Ugwayi Nempilo Yakho—Ingabe Ngempela Kukhona Ukuhlobana?
“Siyakubonga Ngokungabhemi”—Uphawu Osekunesikhathi ukhona.
“Siyakubonga Ngokubhema”—Amazwi aphikisa awokuqala akumagazini wenkampane kagwayi.
SEKUNQUNYELWANE ugwayi katiki, kusetshenziwa amapeni okubhala izinkulumo ezilimazayo namacomputer. Izinhlangano zokukhangisa zithumela izigijimi zazo eziphikisayo. Lempi ilwiwa enkundleni yezimakethe zomhlaba. Iyimpi kagwayi, futhi imiklomelo yophumelelayo mikhulu. Izinkulungwane zezigidi zamarandi ngonyaka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyabhema noma awubhemi, uyathinteka.
Yimpi elwiwa emikhakheni emibili emikhulu—ezomnotho nezempilo. Kulabo abamelene nokubhema, impilo iyinto eza kuqala ngqá. Ezikhulwini zikagwayi nakulabo abagxile embonini yawo, umnotho, inzuzo, nemisebenzi kuyindaba ebalulekile. Imizwelo nendlela abasabela ngayo kuvame ukuphakama. Esikhumulweni sezindiza umuntu obhemayo wacela umuntu owayezimele ukuba amokhelele ugwayi. Engahlose bubi ongabhemi waphendula, “Ngiyaxolisa angibhemi.” “Angikubuzanga ukuthi uyabhema yini!” obhemayo waphendula ngokuthukuthela.
Kodwa uyini umnyombo walempikiswano? Ingabe ukubhema ngempela akukulungele ngaleyondlela? Ingabe kumelwe ukuyeke?
Izixwayiso Zezempilo Zikahulumeni
Indaba kagwayi nomdlavuza iye yadingidwa amashumishumi eminyaka eUnited States. Imboni kagwayi yanikela ngezigidi zamarandi kwezokucwaninga emuva ngawo-1960 ukuze isize ekutholeni ukuhlobana okuphakathi komdlavuza nogwayi futhi ngaleyondlela kutholakale indlela ethile yokukhiqiza ugwayi ongenazo izici ezithile ezidala umdlavuza. Omunye umphumela wokuhlola ngokusobala uye waba ngaphezu kwalokho abakhiqizi bakagwayi ababekulindele.
Ngo-1964 udokotela omkhulu ohlinzayo waseU.S. wakhipha umbiko wakhe wokuqala exwayisa ngezingozi zokubhema. Kusukela ngo-1965, abakhiqizi bakagwayi baseU.S. baye baphoqwa umthetho ukuba babhale izixwayiso ngogwayi emaphaketheni kagwayi wabo. Ekuqaleni umbiko wawungacacile kahle: “Isixwayiso: Udokotela Omkhulu Usethole Ukuthi Ukubhema Ugwayi Kuyingozi Empilweni Yakho.” Khona-ke ngo-1985 izinkampane zikagwayi kwadingeka ukuba zijikelezise imibiko emine kwezokukhangisa zabo nasemikhiqizweni yabo. Ngamunye uqala ngamazwi athi: “ISIXWAYISO SIKADOKOTELA OMKHULU.” Khona-ke imibiko engefani ithi: “Ukubhema Kudala Umdlavuza Wamaphaphu, Isifo Senhliziyo, i, Futhi Kungase Kubange Izinkinga Ngesikhathi Sokukhulelwa.” (Bheka ibhokisi ekhasini 4.) “Ukubhema Kwabesifazane Abakhulelwe Kungaphumela Ekulimaleni Kombungu, Ukuzalwa Komntwana Ngaphambi Kwesikhathi, Nokuzalwa Kwabantwana Abazacile.” “Ukuyeka Ugwayi Manje Kuzinciphisa Kakhulu Izingozi Ezingathi Sína Empilweni Yakho.” “Intuthu Kagwayi Iqukethe ICarbon Monoxide.”a
Amanye amazwe, ngaphandle kweUnited States, nawo akhipha izixwayiso ngogwayi. Umagazini iIndia Today uphethe izenezelo ezihlanganisa lamazwi: “ISIXWAYISO ESIVELA KUHULUMENI: UKUBHEMA UGWAYI KUYINGOZI EMPILWENI.” ECanada babevame ukubhala ngamagama amancane: “Isixwayiso: Umnyango Wezempilo Nezenhlalakahle waseCanada uxwayisa ngokuthi ngenani likagwayi elibhenywayo izingozi zempilo ziyanda—gwema ukuhogela.” Kusukela ngoMay 31, 1988, ukukhangisa ngogwayi kuye kwavalwa eCanada. EBrithani izenezelo zikagwayi zihlanganisa amazwi athi: “ONETIYELA ELIPHAKATHI NENDAWO [noma ONETIYELA ELINCANE] Njengoba lichazwa yiH.M.Government INGOZI: ISIXWAYISO Sezempilo SikaHulumeni: UGWAYI UNGAYILIMAZA NGOKUNGATHI SINA IMPILO YAKHO.” Ukukhangisa ngogwayi kuye kwavalwa eItaly kusukela ngo-1962. (Noma kunjalo abantu baseItaly babhema ugwayi ngokuphindwe kabili eminyakeni engama-20 edlule!) Njengoba kunezixwayiso eziningi kangaka ezisekelwe ebufakazini obushaqisayo obungokwesayensi, ukuhlola okungaphezu kwezi-50 000, okwenziwe eminyakeni edlule, isiphetho asinakubalekelwa—ukubhema kuyingozi empilweni yakho!
