Ingozi Kagwayi Kwababhemayo Nakwabangabhemi
Ubufakazi bengozi kagwayi kwababhemayo nakwabangabhemi buyaqhubeka bunqwabelana. Cabangela okulandelayo:
■ Ugwayi Esikhundleni Sokudla
“Umshayabhuqe womdlavuza wamaphaphu ungabikezelwa” emazweni amaningi athuthukayo esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyishumi, kusho iphephabhuku iWorld Health. INhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokudla Nezolimo inezela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi “kuyaqhubeka kuphakama ngamaphesenti ayi-2,1 ngonyaka Emazweni Ampofu.” Njengamanje, amaphesenti angama-63 kagwayi womhlaba atshalwe lapho, aphakame esuka kumaphesenti angama-50 eminyakeni engama-25 edlule. Lenkambo ifaka engozini lamazwe athuthukayo. IThe Times yase London ichaza indlela okwenzeka ngayo: “Ukukhiqizwa kukagwayi, okwamukelwa kuwo wonke Amazwe Ampofu njengesitshalo sokungenisa imali, kuphakamisa amazinga omdlavuza, kubangele ukususwa kwamahlathi nokusetshenziswa kwamasimu abengatshala ukudla okuningi okudingekayo okuyizitshalo kokudliwa emakhaya.”
■ Ukubhema Komdlavuza
Ngo-1986, emhlanganweni Wezizwe Zonke Womdlavuza weshumi nane eHungary ngo-1986, ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi abantu abayizi-3 500 000 babeyobulawa umdlavuza phakathi nalowonyaka. Iphephabhuku lezokwelapha laseJalimane iArztliche Praxis, liyabika: “Ngokwezibalo zeWHO ([ World Health Organization]; Inhlangano Yomhlaba Yezempilo), ukufa kwabantu abayisigidi kulaba kuyobangelwa ukubhema.”
UMnumzane Richard Doll, uprofesa wezokwelapha owathola umhlalaphansi eYunivesithi yaseOxford, waxwayisa ngokuthi kumakhemikhali ayizi-3 800 entuthwini kagwayi, angama-50 aye achazwa njengabangela umdlavuza ezilwaneni. Amanye alamakhemikhali kwatholakala ukuthi ayegcwele kakhulu entuthwini engadonsiwe. Ngaleyondlela ababhemayo bafaka abanye, ababhema bengabhemi, ezakhini eziningi ezibangela umdlavuza. Ukuhlolwa kwaseBrithani kwabangabhemi abahlala nababhemayo kwathola ukuthi umuntu oyedwa kwababili ababulawa umdlavuza wamaphaphu kwakungokuhogela intuthu yababhemayo.
Udokotela omkhulu waseUnited States wanxusa izinkampane ukuba zilungiselele abangabhemi indawo yokusebenza okungabhenyelwa kuyo. Embikweni wakhe ka-1986 ngemiphumela yempilo yokubhema, wathi: “Ukubhema komuntu engaqondile kuyimbangela yezifo, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza, kubantu abangabhemi abaphile kahle,” futhi “ukwehlukaniswa nje kwababhemayo nabangabhemi besendaweni efanayo enomoya kungase kunciphise, kodwa akukuqedi, ukungavikeleki kwabangabhemi endaweni enentuthu kagwayi.”
■ Umntwana Ongakazalwa Uyathinteka
Iqembu labacwaningi bezokwelapha elivela eYunivesithi yaseSydney eAustralia lithi ukubhema kubulala ngendlala izingane esizalweni ngenxa yokungazitholi izakhi ezidingekile. Abacwaningi babekade betadisha umphumela ukubhema okunawo ekugelezeleni kwegazi kumlizanyana—isitho esilethela ingane engakazalwa ukudla nomoya futhi sithuthe ukungcola ngenkaba. Lapho abacwaningi behola ukugelezela kwegazi enkabeni, bathola ukuthi emizuzwini emibili nje ngemva kokuba umama ebheme ugwayi, ukugeleza kwegazi kuhamba kancane futhi umphumela onjalo uhlala kuze kuphele ihora.
UDr. Brian Trudinger, umfundisi oyinhloko egatsheni lesayensi yezokwelapha eqondene nokuzala nalokho okuhlobene nakho, wathi, njengoba kwabikwa ku-University of Sydney News: “Ngokwesilinganiso, izingane zomama ababhema osikilidi abayishumi ngosuku kukho konke ukukhulelwa kwabo zinesisindo esingaphansi cishe ngamagremu angama-300 lapho zizalwa kunalezo zabangabhemi. Kodwa kuze kube manje kungaphikiswa ngokuthi lokhu ngandlelathile kwakungenxa yobhemayo kunokubhema—ngokuthi uhlobo lowesifazane owayebhema lapho ekhulelwe kungenzeka wayenezinye izinkinga ezaphumela ezinganeni ezincane. Nokho, ukuhlola kwethu kubonisa ngokwanelisayo ukuthi ukubhema kuthinta umbungu ngokuqondiie ngokunciphisa ukugeleza kwegazi elivela kuwo eliya kumlizanyana.”
Futhi, umagazini wezokwelapha waseBrithani iThe Lancet muva nje ushicilele imiphumela yokuhlola ngomdlavuza wezingane. Ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi lapho umama phakathi nokukhulelwa ebhema osikilidi abaningi ngosuku kulapho ingozi yomdlavuza inkulu enzalweni yakhe. IThe Lancet yabika: “Lapho kwakucatshangelwa zonke izindawo ezinamaqhubu, ingozi ephelele yomdlavuza ezinganeni ezilapho kubhenywa khona osikilidi abayishumi noma ngaphezulu ngosuku phakathi nokukhulelwa yanda ngama-50%.”
Ngemva kokuba sezizelwe, izingane zababhemayo zibhekana nezingozi ezengeziwe zempilo. Kwenye indaba, iThe Lancet yaphawula: “Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kokubhema ungabhemi nesifo sesifuba somoya sezingane, nezifo zokungaphefumuli kahle eminyakeni yokuqala neyesibili yokuphila.”
■ Ukubhema Kuyabiza Emsebenzini
Ababhemayo babiza abaqashi babo imali eyengeziwe eyiziR5 300 umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka, kusho iNhlangano Yabacwaningi Bezempilo yaseNew South Wales eAustralia. Inhlangano isekela ukusho kwayo ebufakazini bokuthi ababhemayo ababibikho emsebenzini ngenxa yokugula izikhathi eziningi kunabangabhemi futhi nanezingozi eziningi cishe ngokuphindwe kabili. Inhlangano ithi izingozi zinokwenzeka kakhulu phakathi kwababhemayo, ngenxa yentuthu emehlweni ezisebenzi noma ngenxa yokuthi ababhemayo basebenzisa isandla esisodwa ekusebenzeni lapho esinye siphethe ugwayi.