UmPhefumlo

Ingcaciso: EBhayibhileni, igama elithi “umphefumlo” liguqulelwe liphuma kwelesiHebhere elithi neʹphesh nakwelesiGrike elithi psy·kheʹ. Ukusebenzisa kweBhayibhile eli gama lithi umphefumlo kubonisa ukuba libhekisela emntwini okanye kwisilwanyana okanye kubomi umntu okanye isilwanyana esibunandiphayo. Noko ke, kubantu abaninzi, igama elithi “umphefumlo” lithetha inxalenye engabonakaliyo okanye engumoya yomntu nesindayo ekufeni komzimba wenyama. Abanye baliqonda lithetha amandla okuphila. Kodwa ezi mbono zichazwe kamva azizomfundiso yeBhayibhile.

Ithini iBhayibhile ukusinceda siqonde oko umphefumlo ukuko?

Gen. 2:7: “UYehova uThixo wambumba umntu ngothuli lwasemhlabeni, waphefumlela emathatheni akhe impefumlo yobomi; umntu ke waba ngumphefumlo ophilileyo.” (Phawula ukuba oku akuthi umntu wanikwa umphefumlo kodwa kuthi waba ngumphefumlo, umntu ophilileyo.) (Inxalenye yegama lesiHebhere apha eliguqulelwe ngokuthi “umphefumlo” lithi neʹphesh. IAP, KJ, AS, neDy ziyavumelana naloo nguqulelo. IRS, JB, NAB zifundeka ngokuthi “isiqu.” INE ithi “isidalwa.” IKx ifundeka ngokuthi “umntu.”)

1 Kor. 15:45: “Ngokunjalo kubhaliwe kwathiwa, Owokuqala umntu uAdam waba ngumphefumlo odla ubomi; owokugqibela uAdam waba ngumoya odlisa ubomi.” (Ngoko iZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike ziyavumelana neZibhalo zesiHebhere ngokubhekisele koko umphefumlo ukuko.) (Igama lesiGrike apha eliguqulelwe ngokuthi “umphefumlo” lelithi psy·kheʹ yaye likwimo yenjongosenzi. IAP, KJ, AS, Dy, JB, NAB, neKx nazo zifundeka ngokuthi “umphefumlo.” IRS, NE, neTEV zithi “isiqu.”)

1 Pet. 3:20: “Ngemihla kaNowa, . . . [kwasindiswa] imiphefumlo embalwa, oko kukuthi esibhozo, ngamanzi.” (Igama lesiGrike eliguqulelwe apha ngokuthi “umphefumlo” lithi psy·khaiʹ, isininzi selithi psy·kheʹ. IAP, KJ, AS, Dy, neKx nazo zifundeka ngokuthi “imiphefumlo.” ITE, JB, TEV, RS, NE, neNAB zisebenzisa elithi “abantu.”)

Gen. 9:5, AP: “Igazi lenu, elobomi [okanye “umphefumlo,” BX, NW; ngesiHebhere lelithi neʹphesh] ndiya kulibiza.” (Apha kuthiwa umphefumlo unegazi.)

Yosh. 11:11, AP: “Baye bebetha yonke imiphefumlo [neʹphesh ngesiHebhere] ebikuyo ngohlangothi lwekrele.” (Apha umphefumlo uboniswa uyinto enokuchukunyiswa ngekrele, ngoko le miphefumlo yayingenakuba yimimoya.)

Itsho phi iBhayibhile ukuba izilwanyana ziyimiphefumlo?

Gen. 1:20, 21, 24, 25: “Wathi uThixo, Amanzi la makanyakazele inyakanyaka, imiphefumlo* ephilileyo; . . . wadala uThixo oominenga mikhulu, nayo yonke imiphefumlo ephilileyo, enambuzelayo, awanyakazela ngayo amanzi ngohlobo lwayo, neentaka zonke ezinamaphiko ngohlobo lwazo. . . . Wathi uThixo, Umhlaba mawuphume imiphefumlo ephilileyo ngohlobo lwayo: . . . Wenza uThixo izinto eziphilileyo zomhlaba ngohlobo lwazo, nezinto ezizitho zine ngohlobo lwazo, nazo zonke izinambuzane zomhlaba ngohlobo lwazo.” (*Igama elisetyenziswe apha ngesiHebhere lelithi neʹphesh. IRo ifundeka ngokuthi “umphefumlo.” Zimbi iinguqulelo zisebenzisa igama elithi “isidalwa/izidalwa.”)

Lev. 24:17, 18: “Umntu othe wabetha umntu [neʹphesh ngesiHebhere] wafa, nokuba nguwuphi, makabulawe afe. Obethe inkomo [neʹphesh ngesiHebhere] yafa, woyimisela; umphefumlo ngomphefumlo.” (Phawula ukuba kwaigama elifanayo lesiHebhere elithetha umphefumlo lisetyenziswe kuluntu nakwizilwanyana. KwiNdumiso 74:19 eli gama lesiHebhere lithi neʹphesh, liguqulelwe ngokuthi “umphefumlo.”)

