IsiHogo

Ingcaciso: Igama elithi “isihogo” lifumaneka kwiinguqulelo ezininzi zeBhayibhile. Kwiindinyana ezikwanye ezinye iinguqulelo zifundeka ngokuthi “ingcwaba,” “elabafileyo,” njalo njalo. Ezinye iiBhayibhile zisuka nje ziwaguqulele njengoko enjalo amagama olwimi lwangaphambili maxa wambi adla ngokuchazwa ngokuthi “isihogo”; oko kukuthi, ziwabhala ngoonobumba bethu kodwa ziwashiye la magama engaguqulelwanga. Ngawaphi loo magama? Ligama lesiHebhere elithi she’ohlʹ nelesiGrike elinentsingiselo efana nelo elithi haiʹdes, abhekisela, kungekhona kwindawo ekungcwatyelwa kuyo umntu ngamnye, kodwa kwingcwaba eliqhelekileyo loluntu olufileyo; kwanelesiGrike elithi geʹen·na, elisetyenziswa njengomqondiso wentshabalalo engunaphakade. Noko ke, kwiNgqobhoko nakwiinkonzo ezininzi ezingezozamaKristu kufundiswa ukuba isihogo yindawo ehlala iidemon nalapho abangendawo, emva kokufa, bohlwayelwa khona (ibe abathile bakholelwa ukuba oku kuphunyezwa ngokuthuthunjiswa).

Ngaba iBhayibhile iyabonisa enoba abafileyo bayayiva intlungu?

INtshu. 9:5, 10: “Abadla ubomi bayazi ukuba baya kufa; ke bona abafileyo abazi lutho, . . . yonke into esiyifumanayo isandla sakho ukuba siyenze, yenze ngamandla akho; ngokuba akukho kwenza, nakucinga, nakwazi, nakulumka kwelabafileyo [eSheol,* NW], apho uya khona wena.” (Ukuba abazi nto, ngokucacileyo akukho ntlungu bayivayo.) (*“eSheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB; “engcwabeni,” KJ, Kx; “esihogweni,” Dy; “kwelabafileyo,” TEV.)

INdu. 146:4: “Uyaphuma umoya wakhe, abuyele yena emhlabeni wakhe; ngaloo mini ayatshitsha amabhongo [iingcinga,* NW] akhe.” (*“Iingcinga,” KJ; “ubuchule,” JB; “amacebo,” RS, TEV.)

Ngaba iBhayibhile iyabonisa ukuba umphefumlo uyaphila xa umzimba usifa?

Hez. 18:4: “Umphefumlo* owonayo, kuya kufa wona.” (*“Umphefumlo,” AP, KJ, Dy, RS, NE, Kx; “umntu,” JB.)

“Ingcamango ‘yomphefumlo,’ othetha into eyeyokomoya ngokupheleleyo nengaphathekiyo, owahlukayo ‘emzimbeni,’ . . . ayikho eBhayibhileni.”—La Parole de Dieu (Paris, 1960), Georges Auzou, unjingalwazi weZibhalo Ezingcwele, kwiZiko Labefundisi iRouen, eFransi, iphe. 128.

“Nangona igama lesiHebhere elithi nefesh [kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere] lidla ngokuguqulelwa ngokuthi ‘umphefumlo,’ bekuya kuba kokuphosakeleyo ukulifunda ngokwentsingiselo yesiGrike. UNefesh . . . akaze acingelwe ethetha into esebenza ngokwahlukileyo emzimbeni. KwiTestamente Entsha igama lesiGrike elithi psyche lidla ngokuguqulelwa ngokuthi ‘umphefumlo’ kodwa kwakhona alimele liqondwe ngokukhawuleza njengelinentsingiselo elalinayo kubathandi bobulumko bamaGrike. Lidla ngokuthetha ‘ubomi,’ okanye ‘amandla,’ okanye, maxa wambi, ‘wena siqu.’”—The Ecyclopedia Americana (1977), Umqu. 25, iphe. 236.

