INqaba YaseTerezín—Ayikuthinteli Ukubandezeleka

PHAKATHI kwezixeko ezikumbindi Yurophu iDresden nePrague kukho idolophu yaseTheresienstadt (okanye iTerezín). Le dolophu inenqaba enkulu neendonga eziluqilima. Yakhelwa ukukhusela elo lizwe nabemi baloo mmandla kwimikhosi yotshaba.

UJoseph II, ukumkani weJamani nobukhosi Obungcwele baseRoma, wagunyazisa ukuba kwakhiwe le nqaba, ibe wayekho buqu xa kwakuhlolwa isiza sayo naxa kwakubekwa isiseko sayo ekupheleni kowe-1780. Le nqaba wayeyakha njengesikhumbuzo sikanina, uKumkanikazi uMaria Theresa, yaza ke yathiwa ngegama lesiCzech elithi Terezín, elithetha “Idolophu kaTheresa.”a Kuthiwa babefikelela kwi-14 000 abantu ababesebenza apho. Inkoliso yaloo msebenzi yagqitywa kwiminyaka nje emine.

Ekugqityweni kwayo ngowe-1784, iTerezín yaba yeyona nqaba inkulu kumazwe akwiHapsburg. Kwasetyenziswa obona bugcisa buphambili bokwakhiwa kweenqaba ngezo mini. Kodwa ke, kwangaphambi kokuba igqitywe, indlela zokuhlasela zomkhosi zazisele zitshintshile.

Imikhosi yayisele iyekile ukungqinga inqaba xa ihlasela ilizwe. Yayingqinga iidolophana ezikufuphi ize iziphange. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1888, iTerezín yayeka ukuba yinqaba yomkhosi. Iindonga zayo ezinkulu ezingaphandle zajikwa zenziwa imiyezo emihle kwakhiwa iindledlana nezitulo zokuchopha.

Inqaba Nedolophu

INqaba yaseTerezín yakhiwa yasisixeko esinqatyisiweyo. Ngaphaya kweendonga zayo ezinkulu kwakukho indawo yokuhlala amajoni, iintsapho zawo nabanye abantu.

Ecaleni kwaloo nqabakazi kwakukho nenye encinane eyayiza kugcina amabanjwa emfazwe. Ebutsheni beye-1800, amabanjwa ezopolitiko alwa noBukhosi beHapsburg ayegcinwa apho. Malunga neminyaka elikhulu kamva, kwavalelwa apho amabanjwa kuquka abantwana abanesandla ekubulaweni kweNkosana uFrancis Ferdinand, eSarajevo ngowe-1914. Basinda kwisigwebo sokufa kuba babesengaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20 ubudala. Zange kube kudala inkoliso yabo yafela entolongweni. Bangcungcuthekiswa abanye bade baphambana. Oyena mbulali, uGavrilo Princip, wafela apho ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Le Nqaba Incinane yaduma njengeyona inenkohlakalo kwiOstriya neHungary. Amabanjwa ayegcinwa emakhamandeleni, engqeleni kwizisele ezifumileyo. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yasetyenziselwa izenzo ezimanyumnyezi ngakumbi.

“ISpa Terezín”—Eyona Nto Sasiyiyo

Emva kokuba amaNazi ehlasele aza athatha loo ndawo kuthiwa yiCzech Republic namhlanje, aqalisa ukuthuthela amaYuda kuloo nqaba inkulu ngowe-1941. AmaNazi ajika idolophu yaseTheresienstadt yaba yidolophu yamaYuda. Enza ibango lokuba olo calucalulo lwalufuneka ukuze kuphetshwe ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaYuda nabo bangengawo. Nakuba iTheresienstadt yachazwa njengedolophu yokunyamekela amaYuda, afumana kuyo unyango, amaNazi ayecebe ukuwabulala onke amaYuda alapho.

Kwimpuma yeYurophu, amaNazi ayevule iinkampu zokufa ethuthela kuzo amaYuda aseTheresienstadt nawezinye iindawo aze abulawe.b Nakuba ubukho bezo nkampu babusaziwa ngokubanzi ukususela phakathi kweye-1930, amaqothaqikili amaNazi azichaza njengeentolongo nje zoluleko. Kodwa zazisanda iingxelo ngemeko emaxongo yezo nkampu. Ngenxa yoko, kwanyanzeliswa amaNazi ukuba aphendule kwezo zityholo. AmaNazi apheka iqhinga lokukhohlisa abo babethunywe ngamazwe ukuya kuhlola loo meko. Abakhohlisa njani?

