Sinokuzithemba Kangakanani Iincwadi Zevangeli?
“Ngoku iincwadi zevangeli sifanele sizijonge njengezivela kwiintsomi zamaKristu.”—UBurton L. Mack, unjingalwazi odla umhlala-phantsi wezifundo zeTestamente Entsha.
LO NJINGALWAZI ucatshulwe ngasentla asinguye yedwa obona ngolu hlobo. Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bakuthandabuza ukuthembeka kweVangeli kaMateyu, ekaMarko, ekaLuka nekaYohane—iingxelo zeBhayibhile zobomi nobulungiseleli bukaYesu. Kutheni abantu abaninzi besithi ezi Vangeli ziintsomi? Ngaba uluvo lwabo lumele lukwenze ukuthandabuze ukunyaniseka kwezi ncwadi? Makhe sihlolisise ubungqina obukuzo.
Bambi Bayakuthandabuza Ukunyaniseka Kweencwadi ZeVangeli
Ngenkulungwane ye-17 yeXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, ukunyaniseka kweencwadi zeVangeli akuzange kuthandatyuzwe. Noko ke, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19 ukusa phambili, izifundiswa ezininzi ziye zathi iincwadi zeVangeli aziphefumlelwanga nguThixo, kunoko ziingcamango zabantu. Ukongezelela koko, ziye zakukhaba ngaw’ omane ukuba ababhali beVangeli bazivela ngokwabo izinto ezazifundiswa nguYesu yaye zimi ngelokuba loo madoda ayengenakukwazi ukubhala imbali enokuthenjwa. Ngaphezu koko, zagqiba kwelokuba izinto ezifana ngazo ezi ncwadi zintathu zeVangeli—maxa wambi ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziisynoptic, gama elo elithetha “imbono efanayo”—zibonisa ukuba ababhali bevangeli babebhala izinto esele zibhaliwe. Aba bahlalutyi baye bayigatya imimangaliso eyayisenziwa nguYesu nokuvuka kwakhe okuchazwe kwiincwadi zeVangeli. Abanye bade bathi akazange abekho umntu onguYesu.
Aba bantu bathi uMarko umele ukuba ngowokuqala ukubhala iincwadi zeVangeli, ekubeni zimbalwa izinto efana ngazo incwadi yakhe nekaMateyu noLuka. Aba bahlalutyi bathi uMateyu noLuka basebenzisa incwadi kaMarko ukuze babhale ezabo iincwadi zeVangeli yaye baphanda nakomnye umthombo. Ngokutsho komphengululi weBhayibhile uA. F. J. Klijn, le ngcamango ixhaphakileyo “ibonisa ukuba la madoda ayengengobabhali bokwenene kodwa ayeqokelela nje amabali.” Ibenza ababhali beencwadi zeVangeli babonakale bengabantu abakhuphela izinto ezibhalwe ngabanye abantu baze bazenze ezabo, nabaqambi beentsomi. Kwaye iye yenza abantu abakholelwa ukuba iBhayibhile iphefumlelwe nguThixo.—2 Timoti 3:16.
Ngaba Ababhali BeVangeli Babekhuphela Izinto Ezibhalwe Ngabanye?
Ngaba ukufana kweencwadi zeVangeli kubonisa ukuba ababhali bazo babekhuphela izinto ezibhalwe ngabanye? Nakanye. Kutheni sisitsho nje? Kaloku, uYesu wathembisa abafundi bakhe ukuba umoya oyingcwele wawuza ‘kubakhumbuza zonke izinto awayebaxelele zona.’ (Yohane 14:26) Ngoko ke, ayimangalisi into yokuba ababhali beencwadi zeVangeli bakhumbula baze babhala ngeziganeko ezifanayo. Kuyavunywa ukuba abanye ababhali beencwadi zeBhayibhile bamele ukuba bafunda baza babhekisela kwiincwadi zabanye ababhali beBhayibhile, kodwa loo nto ibonisa ukuba baphanda ngokucokisekileyo, abazange basuke bakhuphele nje. (2 Petros 3:15) Ukongezelela koko, iThe Anchor Bible Dictionary ithi: “Isibakala sokuba izinto zazidluliselwa ngomlomo sibonisa isizathu sokuba izinto ezazifundiswa nguYesu zibhalwe ngendlela efanayo.”
