Inkathazo Yokuvelisa IBhayibhile Ngolwimi LwesiTaliyane
“IBHAYIBHILE yeyona ncwadi isasazwe kakhulu kwilizwe lethu, [i-Itali], kodwa mhlawumbi ikwayeyona ncwadi ingafane ifundwe. AmaKatolika awakhuthazwa yaye akancedwa ukuba ayifunde njengeLizwi likaThixo. Bakho abantu abafuna ukuyazi iBhayibhile, kodwa abanamntu wokubafundisa.”
La mazwi, athethwa sisigqeba seNgqungquthela YooBhishophu BaseItali ngowe-1995, abangela uthotho lwemibuzo. Babekukhuthalele kangakanani ukufunda iBhayibhile abantu baseItali kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo? Kutheni ingakhange isasazwe njengakwamanye amazwe? Kutheni iphakathi kweencwadi ezingafane zifundwe eItali? Ukuhla amahlongwane iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile zolwimi lwesiTaliyane kuyayiphendula le mibuzo.
Zathabatha iinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba ziqingqe iilwimi ezizalana nesiLatin ezinjengesiFrentshi, isiTaliyane, isiPhuthukezi, isiSpanish nezinye. Kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo aseYurophu aneelwimi ezizalana nesiLatini, iilwimi zomthonyama zabantu basekuhlaleni zaye ziqingqa ngokuthe ngcembe kangangokuba nabaphengululi babesebenzisa zona xa bebhala. Ukuqingqa kolwimi lomthonyama kwaba nefuthe ekuguqulelweni kweBhayibhile. Njani? Ekuhambeni kwexesha umsantsa phakathi kwesiLatini, ulwimi olwalusetyenziswa yiCawa yamaKatolika, neelwimi zomthonyama, neziyelelane zazo, waba mkhulu kakhulu kangangokuba isiLatini sasingasaqondwa ngabantu abangafundanga.
Malunga nonyaka we-1000, inkoliso yabantu ababehlala kusinga-siqithi waseItali babengenakukwazi ukufunda inguqulelo yeVulgate yesiLatini, nokuba babenayo. Kangangeenkulungwane, imfundo yayilawula ziinkokeli zonqulo, kuquka nezinto ezazifundiswa kwiiyunivesithi ezimbalwa ezazikho. Yayifunyanwa ziingcungcu kuphela. Ngenxa yoko iBhayibhile yaba “yincwadi engaziwayo.” Nangona kunjalo abantu abaninzi babenqwenela ukuba nalo iLizwi likaThixo kwaye babefuna ukulifunda ngolwimi lwabo.
Inkoliso yabefundisi yayingafuni ukuba iguqulelwe iBhayibhile, kuba yayisoyika ukuba yayiza kubangela uqhekeko. Ngokutsho kukaMassimo Firpo oyingcali yembali, “ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lomthonyama kwakuza kubhangisa [isiLatini] esasingumqobo nesasinceda abefundisi bakwazi ukongamela zonke izinto eziphathelele unqulo.” Ngenxa yoko, izinto ezinjengenkcubeko, unqulo nezinto zasekuhlaleni zaba ngoonobangela bokungafundwa kweBhayibhile de kwanamhlanje.
Inguqulelo Yokuqala Engaphelelanga YeBhayibhile
Ngenkulungwane ye-13 kwaqaliswa ukuguqulelwa kweencwadi zeBhayibhile kwisiLatini. Ezo nguqulelo zokuqala zazibhalwe ngesandla kwaye zazibiza imali eninzi. Ekubeni zazisanda iinguqulelo zolwimi lomthonyama ngenkulungwane ye-14, ekugqibeleni yonke iBhayibhile yayifumaneka, nangona iincwadi zayo zaziguqulelwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo ngamaxesha awahlukeneyo kwindawo ngeendawo. Inkoliso yezi nguqulelo, yayiguqulelwa ngabantu abangaziwayo, kwaye zazifunyanwa zizinhanha okanye zizifundiswa kuphela. Kwanaxa kwakusele kuveliswe oomatshini bokushicilela abanciphisa iindleko zokwenziwa kweencwadi, iBhayibhile “yayifumaneka kwiqaqobana labantu” ngokutsho kukaGigliola Fragnito oyingcali yezembali.