Ngabantu abanjani abaya kwisihogo seBhayibhile?

Ngaba iBhayibhile iyatsho ukuba abangendawo bayaya esihogweni?

INdu. 9:17, AP: “Abakhohlakeleyo bobuyela esihogweni,* kwanazo zonke izizwe ezilibala uThixo.” (*“Esihogweni,” 9:18 kwiDy; “ekufeni,” TEV; “kwelabafileyo,” BX, Kx; “eSheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW.)

Ngaba iBhayibhile ikwatsho ukuba abantu abathe tye bayaya esihogweni?

Yobhi 14:13: “[UYobhi wathandaza wathi:] Akwaba ubungandigushayo kwelabafileyo,* undisithelise ude ubuye umsindo wakho, undimisele umda, undikhumbule ke!” (UThixo wathi uYobhi ‘wayeyindoda egqibeleleyo, ethe tye, emoyikayo uThixo, etyekayo ebubini.’—Yobhi 1:8.) (*“Esihogweni,” Dy; “engcwabeni,” AP, KJ; “kwelabafileyo,” TEV; “eSheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW.)

Ize. 2:25-27: “Kuba uDavide uthi [ngoYesu Kristu], . . . Ngokuba akuyi kuwushiya umphefumlo wam kwelabafileyo,* Kananjalo akuyi kumnikela oyiNgcwele wakho ekuboleni.” (Isibakala sokuba uThixo engazange ‘amshiye’ uYesu esihogweni sithetha ukuba uYesu wayesesihogweni, okanye eHadesi, ubuncinane okwethutyana, akunjalo na?) (*“Esihogweni,” KJ, Dy; “ekufeni,” NE; “endaweni yokufa,” Kx; “kwelabafileyo,” TEV; “iHadesi,” AP, AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Ngaba kukho nabani na ophumayo kwisihogo seBhayibhile?

ISityhi. 20:13, 14: “Lwathi ulwandle lwabakhupha abafileyo abakulo kwathi ukufa nelabafileyo* kwabakhupha abafileyo abakhona; bagwetywa elowo ngokwemisebenzi yakhe. Kwaza ukufa nelabafileyo kwaphoswa edikeni lomlilo.” (Ngoko abafileyo baya kukhutshwa esihogweni. Kwakhona phawula ukuba isihogo asifani nedike lomlilo koko siso esiya kuphoselwa kwidike lomlilo.) (*“Isihogo,” KJ, Dy, Kx; “elabafileyo,” TEV; “iHadesi,” AP, NE, AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Kutheni le nto kukho ukubhideka ngokubhekisele kwinto ethethwa yiBhayibhile ngesihogo?

“Ukubhideka nokuqonda phosakeleyo okukhulu kubangelwe kukuguqulela ngokuzingisileyo kwabaguquleli bokuqala beBhayibhile igama lesiHebhere elithi Sheol nelesiGrike elithi Hadesi nelithi Gehena ngegama elithi isihogo. Ukuguqulelwa njengokuba enjalo la magama ngabaguquleli beendidi zohlelo oluhlaziyiweyo lweBhayibhile akukushenxisanga ngokwanelisayo nangokuphawulekayo ngokucacileyo oku kubhideka nokuqonda phosakeleyo.”—The Encyclopedia Americana (1942), Umqu. XIV, iphe. 81.

Abaguquleli baye bavumela iinkolelo zabo zobuqu zingenelele kwiinguqulelo zabo kunokuba bawaguqulele ngokuvisisanayo amagama olwimi lwangaphambili. Ngokomzekelo: (1) IKing James Version igama elithi she’ohlʹ iliguqulela ngokuthi “isihogo,” “ingcwaba,” nangokuthi “umgxuma”; elithi haiʹdes iliguqulela kokubini ngokuthi “isihogo” nangokuthi “ingcwaba”; elithi geʹen·na likwaguqulelwa ngokuthi “isihogo.” (2) IToday’s English Version iliguqulela njengokuba linjalo igama elithi haiʹdes ngokuthi “iHadesi” ize kwakhona iliguqulele ngokuthi “isihogo” nangokuthi “elabafileyo.” Kodwa ngaphandle kokuguqulela igama elithi haiʹdes ngokuthi “isihogo” isebenzisa kwainguqulelo efanayo ngegama elithi geʹen·na. (3) IThe Jerusalem Bible iliguqulela njengokuba linjalo igama elithi haiʹdes izihlandlo ezithandathu, kodwa kwezinye izicatshulwa liguqulelwa ngokuthi “isihogo” nangokuthi “ihlabathi elingaphantsi.” Ikwaguqulela elithi geʹen·na ngokuthi “isihogo,” njengoko isenjenjalo ngelithi haiʹdes kwiindawo ezimbini. Ngaloo ndlela iintsingiselo ezichanileyo zamagama olwimi lwangaphambili ziye azaqondakala.

Ngaba abangendawo bohlwaywa ngonaphakade?

Mat. 25:46, TE: “Baya kumka aba, baye esohlwayweni esingunaphakade [“banqunyulwe,” Int; koʹla·sin, ngesiGrike]. Ke wona amalungisa aya kuya ebomini obungunaphakade.” (IThe Emphatic Diaglott ifundeka ngokuthi “banqunyulwe” endaweni yokuthi “esohlwayweni.” Umbhalo osemazantsi uthi: “Ukolasin . . . uphuma kwigama elithi kolazoo, elithetha, 1. Ukunqumla; njengokugawula amasebe emithi, ukuthena. 2. Ukuthintela, ukuvalela. . . . 3. Ukuqeqesha, ukohlwaya. Ukunqumla umntu angadli ubomi, okanye angabikho ebuthweni, okanye nokumthintela, kujongwa njengesohlwayo;—kungoko kuye kwavela le ndlela yesithathu yokusetyenziswa kweli gama nekwimo ebusafobe. Kuye kwamkelwa intsingiselo eyintloko, ngenxa yokuba ivisisana kakuhle negatya lesibini lesi sivakalisi, ngaloo ndlela kulondolozwa amandla nobuhle balo mahluko wenziwayo. Amalungisa aya ebomini, abangendawo bayanqunyulwa bangadli ubomi, okanye bafe. Bona eyesi-2 yabaseTes. 1.9.”)

2 Tes. 1:9, TE: “Baya kohlwaywa ngentshabalalo yangonaphakade,* basuswe phambi kweNkosi, basikwe kubuncwane bewonga layo.” (*“Ukubhujiswa ngonaphakade,” NAB, NE; “balahlwe ngonaphakade,” JB; “baya kugwetyelwa isohlwayo esingunaphakade,” Kx; “isohlwayo esingunaphakade kwintshabalalo,” Dy.)

Yuda 7, TE: “Kwakhona khumbula ngeSodom neGomora nabamelwane bazo. Kaloku abantu bezi dolophu nabo babefana nezi zithunywa. Ewe, babephala phambili ekurheletyeni, bade bakhanukane ngokunxamnye nemvelo. Nabo abo ke basisilumkiso, kuba bawuzuza umvuzo wabo—umlilo ongacimiyo.” (Umlilo owatshabalalisa iSodom neGomora wayeka ukuvutha kwiminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo. Kodwa umphumo waloo mlilo uye waba ngohlala uhleli; ezo zixeko azikhange ziphinde zakhiwe. Noko ke, umgwebo kaThixo, wawungekho nxamnye nezo zixeko kuphela kodwa wawukwanxamnye nabemi bazo abangendawo. Okwenzeka kubo kungumzekelo osisilumkiso. KuLuka 17:29, uYesu uthi “batshatyalaliswa”; uYuda 7 ubonisa ukuba loo ntshabalalo yayingunaphakade.)

Iyintoni intsingiselo ‘yentuthumbo engunaphakade’ ekubhekiselwe kuyo kwiSityhilelo?

ISityhi. 14:9-11; 20:10: “Ukuba umntu uyalinqula irhamncwa nomfanekiselo walo, amkele uphawu lwalo ebunzini lakhe, nokuba kusesandleni sakhe: yena wosela iwayini yomsindo kaThixo, egalelwe ingaphithikeziwe endebeni yengqumbo yakhe, athuthunjiswe ngumlilo nesulfure phambi kwezithunywa ezingcwele, naphambi kweMvana: umsi wokuthuthunjelwa [basa·ni·smouʹ ngesiGrike] kwabo unyuka use emaphakadeni asemaphakadeni; abanakuphumla imini nobusuku abo banqula irhamncwa nomfanekiselo walo, nomntu ukuba uthi alwamkele uphawu lwegama lalo.” “UMtyholi lowo ubalahlekisayo waphoswa edikeni lomlilo nesulfure, apho likhona irhamncwa nomprofeti obuxoki; baya kuthuthunjelwa imini nobusuku, kuse emaphakadeni asemaphakadeni.”

Iyintoni ‘intuthumbo’ esi sibhalo esibhekisela kuyo? Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kwiSityhilelo 11:10 kuthethwa ‘ngabaprofeti abathuthumbisa abo bemiyo phezu komhlaba.’ Intuthumbo enjalo ibangelwa kukubhencwa okuhlazisayo zizigidimi abo baprofeti abazivakalisayo. KwiSityhilelo 14:9-11 abanquli ‘berhamncwa nomfanekiselo walo’ wokomfuziselo kuthiwa ‘bathuthunjiswa ngomlilo nesulfure.’ Oku akunakubhekisela kwintuthumbo yomntu osezingqondweni emva kokufa kwakhe ngenxa yokuba “abafileyo abazi lutho.” (INtshu. 9:5) Ngoko, yintoni ebabangela ukuba beve intuthumbo enjalo ngoxa besaphila? Kungenxa yokuvakalisa kwabakhonzi bakaThixo le nto abanquli ‘berhamncwa nomfanekiselo walo’ beya kufumana ukufa kwesibini, okumelwa ‘lidike lomlilo nesulfure.’ Umsi, onxulunyaniswe nentshabalalo yabo yomlilo, unyuka ngonaphakade ngenxa yokuba intshabalalo iya kuba yengunaphakade ibe ayinakuze ilityalwe. Xa ISityhilelo 20:10 sisithi uMtyholi uza ‘kutshatyalaliswa ngonaphakade kanaphakade’ ‘kwidike lomlilo nesulfure,’ kuthetha ntoni oku? ISityhilelo 21:8 ngokucacileyo sithi ‘idike lomlilo nesulfure’ lithetha “ukufa kwesibini.” Ngoko ‘ukuthuthunjiswa’ kukaMtyholi apho ngonaphakade kuthetha ukuba akayi kukhululeka; uya kuthinteleka apho ngonaphakade, ngokwenene abe sekufeni okungunaphakade. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi ‘intuthumbo’ (eliphuma kwelesiGrike elithi baʹsa·nos) kukhumbuza ubani ngokusetyenziswa kwalo kuMateyu 18:34, apho kwaigama elinye elisisiseko lesiGrike lisetyenziswe ukubhekisela ‘kumgcini ntolongo.’—RS, AT, ED, NW.

Iyintoni ‘iGehena yomlilo’ uYesu awathetha ngayo?

Ukukhankanywa kweGehena kubonakala izihlandlo ezili-12 kwiZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike. Izihlandlo ezihlanu eli gama linxulunyaniswe ngokungqalileyo nomlilo. Abaguquleli ibinzana lesiGrike elithi geʹen·nan tou py·rosʹ baliguqulele ngokuthi “isihogo somlilo” (BX, KJ, Dy), “imililo yesihogo” (NE), “umngxuma womlilo” (AT), nangokuthi “imililo yeGehena” (NAB).

Imbali engemvelaphi: INtlambo yakwaHinnom (iGehena) yayingaphandle kweendonga zaseYerusalem. Kangangethuba elithile yayiyindawo yonqulo-zithixo, kuquka ukubingelelwa kwabantwana. Kwinkulungwane yokuqala iGehena yayisetyenziswa njengendawo yokulahla amabibi aseYerusalem. Imizimba yezilwanyana ezifileyo yayiphoselwa kule ntlambo ukuba itshiswe ngemililo, ekwakusithi isulfure, okanye ilitye elivuthayo, longezelelwe ekuvuthiseni umlilo. Kwanemizimba yezaphuli-mthetho ezibuleweyo, ezazigqalwa njengezingakufanelekelanga ukungcwatywa kwingcwaba eliqhelekileyo, yayiphoselwa eGehena. Ngaloo ndlela, kuMateyu 5:29, 30, (NW), uYesu wathetha ngokuphoswa kwawo “wonke umzimba” kabani eGehena. Ukuba umzimba wawunokuwela kumlilo owawusoloko uvutha wawusitsha, kodwa ukuba wawunokuwela elungqamekweni lomwonyo onzulu inyama yawo ebolileyo yayihlaselwa yimibungu eyayisoloko ikho okanye ziimpethu. (Marko 9:47, 48, NW) Abantu abaphilileyo babengaphoselwa eGehena; ngoko yayingeyondawo yokuthuthunjiswa kwabo besezingqondweni.

KuMateyu 10:28 (NW), uYesu walumkisa abantu ababemphulaphule ukuba “boyike lowo unokutshabalalisa umphefumlo nomzimba eGehena.” Kuthetha ntoni oko? Phawula ukuba akuthethwa nto apha ngokuthuthunjiswa kwimililo yaseGehena; kunoko, uthi ‘yoyika lowo unokutshabalalisa eGehena.’ Ngokukhankanya umphefumlo “ngokwahlukileyo,” uYesu apha ugxininisa ukuba uThixo unokutshabalalisa lonke ithemba lobomi bomntu; ngaloo ndlela kungabikho themba lokuvuswa kwakhe. Ngoko, ukukhankanywa ‘kweGehena enomlilo’ kunentsingiselo efanayo ‘nedike lomlilo’ leSityhilelo 21:8, eliyintshabalalo, “ukufa kwesibini.”

IBhayibhile ithi siyintoni isohlwayo sesono?

Roma 6:23: “Umvuzo wesono kukufa.”

Emva kokufa kukabani, ngaba usohlwaywa ngokungakumbi ngenxa yezono zakhe?

Roma 6:7: “Owafayo ugwetyelwe, wakhululwa kuso isono.”

Ngaba ukuthuthunjiswa ngonaphakade kwabangendawo kuyavisisana nobuntu bukaThixo?

Yer. 7:31: “Bakhe [amaYuda awexukileyo] iziganga zaseTofete, ezisemfuleni wakwaBhen-hinom, ukuze batshise oonyana babo neentombi zabo ngomlilo; into endingabawiselanga mthetho ngayo, engathanga qatha entliziyweni yam.” (Ukuba ayizange ithi qatha entliziyweni kaThixo, ngokuqinisekileyo akanayo ibe engayisebenzisi into enjalo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.)

Umzekelo: Ubungacinga ntoni ngomzali ofaka isandla somntwana wakhe emlilweni ukuze ohlwaye lo mntwana ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo? “UThixo uluthando.” (1 Yohane 4:8) Ngaba ebeya kwenza into umzali ongumntu nonengqondo efanelekileyo ebengayi kuyenza naye? Ngokuqinisekileyo ebengayi kwenjenjalo!

Ngoko kwathethwa nguYesu ngesityebi noLazaro, ngaba uYesu wafundisa ngokuthuthunjiswa kwabangendawo emva kokufa?

Ngaba ingxelo ekuLuka 16:19-31, ingokoqobo okanye ingumzekeliso nje wenye into? IThe Jerusalem Bible, umbhalo osemazantsi, iyavuma ukuba lo “ngumzekeliso okuhlobo lwebali ongakhankanyi nawuphi na umntu owakha wabakho embalini.” Ukuba uthatyathwa ngokoqobo, ubuya kuthetha ukuba abo banandipha inkoliseko yobuthixo bonke banokungena baphelele esifubeni sendoda enye, uAbraham; ubuya kuthetha nokuba amanzi asencamini yolwimi lukabani ebengayi kutsha abe ngumphunga kumlilo waseHadesi; ubuya kuthetha ukuba ithontsi nje lamanzi beliya kubangela ukukhululeka kubani ova intlungu apho. Ngaba oko kuvakala kunengqiqo kuwe? Ukuba wawusebenza ngokoqobo, ubuya kungqubana nezinye iinxalenye zeBhayibhile. Ukuba iBhayibhile ngaloo ndlela ibiphikisana, ngaba umthandi wenyaniso ebeya kuyisebenzisa njengesizinzi sokholo lwakhe? Kodwa iBhayibhile ayiziphikisi.

Uthetha ntoni lo mzekeliso? “Isityebi” sasimela abaFarisi. (Bona indinyana 14.) Ihlwempu elinguLazaro lalimela abantu abaqhelekileyo abangamaYuda ababejongelwa phantsi ngabaFarisi kodwa abaguqukayo baza baba ngabalandeli bakaYesu. (Bona uLuka 18:11; uYohane 7:49; Mateyu 21:31, 32.) Ukufa kwabo kwakukwangumfuziselo, kumela inguqulelo kwiimeko. Ngaloo ndlela, ababekade bejongelwa phantsi bafumana inkoliseko yobuthixo, nababekade bebonakala ingabami kakuhle bachaswa nguThixo, ngoxa bethuthunjiswa zizigidimi zomgwebo ezazinikelwa ngabo babebajongela phantsi.—Ize. 5:33; 7:54.

Ivela phi imfundiso yesihogo somlilo?

Kwiinkolelo zeBhabhiloni nama-Asiriya amandulo “ihlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba . . . lichazwa njengendawo eyoyikeka ngokupheleleyo, ibe liphethwe ngoothixo needemon ezinamandla nezoyikeka gqitha.” (The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston, 1898, Morris Jastrow, Omncinane, iphe. 581) Ubungqina bangaphambili bokuba nomlilo kwesihogo seNgqobhoko bufunyanwa kunqulo lweYiputa yamandulo. (The Book of the Dead, New Hyde Park, N.Y., 1960, inentshayelelo kaE. A. Wallis Budge, iphe. 144, 149, 151, 153, 161) UbuBhuda, obususela emva phayaa ngenkulungwane yesi-6 B.C.E., ekuhambeni kwexesha bathi babalaselisa izihogo ezishushu nezibandayo. (The Encyclopedia Americana, 1977, Umqu. 14, iphe. 68) Ukuchazwa kwesihogo okuboniswe kwiicawa zamaKatolika eItali kuye kwalandwa kunemvelaphi esuka e-Etruria.—La civiltà etrusca (Milan, 1976), Werner Keller, iphe. 389.

Kodwa iingcambu zokwenene zale mfundiso inyelisa uThixo zendele ngokunzulu ngakumbi. Iingcamango zenkohlakalo egqithiseleyo nezidibene nesihogo sentuthumbo zihleba uThixo ibe zivela kumntu oyintloko ohleba uThixo (uMtyholi, gama elo elithetha “uMhlebi”), lowo uYesu Kristu wambiza ngokuthi ‘nguyise wamaxoki.’—Yoh. 8:44.