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngowe-1944 nangowe-1945, kwathunyelwa abameli beInternational Red Cross ukuba baye kuhlola loo nqaba ukuze bazibonele eyona nto iqhubeka apho. Kodwa amaNazi ababetha ngemf’ iphindiwe kuba ayenza loo nqaba yabonakala njengedolophu yokunyamekela amaYuda ngokwenene.

Abhala amagama amahle ezitratweni. Kwenziwa esinye isakhiwo sakhangeleka njengebhanki, indawo yokudlala abantwana neevenkile. Kwavulwa nevenkilana yeziselo apho. Kwalungiswa izindlu eziliqela kwaza kwatyalwa ipaki embindini kuquka indawo entle ekudlalwa kuyo umculo.

Emva koko, babizwa abo bathunywa beRed Cross de bakhenkethiswa. Bavunyelwa ukuba bathethe nabameli “borhulumente wamaYuda.” Noko ke, abo bameli yayingabantu abakhethwe ngobuchule kubahlali balapho ababeza kuphendula imibuzo kanye ngaloo ndlela babefundiswe ngayo ngamaNazi xa kwakuqheliselwa. AmaNazi aphumelela ukukhohlisa abathunywa beRed Cross izihlandlo ezibini. Kwingxelo yabo abo bathunywa, bephazama bachaza iTheresienstadt njengedolophu ehlala amaYuda nalapho anyanyekelwa kakuhle khona. Ukumka kwabo apho, yaqala phantsi intlungu, indlala nokubulawa kwamaYuda. Yathi iphela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwabe kusinde imbinana kuphela.

INqaba Encinane

INqaba Encinane yayityenziswa njengentolongo ngamaNazi. Imeko yalapho yayifana nqwa neenkampu zoxinaniso. Kumashumi amawaka abafazi namadoda, le nqaba yayiba yindawo yokulinda ngaphambi kokusiwa kwiinkampu ezinkulu ezikummandla woLawulo lweJamani.

Ubuncinane kwakukho amaNgqina kaYehova angama-20, avela ePrague, ePilsen nakwezinye iindawo zelo awayevalelwe kwiNqaba Encinane. Laliyintoni wona ityala lawo? Kukwala ukuxhasa amaNazi nokwala kwawo ukuzibandakanya kwezopolitiko. Phezu kwako nje ukuvalwa komsebenzi wawo, amaNgqina aqhubeka esabelana nabanye ngeendaba ezilungileyo ezichazwa yiBhayibhile. Ayetshutshiselwa ukholo lwawo, amanye engcungcuthekiswa de afe.

Isifundo Koku

IBhayibhile ithi: “Musani ukukholosa ngezidwangube, nangonyana womntu wasemhlabeni, lowo ungenalo usindiso. Uyaphuma umoya wakhe, abuyele yena emhlabeni wakhe; ngaloo mini ziyatshabalala iingcamango zakhe.” (INdumiso 146:3, 4) INqaba yaseTerezín ibubungqina obucacileyo bale nyaniso.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

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AMANGQINA KAYEHOVA KWINQABA ENCINANE

Inkoliso yamaNgqina kaYehova awayevalelwe eTheresienstadt yaqala ngokuncinwa ePrague ikomkhulu lamaGestapo. Ukuphuma kwawo eTheresienstadt, ayedla ngokuthunyelwa ezinkampini eJamani. Akwazi njani ukunyamezela ezo meko zinzima kangako kuquka ukwenziwa kwawo amakheswa?

Elinye iNgqina elilibhinqa elalivalelwe eTheresienstadt lithi: “Ekubeni ndandingafuni kuzilibala iimfundiso zeBhayibhile, ndandisoloko ndizikhumbuza ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Nakweyiphi na intolongo endithunyelwa kuyo, ndandifika ndikhangele amaNgqina; xa ndiwafumene ndandizama ukunxibelelana nawo. Kwangaxeshanye, ndandisenza umzamo wokushumayela kwabanye kangangoko ndinako.”

Kuyacaca ukuba yaphumelela loo ndlela yalo. Lahlala lithembekile kuThixo lonke elo xesha lentolongo kuquka kwiminyaka eyalandelayo.

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Isitampu esibonisa iTerezín ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II

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Amabanjwa amatsha ayesisiwa eziseleni. Umbhalo wesiJamani othi: “Arbeit Macht Frei” (Umsebenzi Uyakukhulula)

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Ibhedi zamaplanga kwicandelo labafazi kule nqaba

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Umnyango omkhulu ongena kwiNqaba Encinane

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Both photos: With courtesy of the Memorial Terezín