ISityhi. 16:3: “Lwaba ligazi elinjengelofileyo, yaza yonke imiphefumlo* edla ubomi yafa elwandle.” (Ngaloo ndlela iZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike zikwabonisa izilwanyana ziyimiphefumlo.) (*NgesiGrike igama elisetyenziswe apha lelithi psy·kheʹ. IAP, KJ, AS, neDy ziliguqulela ngokuthi “umphefumlo.” Bambi abaguquleli basebenzisa igama elithi “isidalwa” okanye elithi “into.”)

Ngaba abanye abaphengululi abangengawo amaNgqina kaYehova bayavuma ukuba oku koko iBhayibhile ithi umphefumlo ukuko?

“KwiTestamente Endala umzimba awahlulwa kumphefumlo. UmSirayeli izinto wayezibona izezibonakalayo, izezipheleleyo, ibe ngaloo ndlela abantu wabagqala bengabantu bengeyontlanganisela yezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo. Igama elithi nepeš [neʹphesh], nangona liguqulelwa ngegama lethu elithi umphefumlo, alize lithethe umphefumlo njengowahlukileyo emzimbeni okanye emntwini. . . . Eli gama [psy·kheʹ] ligama leTestamente Entsha elifana nelithi nepeš. Linokuthetha amandla okuphila, ubomi ngokwabo, okanye isiqu esiphilileyo.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Umqu. XIII, iphe. 449, 450.

“Igama lesiHebhere elithi ‘umphefumlo’ (nefesh, elithetha into ephefumlayo) lalisetyenziswa nguMoses . . . , ukuchaza ‘isiqu esishukumayo’ ibe lisebenza ngendlel’ efanayo kwizinto ezingengobantu. . . . Ukusebenzisa kweTestamente Entsha upsychē (‘umphefumlo’) kwakufana nokusebenzisa elithi nefesh.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1976), Macropædia, Umqu. 15, iphe. 152.

“Inkolelo yokuba umphefumlo uyaqhubeka ukho emva kokubola komzimba ngumcimbi oyingcamango yentanda-bulumko okanye yabefundisi kunokuba ibe lukholo olucacileyo, ibe ngokuvisisana noko akukho ndawo efundiswa kuyo ngokucacileyo kwiZibhalo Ezingcwele.”—The Jewish Encyclopedia (1910), Umqu. VI, iphe. 564.

Ngaba umphefumlo womntu unokufa?

Hez. 18:4: “Yabonani, yonke imiphefumlo yeyam; umphefumlo woyise unjengomphefumlo wonyana, yeyam yomibini; umphefumlo* owonayo, kuya kufa wona.” (*IsiHebhere sifundeka ngokuthi “neʹphesh.” IAP, KJ, AS, RS, NE, neDy ziliguqulela ngokuthi “umphefumlo.” Zimbi iinguqulelo zithi “umntu.”)

Mat. 10:28: “Ningaboyiki abo babulala umzimba, kodwa bengenako ukuwubulala wona umphefumlo [okanye, “ubomi”]; yoyikani ke kanye lowo unako ukutshabalalisa umphefumlo* kwanomzimba esihogweni somlilo.” (*KwisiGrike upsy·kheʹ ukwimo yenjongosenzi. ITE, AP, KJ, AS, RS, NE, TEV, Dy, JB, neNAB zonke ziliguqulela ngokuthi “umphefumlo.”)

Ize. 3:23: “Yothi ke yonke imiphefumlo [psy·kheʹ ngesiGrike] engathanga imve loo mprofeti, ibhujiswe kuphele phakathi kwabantu.”

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ngemiphefumlo engabantu ukuphila ngonaphakade?

Bona iphepha 80-84, phantsi komxholo othi “UBomi.”

Ngaba umphefumlo uyafana nomoya?

INtshu. 12:7: “Lungekabuyeli emhlabeni uthuli, njengoko belunjalo, umoya [okanye, amandla obomi; ruʹach ngesiHebhere] ubuyele kuThixo owawunikayo.” (Phawula ukuba igama lesiHebhere elithetha umoya lithi ruʹach; kodwa igama eliguqulelwe ngokuthi umphefumlo lithi neʹphesh. Esi sibhalo asithethi ukuba ekufeni umoya uhamba yonke indlela ukuya kuThixo ngokobuqu; kunoko, naliphi na ithemba lokuba umntu aphile kwakhona likuThixo. Ngendlela efanayo, sisenokuthi, ukuba iintlawulo ezifunekayo azenziwanga ngumthengi wesiqwenga somhlaba, umhlaba “ubuyela” kumnini wawo.) (IAP, KJ, AS, RS, NE, neDy zonke apha zimguqulela uruʹach njengothetha “umoya.” INAB ifundeka ngokuthi “impefumlo yobomi.”)