Kangangeenkulungwane, uninzi lwabantu lwalungakwazi ukufunda. Kwanangexesha lokumanyaniswa kweItali ngowe-1861, umyinge wama-74,7 ekhulwini wabantu wawungakwazi ukufunda. Xa urhulumente omtsha waseItali wayeceba ukuba imfundo ifumaneke simahla kuye wonke ubani, uPopu Pius IX wabhalela ukumkani ngowe-1870 embongoza ukuba awugatye lo mthetho, kuba wayesithi ‘liyelenqe’ elenzelwe “ukubhangisa izikolo zamaKatolika.”
IBhayibhile Yokuqala Ngolwimi LwesiTaliyane
IBhayibhile yokuqala epheleleyo ngolwimi lwesiTaliyane yashicilelwa eVenice ngowe-1471, emva kweminyaka eli-16 kuveliswe umatshini wokuqala onoonobumba abanokushenxiswa eYurophu. UNicolò Malerbi, imonki yaseCamaldoli, wavelisa inguqulelo yakhe kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu. Wasebenzisa iinguqulelo ezazikho ngeloo xesha, wazihlela esebenzisa iVulgate yesiLatini, waza wawatshintsha amanye amagama wabhala amagama awayesetyenziswa eVenetia, ingingqi awayehlala kuyo. Inguqulelo yakhe yayiluhlelo lokuqala lweBhayibhile eshicilelweyo yesiTaliyane eyasasazwa ngokubanzi.
Enye indoda eyapapasha inguqulelo yeBhayibhile yayinguAntonio Brucioli owayehlala eVenice. Wayesilwela amalungelo abantu yaye etyekele kubuProtestanti, kodwa akazange aqhekeke kwiCawa yamaKatolika. Ngowe-1532, uBrucioli waguqulela iBhayibhile ngokusuka kwisiHebhere nesiGrike santlandlolo. Le yayiyinguqulelo yokuqala yeBhayibhile eyaguqulelwa kwisiTaliyane ngokusuka kwimibhalo yantlandlolo. Nangona yayingagqwesanga kangako, ukubambelela kwayo ngokunyanisekileyo kumbhalo wantlandlolo kwaba yinto encomekayo, ekubeni abantu belo xesha babengenalo ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngeelwimi zakudala. Kwezinye iindinyana, uBrucioli walibuyisela igama likaThixo waze walibiza ngokuba ngu-“Ieova.” Phantse kangangeenkulungwane iBhayibhile yakhe yayithandwa kakhulu ngamaTaliyane angamaProtestanti nangabavukeli bonqulo.
Ezinye iinguqulelo zesiTaliyane ezaye zalandela—yayikukuhlaziywa kweBhayibhile kaBrucioli—zimbi zazo zapapashwa ngamaKatolika. Azizange zisasazwe kangako. Ngowe-1607 uGiovanni Diodati, owayengumfundisi wecawa kaCalvin abazali bakhe babhacela eSwitzerland bebaleka ukutshutshiswa, kulapho eSwitzerland eGeneva apho wapapasha inguqulelo yesiTaliyane eyayiguqulelwe kwiilwimi zamandulo. Inguqulelo yakhe yeBhayibhile yayisetyenziswa ngamaProtestanti angamaTaliyane kangangeenkulungwane. Ngexesha lokuveliswa kwayo, yayigqalwa njengeyona nguqulelo igqwesileyo yesiTaliyane. IBhayibhile kaDiodati yanceda amaTaliyane aqonda iimfundiso zeBhayibhile. Ukuchaswa kwayo ngabefundisi kwayithintela ayasasazwa yona nezinye iinguqulelo.