ULuka uthi wathetha nabantu abaninzi ababezibonele ngokwabo izinto ezazisenzeka waza ‘wazilanda zonke izinto ukususela kwasekuqaleni ngokuchanileyo.’ (Luka 1:1-4) Ngaba loo nto ibonisa ukuba wayekhuphela izinto ezibhalwe ngabanye okanye wayebhala nje iintsomi? Akunjalo. Emva kokuba ehlalutye imibhalo kaLuka ngokucokisekileyo, umembi wezinto zakudala uWilliam Ramsay wathi: “ULuka ngumbhali-mbali ophum’ izandla: iingxelo zakhe azichananga nje kuphela, kodwa wayeyazi indlela yokubhala imbali . . . Lo mbhali umele aqukwe kwabona babhali-mbali bakumgangatho ophezulu.”
Ubungqina babaSeki beCawa bamandulo, kuquka obo besazi ngezakwalizwi senkulungwane yesithathu uOrigen, bubonisa ukuba umntu owaqala wabhala incwadi yeVangeli ngumpostile uMateyu. Lo kaOrigen wabhala wathi: “Eyokuqala ibhalwe nguMateyu, owayekade engumbuthi werhafu, waza emva koko waba ngumpostile kaYesu Kristu, wayibhala ngesiHebhere nakubeni wayebhalela amaguquka angamaYuda.” Ngokuqinisekileyo uMateyu owayengumpostile nowayezibonile izinto ezazisenzeka kwakungekho sizathu sokuba akhuphele umbhalo kaMarko owayengekho ukwenzeka kwazo ezo zinto. Kuthekani ngesityholo sokuba uMateyu noLuka bakhuphela incwadi kaMarko neminye imithombo?
Ngaba YiVangeli KaMarko Eyabhalwa Kuqala?
IThe Anchor Bible Dictionary ithi, ingcamango yokuba yiVangeli kaMarko eyabhalwa kuqala nokuba uMateyu noLuka bakhuphela kuyo “ayinasihlahla.” Sekunjalo, abaphengululi abaninzi bathi uMarko wayibhala iVangeli yakhe ngaphambi kokuba uMateyu noLuka babhale ezabo, besithi uMarko akazange abe nagalelo kangako kwezinye iiVangeli. Ngokomzekelo, uJohannes Kuhn, owayengumphengululi weBhayibhile ngenkulungwane ye-19 wema kwelokuba incwadi yeVangeli kaMarko imele ukuba yabhalwa kuqala. Lo kaKuhn wahlabela mgama wathi ukuba akunjalo, “besinokuthi uMarko wacaphula inxalenye yomsongo kaMateyu noLuka, waza wabhala eyakhe incwadi yeVangeli.”
Ekubeni incwadi yeVangeli kaMarko iyeyona imfutshane, ayimangalisi into yokuba inezinto ezimbalwa ezingafumanekiyo kwezinye iiVangeli. Sekunjalo, loo nto ayithethi kuthi yabhalwa kuqala. Ukongezelela koko, ingcamango yokuba incwadi kaMarko ayongezi nto kwekaMateyu nekaLuka ayichananga. Kwincwadi kaMarko, ethetha ngobulungiseleli bukaYesu, kukho iindinyana ezichukumisayo ezili-180 ezingekhoyo kuMateyu noLuka, nto leyo ebangel’ ukuba yahluke indlela ethetha ngayo ngobomi bukaYesu.—Funda ibhokisi ekwiphepha 13.
Kuthekani Ngeminye Imithombo?
Kuthekani ngeminye imithombo ekuthiwa uMateyu noLuka bakhuphela kuyo? Unjingalwazi kwezonqulo uJames M. Robinson uthi: “Ngokuqinisekileyo le mithombo yeyona ibalulekileyo kwimibhalo yamaKristu esinayo.” La magqabaza ayamangalisa kuba le mithombo ayifumaneki namhlanje, yaye eneneni akukho mntu wakha wayibona! Ukunyamalala kwayo kuphawuleka ngakumbi kuba abaphengululi bathi imibhalo yayo emininzi imele ukuba yanikwa bonke abantu. Ukongezelela koko, abaSeki beCawa abazange bayicaphule le mithombo.
Khawucinge ngoku. Le mithombo ibimele ukuba isekho ukuze ixhase ibango lokuba iVangeli yencwadi kaMarko yabhalwa kuqala. Ngaba oko akuthethi ukuba le yinto nje abantu abazicingelayo? Xa sisiva iingcamango ezifana nezi, sifanele sikhumbule umzekeliso othi: “Umntu ongaqondiyo ukholelwa yinto yonke; kanti ke yena oqiqayo uhlab’ ekhangele.”—IMizekeliso 14:15, IBhayibhile yesiXhosa yowe-1996.
