Bathi Bekhangela Igolide, Bafumana Indlu
ICHINATOWN. Kwizixeko ezininzi zehlabathi eli gama lenza abantu bacinge ngeevenkile zamaTshayina, iindawo zokutyela, imisitho nemidaniso yeenyoka ezenziwe ngamalaphu. Sekunjalo iChinatown nganye inembali yayo. AmaTshayina aseOstreliya namhlanje anombulelo ongazenzisiyo ngamaTshayina aziimbacu afika kudala efuna ukuba zizityebi kwimigodi yalapho.
Intaba Entsha Yegolide
Emva kokufunyanwa kwegolide ngowe-1851, abantu abaninzi baseTshayina baqalisa ukufudukela eOstreliya ngaphezu kokuba babesenza ngaphambili. Amawaka amadoda ashiya intlambo yePearl River kwiPhondo laseGuangdong eTshayina aze athabatha uhambo lwaselwandle olude oluya emazantsi. Ngaphambilana igolide yayifunyenwe eKhalifoniya, eUnited States yaye amaTshayina athetha isiCantonese ayibiza le migodi ngokuba yiNtaba Yegolide. Ngoko ke, imigodi yaseOstreliya yabizwa ngokuba yiNtaba Entsha Yegolide.
Ayikokufuna nje igolide kuphela okwabangela ukuba abantu bashiye amakhaya abo. ETshayina kwakukhe kwakho imfazwe yamakhaya, iintlekele zemvelo nendlala, nto ezo ezabangela ubunzima.
Okubuhlungu kukuba, abanye babantu ababesiya eOstreliya abazange bafike. Babulawa zizifo ezibangelwa kukuzala kakhulu kweenqanawa. Kwabo basindayo, ubomi babunzima kunokuba babelindele.
Ukutsala Nzima Emgodini
Ngenxa yokuba abafazi nabantwana babo babesele eTshayina kuba kwakufuneka begcine umnombo baba ngamalolo. Ngowe-1861 eOstreliya kwakukho amadoda angamaTshayina angaphezu kwama-38 000 kodwa wona amabhinqa ayeli-11 nje kuphela. Noko ke, babembalwa ababezimisele ukuhlala apho. Inkoliso yabo yayizimisele ukufumana ubutyebi ize ibuyele kumakhaya nakwiintsapho zayo izizityebi.
Ngenxa yoko bazifunela igolide. Abantu abasebenza emgodini babehlala ezintenteni yaye babesebenza nzima kwilanga eligqats’ ubhobhoyi. Ekuqaleni abanye babesoyika ukusebenza emgodini ngenxa yeenkolelo. Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni babesomba nje le ingaphezulu baze bayihlambe. Imizamo yabo yaphumelela. Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba phakathi kowe-1854 nowe-1862, igolide ephantse ibe ziikhilogram ezili-18 662 eyafunyanwa kwiphondo laseVictoria yathunyelwa eTshayina.
Okubuhlungu kukuba obunye bobu butyebi baphelela ekungcakazeni nakwiziyobisi—zinto ezo ekwakulula ngabantu abangamalolo ukubhenela kuzo. Ngenxa yoko, baba nempilo enkenenkene baza balahlekelwa yimivuzo nangamathemba okubuyela ekhaya. Abanye bancedwa yimibutho yaseTshayina nangabanye abantu abanobubele kodwa ke abanye bakhawuleza bafa bengamahlwempu yaye bengenabani.
AmaTshayina kwakufuneka anyamezele ikhwele nokukrokrelwa ngabanye abantu abasebenza emgodini, ababewajonga njengohlanga olumanyeneyo noluphumelelayo. Loo nto yabangela ukuba amaTshayina ahlaselwe. Igolide yawo yahluthwa zaza iintente nezinye izinto zawo zatshiswa. Ekugqibeleni le ntiyo yadamba. Sekunjalo, emva kweminyaka engama-50 ifunyenwe igolide, umthetho weImmigration Restriction Act wowe-1901 wakuvala ukufudukela kwabantu baseAsiya eOstreliya de kwangowe-1973.
Xa Kwaphela Igolide
Xa igolide yaphelayo amanye amaTshayina akhetha ukuqhubeka ehlala eOstreliya. Ngenxa yoko, kwiidolophu zegolide, amaTshayina avula amashishini okuhlamba iimpahla, iindawo zokutyela, aza alima nezityalo ukuze azithengise. Kwakhona, amaTshayina ayedume ngokwenza ifanishala nangokuthengisa iziqhamo nemifuno. Ngenxa yoko, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwakusele kukho iindawo zemarike zamaTshayina kwizixeko ezininzi zaseOstreliya kuquka eAtherton, eBrisbane, eBroome, eCairns, eDarwin, eMelbourne, eSydney, naseTownsville.