IBhayibhile—“Incwadi Engaziwayo”
IEnciclopedia Cattolica ithi: “ICawa yayisoloko iwenza kakuhle umsebenzi wayo wokuhlola zonke iincwadi kwade kwalixesha lokuveliswa koomatshini bokushicilela, ayizange iyibone imfuneko yokugcina uludwe lweencwadi ezingafanele kufundwa kuba zazitshiswa.” Kwanasemva kweeNguqu ezaqaliswa ngamaProtestanti, abefundisi kwinkoliso yamazwe aseYurophu bazama kangangoko banako ukuthintela ukusasazwa kweencwadi ababesithi zibangela uqhekeko. Izinto zafikelela kwincopho emva kweBhunga laseTrent lowe-1546, xa kwaphononongwa umbandela wokuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile kwiilwimi zomthonyama. Kwavela amaqela amabini aneembono ezingafaniyo. Abo babengavumi ukuba mayiguqulelwe babemi kwelokuba ukuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile kwiilwimi zomthonyama “kwakungunozala walo lonke uqhekeko.” Kwelinye icala abo babefuna iguqulelwe bathi “iintshaba” zabo, amaProtestanti, ayeya kuma kwelokuba amaKatolika ayengafuni ukuba mayiguqulelwe iBhayibhile kuba “yayiza kubhenca ubuqhophololo bawo.”
Ukungavumelani kwelo Bhunga kwabangela ukuba lingakwazi ukwenza isigqibo kuloo mbandela, kodwa lavumelana kwelokuba iVulgate, eyayisetyenziswa yiCawa yamaKatolika ibe kuphela kwenguqulelo esemthethweni. Noko ke, uCarlo Buzzetti, ohlohla kwiYunivesithi yasePontifical Salesianum, eRoma, uthi ukwamkelwa kweVulgate njengenguqulelo “eyinyaniso” “kwathetha ukuba iVulgate yayikukuphela kwenguqulelo esemthethweni yeBhayibhile.” Iziganeko ezalandelayo zasingqinela esi sibakala.
Ngowe-1559, uPopu Paul IV wapapasha uludwe lokuqala lweencwadi amaKatolika awayengamele azifunde, azithengise, aziguqulele okanye abe nazo. Le miqulu yayijongwa njengengendawo neyingozi kukholo lukabani nakwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Olu ludwe lwalukwalela ukufundwa kweenguqulelo zeBhayibhile zomthonyama, kuquka naleyo kaBrucioli. Abavukeli babesikwa ecaweni. Uludwe lowe-1596 lwalungqongqo ngakumbi. Kwakungayi kuba sagunyaziswa ukuguqulelwa okanye ukushicilelwa kweBhayibhile ngolwimi lomthonyama. Ezo Bhayibhile zaziza kutshatyalaliswa.
Ngenxa yoko, emva kwenkulungwane ye-16 kwesamela ukutshiswa kweBhayibhile esidlangalaleni. Kumndilili wabantu iZibhalo zaba yincwadi enxulunyaniswa nabawexuki, kwaye eso simo sengqondo sisekho nanamhla oku. Phantse zonke iiBhayibhile neencwadi ezigqabaza ngeBhayibhile ezikumathala kawonke-wonke nawabucala zatshatyalaliswa, kwiminyaka engama-200 eyalandelayo, akakho umKatolika owaguqulela iBhayibhile kwisiTaliyane. Ekuphela kweeBhayibhile ezazifumaneka eItali—nakhona ngamathunzi obumnyama kuba kwakusoyikiselwa ukuba zibanjwe, yayizezo zaziguqulelwa ngabaphengululi bamaProtestanti. Mayela noku umphengululi uMario Cignoni uthi: “Abantu abaqhelekileyo bayeka ngokupheleleyo ukuyifunda iBhayibhile. Ngenxa yoko, izigidi zamaTaliyane azizange ziyifunde iBhayibhile zade zafa.”