Iincwadi ZeVangeli—Zichanile Yaye Zinokuthenjwa
Kwintelekelelo neengcamango zabo ezingenasihlahla, abahlalutyi abaqatha baye baphembelela abantu abaninzi ukuba bangayihlolisisi ingxelo yeVangeli enokuthenjwa engobomi nobulungiseleli bukaYesu. Ezi ngxelo zitsho ngokuphandle ukuba amaKristu enkulungwane yokuqala ayengazijongi njengeentsomi iziganeko ezingobomi, ubulungiseleli, ukufa nokuvuka kukaYesu. Ukuchana kwezi zibakala kuye kwangqinwa ngamakhulukhulu abantu ababezibonele ngawabo amehlo. La maKristu enkulungwane yokuqala, awayekulungele ukutshutshiswa nokufa ngenxa yokuba elandela uYesu ayeqonda ukuba kwakungayi kuba nantsingiselo ukuba ngumKristu ukuba ubulungiseleli nokuvuka kukaYesu ibingamaphupha nje.—1 Korinte 15:3-8, 17, 19; 2 Timoti 2:2.
Ethetha ngempikiswano ephathelele ukuba incwadi yeVangeli kaMarko yabhalwa kuqala nokunyamalala kwale mithombo, unjingalwazi wezakwalizwi uGeorge W. Buchanan uthi: “Ukunikel’ ingqalelo kule mithombo kuye kwabaphazamis’ abafundi beBhayibhile ekufundeni le ncwadi.” La magqabaza avisisana nesiluleko sikampostile uPawulos esasisiya kuTimoti sokuba ‘anganikel’ ingqalelo kumabali obuxoki nakwimilibo yokuzalwa, engaphele ndawo, zinto ezo ezivelisa imibuzo efuna uphando kunokwabiwa kwayo nantoni na nguThixo ngokunxibelelene nokholo.’—1 Timoti 1:4.
Iincwadi zeVangeli zinokuthenjwa. Zineengxelo ezinokuthenjwa zabantu abazibona ngokwabo ezi zinto. Zisixelela izibakala ezichukumisayo ngobomi bukaYesu Kristu. Ngoko ke, njengoTimoti wakudala, sakuba senza kakuhle xa sithobela la mazwi kaPawulos: “Yima ezintweni owazifundayo waza weyiselwa ekuzikholelweni.” Sinesizathu esivakalayo sokukholelwa ukuba “sonke iSibhalo siphefumlelwe nguThixo”—kuquka iincwadi ezine zeVangeli.—2 Timoti 3:14-17.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 13]
Ukuba Incwadi KaMarko Yayingazange Ibhalwe, Ngesingazi Ukuba . . .
uYesu wasingasinga ecaphuka, ebuhlungu kakhulu kukuqaqadeka kweentliziyo zabo (Marko 3:5)
ifani kaYohane noYakobi yayinguBhowanerges (Marko 3:17)
umfazi owayenethombo legazi wachitha bonke ubuncwane bakhe (Marko 5:26)
uHerodiya wayenenqala ngakuYohane umBhaptizi nokuba uHerode wayemoyika uYohane yaye wamgcina ekhuselekile (Marko 6:19, 20)
uYesu wathi abafundi bakhe mabaphumle kancinane (Marko 6:31)
abaFarisi babehlamba izandla zabo ukusa engqinibeni (Marko 7:2-4)
uYesu wabawola abantwana (Marko 10:16)
uYesu waziva emthanda umlawuli oselula (Marko 10:21)
uPetros noYakobi noYohane noAndreya bambuza ngasese (Marko 13:3)
umfana othile washiya isambatho sakhe selinen ngasemva (Marko 14:51, 52)
Ukongezelela, omnye wemizekeliso kaYesu nemimangaliso emibini awayenzayo ifumaneka kwincwadi kaMarko kuphela.—Marko 4:26-29; 7:32-37; 8:22-26.
Incwadi yeVangeli kaMarko ineenkcukacha ezingekhoyo kwezinye iincwadi zeVangeli. Siya kuyixabisa ngakumbi xa sizipha ithuba lokucamngca ngezo nkcukacha.