Nakuba ukubhema kuyinto eyenziwa emhlabeni wonke, akuwona wonke amazwe afuna ukuba izixwayiso zibhalwe emaphaketheni alomkhiqizo. Futhi lapho izimakethe zawo zincipha kwenye indawo, izikhulu zikagwayi, nezokukhangisa zazo ezicindezelayo, zivula izimakethe kwezinye izindawo. Ingabe izwe ohlala kulo lithintekile ukukhangiswa kukagwayi okunamandla? Ingabe ogwayi abenziwa kwamanye amazwe benziwa ukuba babonakale bekhanga ngokwengeziwe? Iyini ngempela imfihlo engalé “kwalelibhizinisi elikhulu”?
[Umbhalo waphansi]
a Icarbon monoxide, isisi esingenaphunga, yenza iphesenti elilodwa kuya kwama-5 entuthu kagwayi futhi ihlobene kakhulu nemhemoglobin, imolecule enemoxygen esegazini. Inciphisa ioxygen edingeka kakhulu okumelwe ijikeleze egazini. Lokhu kungaba yingozi kakhulu kothile kakade osehlushwa yisifo senhliziyo.
[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 4, 5]
UKUBHEMA Nabesifazane Abakhulelwe
Umagazini waseSoviet iNauka I Zhizn (Isayensi Nokuphila) muva nje ukhiphe isihloko esibhalwe uDkt. Victor Kazmin lapho aningiliza khona izingozi eziba kumama nakumntwana uma umama ebhema ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Wathi: “Ukubhema kwenza ingozi enkulu embungwini wowesifazane, lowo ukwehluka kwawo okungokomzimba okuwenza usabele ngokushesha ebuthini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, intuthu kagwayi iqukethe izakhi eziyisongela ngokufa impilo.”
Uthi omama ababhemayo bangayidlisa ubuthi ngempela inzalo yabo. “Ukucwaninga kwasezindlini zokucwaninga zesayensi kuye kwabonisa ukuba khona kobuthi oketshezini okuhlala kulo umbungu lweziguli zabesifazane ezinjalo—inicotine, nomhlobo wayo icotinine. Kodwa okwesabeka ngisho nangaphezulu, njengoba kuye kwavezwa amamicroscope amaelectrons, ukuthi kwabesifazane ababhemayo phakathi nesikhathi sokukhulelwa ngisho nokuma komzanyana kuyashintsha; futhi umbungu uthola konke okudingayo ukuze uphile ngalomzanyana kuvela kumama. . . .
“Uma umama ebhema phakathi namasonto amabili noma amathathu okuqala ngemva kokubamba, okuthinteka kabi kakhulu isimiso esimaphakathi sezinzwa sombungu. . . . Phakathi nesonto lesine noma lesihlanu lokukhulelwa isimiso secardiovascular siyavela. Khona-ke siba nobuthi kuqala.”
Isiphi isiphetho esafinyelelwa uDkt. Kazmin? “Intuthu kagwayi iyingozi kakhulu embungwini kunakumama ngokwakhe.” Khona-ke ingabe kufanelekile ukubhema? Khumbula isixwayiso sikadokotela omkhulu wokuhlinza waseU.S.: “Ukubhema . . . Kungenza Ukukhulelwa Kube Nzima.” Futhi lokho kuwukukubeka kalula.
[Umthombo]
WHO/American Cancer Society
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 5]
UKUBHEMA Ne-emphysema
Iemphysema iyisifo esiholela ekuqineni okuqhubekayo kwamaphaphu, lokho ekugcineni okwenza kube nzima ukuwukhipha ngokwanele umoya ongcolile. IColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Complete Home Medical Guide iyachaza: “Abantu abaneemphysema [eUnited States] balandela uhlelo oluthile: Ngokuyinhloko bangamadoda, aphakathi kweminyaka engama-50 nama-70, lawo abengamaxhwele kagwayi iminyaka eminingi. Esikhathini esidlule, abesifazane babengabi nayo iemphysema ngokuvame njengamadoda, kodwa loluhlelo luyashintsha njengoba abesifazane beqhubeka beba ngamaxhwele.”
Lencwadi efanayo iyenezela: “Iemphysema ingase izishaye esinye nje isifo iminyaka eminingi. Umuntu oneemphysema ngokusobala uba nemikhuhlane emibi ubusika ngabunye iminyaka eminingana, ngamunye uhambisana nokukhwehlela okubi, futhi mhlawumbe nesifo somphimbo esibi. Ukukhwehlela ngokuvamile kuyaphikelela futhi kube kubi kakhulu.” Yiziphi ezinye izimpawu zeemphysema?
“Iemphysema iqala kancane kancane. Ubunzima bokuphefumula ekuseni nantambama bungase bulandelwe izikhathi ezithile kamuva ukuqala ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini. Ukuhamba ibangana kungase kube ngokwanele ukwenza onesifo angakwazi ukuphefumula; ukukhuphuka izitebhisi kuba nzima. Ekugcineni, njengoba amaphaphu eya ngokuya engakwazi ukuphefumula, nokukhipha umoya, nokushintsha amagesi, kungase kufike ephuzwini lapho konke ukuphefumula kudinga umzamo omkhulu futhi isiguli sesikhubazekile singasakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi evamile.”
Yona kanye lencwadi yezokwelapha inezela ngokuthi iemphysema ingaholela ezinkingeni ezingathi sína zecardiovascular. Khona-ke ingabe ukubhema kufanelekile? Kungani ulimaza isipho sakho esiyigugu kangaka sokuphila ngenjabulo yesikhashana nje yenicotine?