpeyin, yaye ngowe-1837 wavalelwa entolongweni ngenxa yemigudu yakhe!

Ekugqibeleni, umsinga awuzange ukwazi ukuthintelwa kwakhona. Ngowe-1944 icawa yaseSpeyin yashicilela inguqulelo yayo yokuqala yeZibhalo Ezingcwele eyayisekelwe kwiilwimi zantlandlolo—kangangeminyaka engama-375 emva kwenguqulelo kaCasiodoro de Reina. Le yayiyinguqulelo yabaphengululi abangamaKatolika uNácar noColunga. Le nguqulelo yalandelwa yinguqulelo kaBover noCantera ngowe-1947. Ukususela ngoko kuye kwakho iinguqulelo ezininzi kakhulu zeBhayibhile yeSpanish.

Uloyiso Luqinisekisiwe

Nangona iBhayibhile yeSpanish kangangeenkulungwane kwafuneka izabalazele ukusinda, ekugqibeleni yaliphumelela idabi. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuzincama okukhulu kwabaguquleli abanenkalipho abanjengoReina ngokuqinisekileyo akuzange kube lilize. Bangaphi namhlanje abantu abathenga iBhayibhile abakhe banqumame baze bacinge ngexesha laxa ukuba neBhayibhile kwakwalelwe?

Namhlanje, iBhayibhile yeyona ncwadi ithengiswa kakhulu eSpeyin nakumazwe anabantu abathetha iSpanish, yaye ifumaneka ngeenguqulelo ezininzi. Ezi nguqulelo ziquka iVersión Moderna (iNguqulelo Yezimini, yowe-1893), ethi ngokungaguquguqukiyo isebenzise igama likaThixo, uJehová; iPauline Edition of the Bible (yowe-1964), esebenzisa igama elithi Yavé kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere; iNueva Biblia Española (iBhayibhile Entsha yeSpanish, yowe-1975), ngelishwa engalisebenzisiyo igama elithi Jehová okanye elithi Yavé; neTraducción del Nuevo Mundo (iNguqulelo yeHlabathi Elitsha, yowe-1967), epapashwe yiWatch Tower Society, esebenzisa igama elithi Jehová.

AmaNgqina kaYehova atyelela amakhaya ezigidi zabantu abathetha iSpanish veki nganye ukuze abancede baqonde ukuxabiseka kweBhayibhile ENgcwele—incwadi ekufaneleyo ukufelwa, nencwadi ekufanele kuphilwe ngayo. Eneneni, ibali lokulwela ukusindiswa kweBhayibhile yeSpanish libobunye ubungqina obubhekele phaya bokuba “iLizwi likaThixo wethu liya kuma ngonaphakade.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 10]

IComplutensian Polyglott iye yaveliswa kwakhona yaye ngaloo ndlela inokuhlolisiswa ngokulula. (Bona iphepha 8)

[Inkcazelo]

Courtesy of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain