Ibhiya—Ibali Lesiselo Esimbala Ubugolide

Ngumbhali kaVukani! eCzech Republic

YINTONI edla ngokunqwenelwa yindoda xa ifile lunxano? Enoba ingumsebenzi okanye ingusomashishini, kumazwe amaninzi indoda idla ngokufuna iglasi yesiselo esithandayo esimbala ubugolide. Engqondweni yayo kuthi qatha olo gwebu lumhlophe lundanda ngaphezulu naloo ncasa ingayiwayo ibukrakrana. Isenokuthi, ‘Ndingenza njani kanene ukuze ndifumane iglasi yebhiya ebandayo!’

Ibhiya kudala ikho, phantse ukususela ekuqaliseni kokubakho kwabantu. Ibithandwa kangangamawaka eminyaka, yaye kwiindawo ezininzi ide yayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesithethe. Okubuhlungu kukuba, ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe athile aseYurophu, ibhiya iba ngunobangela weengxaki kwabo bazintyintya ngayo. Noko ke, xa iselwa ngobungcathu umgangatho nencasa yayo emnandi zenza kube yinto eyonwabisayo ukuyisela. Makhe sihlolisise imvelaphi yesi siselo sithandwa gqitha.

Abantu Baqala Nini Ukuyenza?

Njengoko kuboniswa ngamatye akroliweyo awafunyanwa kummandla weSumeri yamandulo eMesopotami, ibhiya yayisele ikho apho kwasekuqaleni kwiwaka leminyaka lesithathu ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Kwangelo xesha, esi siselo sasisetyenziswa kwizidlo zaseBhabhiloni naseYiputa. EBhabhiloni, apho kwakusenziwa iintlobo ezili-19 zebhiya, ukwenziwa kwayo kwakuqukiwe nakuMthetho kaHammurabi. Ngokomzekelo, lo mthetho wawulawula ixabiso lebhiya yaye ukungawuthobeli kwakunokuzisa isigwebo sokufa. KwiYiputa yamandulo, ukwenziwa kwebhiya kwakuzalise lonke elo, yaye ibhiya yayisesona siselo sithandwayo. Izinto zakudala ezimbiweyo zibonisa iinkcukacha ezibhaliweyo ngendlela yokwenza ibhiya.

Ekugqibeleni, ubugcisa bokwenza ibhiya bada baya kufikelela eYurophu. Ekuqaleni kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo abanye ababhali-mbali baseRoma bakhankanya into yokuba amaCelt, amaJamani nezinye iintlanga zazinandipha ibhiya. IiVikings zazikholelwa ukuba eValhalla—iholo aya kuyo amagorha emva kokufa ngokutsho kwentsomi yaseScandinavia—iindebe zamadoda zaziya kuphuphuma yibhiya.

KumaXesha Aphakathi eYurophu, ibhiya yayidla ngokwenzelwa kwimizi yoonongendi. Oonongendi baseYurophu babuphucula ubugcisa bokwenza ibhiya, basebenzisa ihops njengesithinteli-kubola. Ukuveliswa kwebhiya kwimizi-mveliso kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwabangela ukuba yenziwe ngoomatshini yaye oko kwaba yimpumelelo gqitha kwimbali yesi siselo sithandwayo. Emva koko, kwafunyaniswa izinto ezithile ezibalulekileyo zenzululwazi.

Ingcali yamachiza engumFrentshi nesazi ngezinto ezibonwa ngemicroscope uLouis Pasteur wafumanisa ukuba igwele lokubilisa ibhiya linezinto ezincinane eziphilayo. Ukufumanisa kwakhe oko kwanceda abenzi bebhiya bakwazi kakuhle ukuguqula iswekile yebhiya ibe butywala. Ingcali yezityalo yaseDenmark uEmil Christian Hansen waba ngomnye wabantu ababalulekileyo kwimbali yokwenziwa kwebhiya. Wachitha ubomi bakhe bonke ephanda yaye esahlulahlula iintlobo ngeentlobo zegwele. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uphando lwakhe lwaluphathelele ukuveliswa kwegwele lokudidiyela elisulungekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, uHansen weza neenguqu ezibonakalayo kwishishini lokwenza ibhiya.

Noko ke, ngaba ukwenza ibhiya kunzima ngolo hlobo? Kusenokungakholeleki, kodwa kunjalo. Makhe siqwalasele ngokufutshane oko kwenziwayo ukuze kuveliswe iglasi yebhiya emnandi.

Ngaphambi Kokuba Ilungele Ukuselwa

Ubugcisa bokwenza ibhiya buye batshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane yaye nanamhlanje buyahluka-hluka ngokwabenzi bayo. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zebhiya kusetyenziswa izinto ezine ezibalulekileyo: irhasi, ihops, amanzi negwele. Ukwenziwa kwebhiya kunokwahlulwa kube ngamanqanaba amane: ukuvundiswa kwemithombo, ukudidiyela, ukubilisa nokutsalisa.

Ukuvundiswa kwemithombo. Kweli inqanaba, kukhethwa irhasi, ilinganiswe esikalini ize ikhethwe izinto ezingafunekiyo. Emva koko, ifakwa emanzini—into ebangela ukuba intshule imithombo. Imithombo intshula emva kweentsuku ezintlanu nezisixhenxe kubushushu obumalunga ne-14° ngokukaCelsius. Ekugqibeleni kuphuma imithombo eluhlaza eye ithuthwe iye kufakwa kwiionti ezikhethekileyo ukuze yomiswe. Loo mithombo iluhlaza iyomiswa de ukufuma kwayo kube phakathi kwesi-2 nesi-5 ekhulwini ukuze iyeke ukuntshula. Emva kokuba yomile, ezo zinto zintshule kulo rhasi ziyasuswa, ize loo mithombo igutywe. Ngoku ilungele inqanaba elilandelayo.

Ukudidiyela. Umgubo wemithombo ugalelwa emanzini kwenziwe intlama, emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe yenziwa shushu. Kubushushu obuthile, imichiza iqala ukutshintsha istatshi sibe yiswekile. Eli inqanaba lithabatha ngaphezu kweeyure ezine aze amanzi acwenge emva koko ahluzwe. Emva koko ayabiliswa loo nto yenza imichiza iyeke ukusebenza. Xa la manzi ebila kugalelwa ihops ukuze ibhiya ibe nobukrakra. Emva kweeyure ezimbini ebila, ayapholiswa.

Ukubilisa. Eli isenokuba lelona nqanaba libalulekileyo ekwenzeni ibhiya. Kusetyenziswa igwele, iiswekile ezilapho kumanzi adidiyelweyo ziyaguqulwa zibe butywala nekharbhon diokside. Xa le nkqubo ithabathe ixesha elide, ithabatha iveki yaye ubushushu obufunekayo buxhomekeka kuhlobo lwebhiya eyenziwayo—enoba yiale okanye yilager. Le bhiya ingatsalanga ithatyathwa ifakwe kwimiphanda yokutsalisa ibhiya.

Ukutsalisa. Kweli inqanaba, ibhiya ivelisa eyona ncasa nevumba layo; ikharbon diokside eyivelisayo yenza ibhiya iqalise ukuhlwahlwaza. Ibhiya ivuthwa kwisithuba esinokuba ziiveki ezintathu ukusa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwebhiya eyenziwayo. Yakugqitywa, ibhiya ifakwa ezifatyini okanye ezibhotileni ize ithunyelwe kwiindawo eya kuzo—mhlawumbi ide ize kufikelela kwitafile yakwakho! Noko ke, luluphi uhlobo lwebhiya ongathanda ukulungcamla?

Kukho Iintlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zebhiya

Inyaniso kukuba, iibhiya ziyahlukahlukana ngendlela ephawulekayo. Unokufumana ibhiya embala ukhanyayo okanye embala umdaka, eswiti okanye ekrakra, nebhiya eyenziwe ngerhasi okanye ingqolowa. Incasa yebhiya ixhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka umgangatho wamanzi asetyenzisiweyo, uhlobo lwemithombo, ubugcisa negwele eyenziwe ngalo.

Enye yezona bhiya zibalaseleyo yipilsner (okanye ipils), ilager embala ucwengileyo. Olu uhlobo lwebhiya luveliswa ngamakhulu emizi yokudidiyela ehlabathini lonke. Kodwa, ipilsner yokwenene ididiyelwa kuphela kwidolophu yasePlzeň, okanye ePilsen, eseCzech Republic. Imfihlelo yayo ayixhomekekanga kubugcisa kuphela kodwa kwizinto eyenziwa ngazo—amanzi angenayo ityuwa yomhlaba, imithombo yomgangatho ophezulu negwele elifanelekileyo.—Bona ibhokisi ekweli nqaku.

Olunye uhlobo lwebhiya ephambili yiweiss, ibhiya eyenziwa ngengqolowa ethandwa gqitha eJamani. Ezona ntlobo zithandwayo eBritani yiporter nestout. Iporter yibhiya etsalileyo, eyenziwe ngemithombo egcadiweyo, nto leyo eyenza esi siselo sibe nombala omdakana. Iporter yadidiyelwa okokuqala eLondon kwinkulungwane ye-18. Ekuqaleni, yayilungiselelwe “ukuhlaziya” abasebenzi abasebenza nzima, njengabathwali bemithwalo. Istout, ibhiya embala umdaka nejiyileyo—eyenziwa yathandwa eIreland nasehlabathini yintsapho yakwaGuinness—lolunye nje uhlobo lweporter. Usenokufumana istout esiswiti samaNgesi, ngokuqhelekileyo esinelactose (iswekile ephuma elubisini), okanye istout esikrakra saseIreland, esinxilisayo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo kubantu abaninzi abathanda ibhiya yindlela eselwa ngayo, enoba isebhotileni okanye enkonkxeni okanye ikhiwa emphandeni. AmaMerika athanda ibhiya ebandayo. Abanye bayithanda xa ipholile okanye ibanda ceke iphuma ngqo kwiifatyi.

Ngokwenene, zininzi iintlobo zebhiya. Xa uyisela ngobungcathu, isenokukunceda empilweni. Eneneni, ineevithamin neemineral ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, njengeriboflavin, ifolic acid, ichromium nezinc. Ngokutsho kwabanye abasemagunyeni, xa uyisela ngobungcathu ibhiya inokunceda ekuthinteleni isifo sentliziyo neengxaki zolusu. Ukuba uyakwazi ukukhetha kakuhle phakathi kweebhiya ezahlukahlukeneyo ezikhoyo yaye usela ngobungcathu, unokusinandipha esi siselo simnandi nesihlaziyayo. Kwixa elizayo xa uza kusela iglasi yesi siselo sibugolide, phezulu ithe thande olo gwebu lumhlophe, khumbula imbali yayo ebangela umdla!

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Abadlali Abaphambili

Kumaxesha adluleyo, baninzi abantu ababenegalelo ekwenziweni kwebhiya. Naba abanye babo.

◼ Umenzi wemithombo—umdlali wokuqala kumdlalo wokwenziwa kwebhiya. Wanikwa isabelo sokwenza imithombo ngerhasi okanye ingqolowa. Wongamela ukuntshula kweenkozo nokomiswa ngeonti kwemithombo eluhlaza. Wayenembopheleleko enzima, ekubeni incasa yebhiya ixhomekeke kumgangatho wemithombo.

◼ Umdidiyeli (oboniswe ngasentla)—umntu onembopheleleko yokubilisa ibhiya. Waqala wagalela umgubo wemithombo emanzini, waza ngoxa loo mxube usabila wagalela ihops. Ekugqibeleni kwaphuma amanzi acwengileyo.

◼ Ingcungela yokutsalisa—yingcaphephe enamava eyayiqinisekisa ukufakwa kwegwele emiphandeni nendlela ibhiya etsala ngayo apho ezifatyini. Emva koko, ukhuphela ibhiya evuthiweyo kwimiphanda emincinane.

[Inkcazelo]

S laskavým svolením Pivovarského muzea v Plzni

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Ipilsner—Eyona Bhiya Yantlandlolo Abantu Abasoloko Bezama Ukuyenza

Yaqala ukwenziwa ngowe-1295. Ukumkani waseBohemia, uWenceslas II, waseka idolophu yasePlzeň, yaye kungekudala emva koko wakhupha imvume yokuba abemi basePlzeň abangama-260 benze ibhiya. Ekuqaleni, babeyenzela kwizindlu zabo ngemilinganiselo emincinane, kodwa kamva badibana baza benza umzi-mveliso wokudidiyela. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, imeko zokuphila noqoqosho zadodobala eBohemia, yaye oku kwalichaphazela elo shishini lokudidiyela. Betyeshela ubugcisa obabusetyenziswa, abadidiyeli basebenzisa iindlela zabo yaye babevelisa isiselo esibi nesasingakufaneli ukubizwa ngokuba yibhiya.

Ngelo xesha zazimbini iintlobo zebhiya ezazisenziwa eYurophu. Ngokukhethekileyo eBohemia, kwakusenziwa ibhiya enegwele elihlala phezulu, ngoxa ubukhulu becala eBavaria kwakusenziwa enegwele elihlala ezantsi yomgangatho ophezulu. Kwakukho umahluko omkhulu gqitha phakathi kweelager zaseBavaria neebhiya zasePlzeň.

Kwenzeka iinguqu eziphawulekayo ngowe-1839. Malunga nabemi abangama-200 basePlzeň bagqiba ekubeni benze okuthile ngale meko. Baseka iBurgess Brewery, apho kwakuza kudidiyelwa kuphela ibhiya enegwele elisezantsi, okanye ibhiya yohlobo lwaseBavaria. Kwabizwa umdidiyeli odumileyo waseBavaria uJosef Groll. Engaphozisanga maseko wenza ibhiya ngohlobo lwaseBavaria. Kodwa kwaphuma ibhiya eyahluke gqitha kuleyo yaseBavaria—le yaba semagqabini ngendlela engathethekiyo kunokuba wayelindele. Ubuchule bukaGroll nokusulungeka ngendalo kwezinto zokudidiyela zalapho kwavelisa ibhiya eyakhawuleza yathandwa lihlabathi lonke. Kwabangelwa yintoni oko? Yincasa, umbala nevumba layo elimnandi. Noko ke, udumo lwebhiya yasePlzeň lwaba nezalo iingxaki. Befuna ukuxhamla kule mpumelelo, abadidiyeli abaninzi baqala ukuthiya iimveliso zabo bathi ziipilsner. Ngoko, ipilsner ayizange ibe yibhiya nje edumileyo kodwa yaba yeyona bhiya abantu abasoloko bezama ukuyenza kwiziselo ezimbala ubugolide.

[Imifanekiso]

UJosef Groll

Inqaba yamanzi yomzi wokudidiyela wasePlzeň

[Inkcazelo]

S laskavým svolením Pivovarského muzea v Plzni

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(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Plzeň

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Umfanekiso waseYiputa obonisa ukwenziwa kwesonka nebhiya

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Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali-Museo Egizio-Torino

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Ihops, imithombo nomzi wokudidiyela