Amadoda amaninzi aseTshayina akazange atshate kuba eOstreliya ayembalwa amabhinqa angamaTshayina. Noko ke, abanye batshata abafazi baseOstreliya nangona abantu balapho babengayithandi loo nto. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abantwana bale mitshato baba yinxalenye enkulu yabantu baseOstreliya.
Namhlanje baninzi kunangaphambili abantu baseTshayina abahlala eOstreliya. Abaninzi kubo beza ngenxa yemfundo ephakamileyo nangezoshishino. Ngaphezu koko, kukho nabafazi abaninzi baseTshayina eOstreliya. Ukutshintsha kwemeko yezoqoqosho ehlabathini kuye kwenza ukuba amadoda amaninzi afudusele iintsapho zawo eOstreliya abuyele eAsiya ukuze aye kusebenza eHong Kong, eSingapore, eTaiwan naseTshayina.
Yinyaniso ukuba amaxesha ngamanye. Kodwa abantu abafudukela kwamanye amazwe basenenjongo enye, ukunqabiseka nokuphumelela kwilizwe lasemzini.
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KWAKUKUDE KUNOKUBA BABECINGA
Ukuze angahlawuli irhafu, amaTshayina ayesehla kunxweme lwaseOstreliya olukude namazibuko, kumgama ongamakhulukhulu eekhilomitha ukusuka kwimigodi yegolide. Enye yeendawo ababesehla kuyo yiRobe, ekuMzantsi weOstreliya. IRobe yayihlala abantu abaphakathi kwe-100 nama-200 kodwa kwiinyanga nje ezintlanu ngowe-1857 kwadlula abantu baseTshayina abamalunga nama-12 000.
Ngokunyamezela nangokusebenzisana, amadoda angamakhulu adlula kwiindawo ezingahlali bantu esiya kule migodi. Noko ke, kwakukude kunokuba ayecinga yaye olo hambo lwaluthabatha iiveki ezintlanu. Aba bantu babesitya izityalo ezikhula ngaselwandle, iikhangaru neewombat. Kwakhona bemba amaqula baza bashiya nemizila ukuba abanye balandele.
Amadoda abophe iinwele nathwele iminqwazi yelanga ayedla ngokunkcunkca elandelelana yaye ecula. Kuye kwafunyanwa iingqekembe zemali yaseTshayina endleleni. Abantu abafikayo babeyilahla imali yabo bakufumanisa ukuba ayisebenzi eOstreliya.
[Inkcazelo]
Image H17071, State Library of Victoria
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]
INTO EBHETELE KUNEGOLIDE
UWayne Qu wayesisazinzulu kwiAcademy of Sciences eTshayina. Kwiminyaka yee-1990, uWayne owayefuna ukuhambela phambili kwezenzululwazi wafudukela eYurophu kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uSue, apho waqhubeka khona nemfundo ephakamileyo. Ngoxa babelapho badibana namaNgqina kaYehova aze athetha nabo ngeBhayibhile. Ngowama-2000, uWayne noSue bafudukela eOstreliya apho baqhubeka nezifundo zabo, uSue efunda ibhayoloji. Kwakhona baqhubeka befunda iBhayibhile.
UWayne uthi: “Sachitha amashumi eminyaka sifunda eyunivesithi. Kodwa ndandidla ngokuthi: ‘Ekugqibeleni sonke siyaluphala, sigule size sife. Ngaba leyo yinjongo yobomi?’ Yonke into yayibonakala ingamampunge. Noko ke, iBhayibhile yayiphendula eyona mibuzo sasinayo.
“Kwakhona ukufunda kwethu iBhayibhile kwasinceda sacingisisa ngobukho boMdali, nto leyo esasingazange sakha sayicinga ngaphambili. Ndafunda incwadi yamaNgqina ethi Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? kunye nekaCharles Darwin ethetha ngendaleko. Ezi ncwadi kunye nophando lwenzululwazi endandilwenzile zandenza ndaqiniseka ukuba ukho uMdali. NoSue wafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo.
“Enye into eyasiqinisekisayo ukuba uThixo ukho, ngamandla eBhayibhile okuguqula ubomi bomntu. Le ncwadi ayisenzanga saba nethemba lekamva nje kuphela kodwa isenze saba nabahlobo bokwenene nomtshato owomeleleyo. Mna noSue sabhaptizwa ngowama-2005 yaye kuyasivuyisa ukuba siye safumana into exabiseke ngaphezu kwemfundo ‘negolide etshabalalayo.’”—1 Petros 1:7.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 19]
Umembi wegolide waseTshayina, ngeminyaka yee-1860
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Sydney Chinatown: © ARCO/G Müller/age fotostock; gold miner: John Oxley Library, Image 60526, State Library of Queensland