INtshu. 3:19: “Bayahlelwa oonyana babantu, ziyahlelwa neenkomo, sinye isihlo kubo nakuzo; njengoko kunjalo ukufa kwabo, kunjalo ukufa kwazo; mnye umoya [ruʹach ngesiHebhere] kubo bonke nakuzo zonke.” (Ngaloo ndlela uluntu nezilwanyana ziboniswa zineruʹach efanayo, okanye umoya. Ukuze ufumane amagqabaza ngendinyana 20, 21, bona iphepha 198, 199.)

Heb. 4:12: “Ilizwi likaThixo liphilile, lisebenza, libukhali ngaphezu kwamakrele onke antlangothi mbini; lihlaba liphumele, lide lahlule umphefumlo [psy·khesʹ ngesiGrike; “ubomi,” NE] kwanomoya [pneuʹma·tos ngesiGrike], amalungu kwanomongo; linokugweba iingcingane nezicamango zentliziyo.” (Phawula ukuba igama lesiGrike eliguqulelwe ngokuthi “umoya” alifani neliguqulelwe ngokuthi “umphefumlo.”)

Ngaba umntu uyaqhubeka esezingqondweni emva kokuba umoya ushiye umzimba?

INdu. 146:4: “Uyaphuma umoya [ngesiHebhere, liphuma kwelithi ruʹach] wakhe, abuyele yena emhlabeni wakhe; ngaloo mini ayatshitsha amabhongo akhe.” (IAP, NAB, Ro, Yg, neDy [145:4] apha ziguqulela uruʹach njengothetha “umoya.” Zimbi iinguqulelo zithi “impefumlo.”) (KwaneNdumiso 104:29)

Ivela phi inkolelo yeNgqobhoko yomphefumlo ongabonakaliyo nongenakufa?

“Ingcamango yamaKristu yomphefumlo ongumoya owadalwa nguThixo nodibana nomzimba ekukhawulweni ukuze wenze umntu abe ngophilileyo iyimveliso yenkqubo ekudala ikho kwintanda-bulumko yobuKristu. EMpuma kuphela nguOrigen [owafa malunga nowama-254 C.E.] naseNtshona yayinguAugustine Ongcwele [owafa ngowama-430 C.E.] abathi bamisela ukuba umphefumlo ungumoya yaye uyingcamango engokwentanda-bulumko eyilwe ngohlobo elulo. . . . Imfundiso yakhe [uAugustine] . . . yayidibene gqitha (kuqukwa neentsilelo ezithile) nengcamango kaPlato Entsha.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Umqu. XIII, iphe. 452, 454.

“Ingcamango yokungafi komphefumlo ivela kwingcinga yamaGrike, ngoxa ithemba lovuko liyingcamango yamaYuda. . . . Emva koloyiso luka-Alesandire ngokuthe ngcembe ubuYuda bamkela iingcamango zamaGrike.”—Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible (Valence, Fransi; 1935), eyahlelwa nguAlexandre Westphal, Umqu. 2, iphe. 557.

“Ukungafi komphefumlo kuyingcamango yamaGrike eyayilwa kwizithethe eziyimfihlelo zamandulo yaza yaxhaswa ngumthandi wobulumko onguPlato.”—Presbyterian Life, Meyi 1, 1970, iphe. 35.

“Ngaba siyakholelwa ukuba kukho into enjengokufa? . . . Ngaba oko asikuko ukwahlukaniswa komphefumlo emzimbeni? Ibe ukufa kukuqukunjelwa koku; xa umphefumlo ukho nje uwodwa, ibe wahlukene nomzimba yaye nomzimba wahlukene nomphefumlo, ibingaba yintoni loo nto ngaphandle kokufa? . . . Ibe ngaba umphefumlo unokufa? Hayi. Ngaba umphefumlo awunakufa? Ewe awunakufa.”—I-“Phaedo” kaPlato, Amaca. 64, 105, njengoko yapapashwa kwiGreat Books of the Western World (1952), yahlelwa nguR. M. Hutchins, Umqu. 7, iphe. 223, 245, 246.

“Sibonile ukuba, ingxaki yokungafi komphefumlo, yabandakanya ingqalelo enzulu yabefundisi baseBhabhiloni. . . . Abantu kwaneenkokeli zonqulo abazange bayamkele ingcamango yokufa ngokupheleleyo kwento eyayikhe yakho. Ukufa kwakungumchankcatho wokuya kolunye uhlobo lobomi.”—The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), M. Jastrow, Omncinane, iphe. 556.

Bona kwanamaphepha 106, 107, phantsi komxholo othi “UkuFa.”