Ukunyenyiswa Kwemiqathango
Kamva, uPopu Benedict XIV, kummiselo kaJuni 13, 1757, wayinyenyisa imimiselo yangaphambili, “wavuma ukuba kufundwe iinguqulelo zomthonyama ezigunyaziswe yiHoly See zaza zapapashwa ngaphantsi kolwalathiso loobhishophu.” Ngenxa yalo mmiselo, uAntonio Martini, owaba ngubhishophu waseFlorence kamva, walungiselela ukuguqulelwa kweVulgate. Inxalenye yokuqala yapapashwa ngowe-1769, yaza yaqukunjelwa ngowe-1781. Ngokutsho komnye umthombo wamaKatolika, inguqulelo kaMartini “yayiyinguqulelo yokuqala eyayihlonelwa eItali.” Ngaphambi kwale nguqulelo, amaKatolika awayengasazi isiLatini ayengakwazi ukufunda iBhayibhile egunyaziswe yicawa. Kwiminyaka eli-150 eyalandelayo inguqulelo kaMartini yayikuphela kwenguqulelo awayevunyelwe ukuba ayifunde amaKatolika aseItali.
Incopho yafikelelwa kwibhunga elaliseVatican II. Ngowe-1965 uxwebhu olwalunomxholo othi Dei Verbum okwesihlandlo sokuqala lakhuthaza ukuba “kuguqulelwe iBhayibhile kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo ngendlela efanelekileyo nechanileyo . . . ngokukodwa kwiilwimi zantlandlolo zemibhalo engcwele.” Ngaphambi nje kowe-1958, iPontificio istituto biblico (Pontifical Biblical Institute) yapapasha “inguqulelo epheleleyo yamaKatolika eyayiguqulelwe kwiilwimi zantlandlolo.” Le nguqulelo yabuyisela igama likaThixo “uJahve” kwiindinyana ezimbalwa.
Kuye kwanemiphumo ebuhlungu ukuchaswa kokuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile kulwimi lomthonyama, lo miphumo isavakala nanamhlanje. Njengokuba watshoyo uGigliola Fragnito, kuye kwenza “amakholwa awakwazi ukusebenzisa ingqondo nezazela zawo.” Ukongezelela, koko amaKatolika ebengxixhwa ngezithethe zonqulo, amaninzi ebezijonga njengezona zibalulekileyo kuneBhayibhile. Zonke ezi zinto ziye zababhekelisa abantu eZibhalweni, nangona abantu abaninzi bekwazi ukufunda nokubhala.
Noko ke, umsebenzi wamaNgqina kaYehova wokushumayela uye wawuvuselela ngokutsha umdla wamaTaliyane eBhayibhileni. Ngowe-1963 amaNgqina apapasha INguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha YeZiBhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike ngesiTaliyane. Ngowe-1967 yafumaneka yonke iBhayibhile. Kuye kwasasazwa imibhalo engaphezu kwama-4 000 000 zale nguqulelo eItali nje kuphela. INguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha, eye yabuyisela igama likaThixo, uYehova, ikhethekile kuba inamathela ngokungqongqo kwizibhalo zantlandlolo.
AmaNgqina kaYehova aya kwindlu ngendlu, afunde aze acacise isigidimi seZibhalo sethemba kubo bonke abantu abaphulaphulayo. (IZenzo 20:20) Xa udibana namaNgqina kaYehova kwixa elizayo, kutheni ungawaceli ukuba akubonise oko kuthethwa yiBhayibhile yakho ngesithembiso sikaThixo esingummangaliso sokuba kungekudala uza kuzisa ‘umhlaba omtsha’ “apho kumi ubulungisa.”—2 Petros 3:13.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 13]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
Venice
ROME
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]
Inguqulelo kaBrucioli esebenzisa igama elithi Ieova
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]
Uludwe lwencwadi ezalelweyo neenguqulelo zeBhayibhile zolwimi lomthonyama ezazithathwa njengeziyingozi
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 13]
Bible title page: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 15]
Brucioli’s translation: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma; Index: Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali