Ikusasa Lenkolo Uma Kubhekwa Isikhathi Sayo Esidlule
Ingxenye 19—ikhulu le-17 kuye ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka—ELobukholwa Lilwisana Noshintsho Lwezwe
“Ifilosofi nenkolo akuhlangani.”—UGeorg Herwegh, imbongi engumJalimane yekhulu le-19 leminyaka
“IFILOSOFI” okuyigama elisuselwa emisukeni yesiGreki elisho “uthando lokuhlakanipha,” kunzima ukuyichaza. Nakuba ingabaza ukuthi “incazelo yomhlaba wonke nehlanganisa konke” ingenziwa, iNew Encyclopædia Britannica ithi “umzamo wokuqala wokuchaza leligama kungase kube ukuchaza ifilosofi ‘njengokucabanga ngezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu’ noma ‘njengokucatshangelwa okunengqondo, okuhlelekile, nokulandelanayo kwalezozinto okuxoxwa ngazo ezikhathalelwa kakhulu abantu.’”
Lezincazelo zibonisa ngokucacile isizathu sokuba inkolo yeqiniso nefilosofi kungahlangani. Inkolo yeqiniso isekelwe esambulweni saphezulu, hhayi “kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu okuyizinhlobonhlobo.” Okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu, igxile ezithakazelweni zoMdali, hhayi “ezintweni okuxoxwa ngazo ezikhathalelwa kakhulu abantu.” Inkolo yamanga, ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengefilosofi, isekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu futhi ibeka izithakazelo zabantu kuqala. Leliqiniso laba sobala ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-17 leminyaka kuqhubeke njengoba eLobukholwa lalilwisana noshintsho lwezwe.
Usongo Oluphindwe Kathathu
Ngokushesha nje lapho isayensi yesimanje isungulwa ekhulwini le-17 leminyaka, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwayo nenkolo kwabonakala kungenakugwenywa. Ukuphumelela okumangalisayo kwezesayensi kwagubuzela isayensi esiyingini sokungenzi-phutha negunya, kukhiqiza ubusayensi, obuyinkolo ngokwakho, inkomo engcwele. Ngokubhekwa “kwamaqiniso” angokwesayensi, ukuzisholo okungokwenkolo ngokushesha kwabonakala kungenabufakazi ngokungabazisayo. Isayensi yayiyintsha futhi ithakazelisa; inkolo yabonakala iphelelwe isikhathi futhi iphuphile.
Lesisimo ngenkolo saqiniswa ukuKhanyiselwa, umzabalazo wezihlakaniphi owakhukhula iYurophu phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18 leminyaka. Kugcizelela ukuthuthuka ngokuhlakanipha nangokwezinto ezibonakalayo, kwenqaba igunya elingokombangazwe nelingokwenkolo nesiko esikhundleni sakho kufuna ukucabanga kokugxeka. Lokhu, kucatshangelwa ukuthi, kwakuwumthombo wolwazi nenjabulo. INew Encyclopædia Britannica ithi, “izimpande zakho zendabuko,” zatholakala “kuyifilosofi yamaGreki.”
UkuKhanyiselwa ngokuyinhloko kwakuyinto yaseFrance. Abaholi abavelele eFrance babehlanganisa uVoltaire, noDenis Diderot. EGreat Britain kwaba nabakhulumeli abangoJohn Locke noDavid Hume. Abameleli babetholakala naphakathi kwabasunguli beU.S. abahlanganisa oThomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, noThomas Jefferson. Eqinisweni, ukwehlukana kweSonto noHulumeni okwakufunwa uMthetho-sisekelo waseU.S., kuwukubonakaliswa kwemibono yokuKhanyiselwa. Amalungu avelele eJalimane ayengoChristian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, noMoses Mendelssohn, uyisemkhulu womqambi womculo uFelix Mendelssohn.
UKant, eyisola inkolo, kuthiwa wachaza “ukukhanyiselwa njengokukhululeka komuntu kumlayi owazibeka.” Ngalokhu, kuchaza uAllen W. Wood waseYunivesithi yaseCornell, uKant wayesho “inqubo abantu ngabanye abathola ngayo isibindi sokuzicabangela ngokuziphatha, inkolo, nezombangazwe, esikhundleni sokuba babe nemibono abayiphoqelelwe izikhulu zezombangazwe, zesonto, noma zezemibhalo.”
Phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-18 leminyaka, kwaqala iNguquko Yezezimboni, iqala eGreat Britain. Akubange kusagcizelelwa ezolimo kodwa kwagcizelelwa ukukhiqizwa nokwenziwa kwezimpahla ngosizo lwemishini nezinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwaphatha kabi umphakathi oncike kakhulu kwezolimo nohlala emaphandleni, kwathuthela izinkulungwane zabantu emadolobheni ziyofuna umsebenzi. Lokhu kwaphumela ekuntulekeni kwemisebenzi kwezinye izindawo, ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokuhlala, ubumpofu, nezinhlobonhlobo zezifo ezibangelwa umsebenzi.
Ingabe eLobukholwa laliyokwazi ukubhekana nalolusongo oluphindwe kathathu lwesayensi, ukuKhanyiselwa, nezimboni?
Ukudeda KuNkulunkulu Kancane Kancane
Abantu abanxenxwe ukucabanga kokuKhanyiselwa basola inkolo ngezinkinga eziningi zomphakathi. Umbono wokuthi “umphakathi kumelwe wakhiwe ngokohlelo olwahlelwa kusengaphambili lomthetho waphezulu nongokwemvelo,” kusho iEncyclopedia of Religion, “wathathelwa indawo inkolelo yokuthi umphakathi wakhiwa, noma wawungakhiwa ‘ngokumbuluza’ noma ‘ngokuhlela’ kwabantu. Ngaleyondlela kwaba nobumina bezwe, nobenhlalo lobo, nabo, obabuzokhiqiza iningi lezimfundiso zefilosofi nezezenhlalo zezwe lanamuhla.”
Lezimfundiso zahlanganisa “inkolo yomphakathi” eyayigqugquzelwa isazi sefilosofi yokuKhanyiselwa esingumFulentshi esinethonya uJean-Jacques Rousseau. Yayigxile emphakathini nasezindabeni zabantu kunakuMuntu waphezulu nasekukhulekelweni kwakhe. Umcosheli wezindaba zomphakathi ongumFulentshi uClaude-Henri de Rouvroy wagqugquzela “ubuKristu Obusha,” kuyilapho amqeqeshayo uAuguste Comte akhuluma “ngenkolo yabantu.”
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, umzabalazo waseMelika owaziwa njengevangeli lokuthuthukisa umphakathi waqala phakathi kwamaProthestani; wawuhlobene eduze nezimfundiso zaseYurophu. Lowombono osekelwe olwazini lwemfundiso yenkolo wagomela ngokuthi isibopho esiyinhloko somKristu siwukuhileleka emphakathini. Usasekelwa kakhulu amaProthestani kuze kube namuhla. Izinkulumo ezihlukahlukene ngalokho zamaKatolika ziyatholakala kubapristi abasebenzayo baseFrance nakubefundisi baseLatin America abafundisa imfundiso yenkululeko yenkolo.
Izithunywa zeLobukholwa nazo zibonisa lokhu kuthambekela, njengoba umbiko kamagazini iTime ka-1982 ubonisa: “Phakathi kwamaProthestani, bekulokhu kuguqukelwa ekuhilelekeni okukhulu ngokwengeziwe ezinkingeni eziyisisekelo zezomnotho nezokuhlalisana kwabantu . . . Emananini andayo ezithunywa zamaKatolika, ukwazi izimbangela zobumpofu kusho ukusekela izinguquko ezimisweni zezombangazwe nezomnotho—ngisho noma lezozinguquko zigqugquzelwa imizabalazo yenguquko yamaMarx. . . . Ngempela, kunezithunywa ezikholelwa ukuthi ukuguquka ngokuyisisekelo akuphathelene nomsebenzi wabo wangempela.” Izithunywa ezinjalo ngokusobala zivumelana nesazi sezenhlalo saseFrance uÉmile Durkheim, owake wathi: ‘Umgomo wangempela wokukhulekela okungokwenkolo umphakathi, hhayi uNkulunkulu.’
Ngokusobala, eLobukholwa lalimkhipha kancane kancane uNkulunkulu enkolweni. Ngaso lesosikhathi, amanye amandla ayesebenza.
Ukubeka Izinkolo-mbumbulu Endaweni KaNkulunkulu
Amasonto ayengenamakhambi ezinkinga ezabangelwa iNguquko Yezezimboni. Kodwa izinkolo-mbumbulu, umkhiqizo wamafilosofi abantu, zathi zazinawo, futhi ngokushesha zangena ukuze zivale isikhala.
Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abantu benza injongo yabo ekuphileni ibe ukuphishekela ingcebo nezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuthambekela kobugovu okwanakekelwa iNguquko Yezezimboni. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kwaba inkolo. UNkulunkulu uMninimandla onke wathathelwa indawo ‘iDollar Elinamandla onke.’ Emdlalweni owabhalwa uGeorge Bernard Shaw, lokhu kwabhekiselwa kukho owayedlala kuwo owathi: “NginguSozimali. Lokho kuyinkolo yami.”
Abanye abantu baphendukela emizabalazweni yezombangazwe. Isazi sefilosofi yezenhlalo uFriedrich Engels, esasisebenzelana noKarl Marx, sabikezela ukuthi isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ekugcineni sasiyothatha indawo yenkolo, sona sithathe indawo yezinto ezihambisana nayo. Ngaleyondlela, njengoba isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni sathola isisekelo ngaphesheya kweYurophu, uProfesa Robert Nisbet osathatha umhlala-phansi uthi, “isici esivelele kwakuwukuhlubuka kwabasekela isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni besuka ebuJudeni noma ebuKristwini nokuphendukela kwabo ekubeni abasekeli.”
Ukwehluleka kweLobukholwa ukubhekana noshintsho lwezwe kwabangela ukuba kwenzeke izinto iWorld Christian Encyclopedia ebhekisela kuzo “njengokuthanda izwe, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zesayensi, ubukhomanisi bokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, ukuthanda izwe, ubunazi, ubufasci, ubuMao, ukuthanda ukuba abantu abakhululekile neziningi izinkolo-mbumbulu ezenziwe noma eziqanjiwe.”
Ngenxa yezithelo lezinkolo-mbumbulu zefilosofi eziye zazikhiqiza, amazwi embongi yaseBrithani uJohn Milton aye abonakala efaneleke kakhulu: “Konke ukuhlakanipha nefilosofi engamanga kuyize.”
Ukufuna Ukuyekelela
Zibhajwe phakathi kwezimiso ezingasebenzi zesonto ngakolunye uhlangothi nezinkolombumbulu kolunye, izigidi zabantu zazifuna okuthile okungcono. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi base bekutholile ngeDeism, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi “inkolo engokwemvelo.” Buthola ukuvelela ikakhulukazi eNgilandi phakathi nekhulu le-17 leminyaka, ubuDeism buye bachazwa njengokuyekelela okwazithathela isayensi ngaphandle kokulahla uNkulunkulu. Ngaleyondlela abalandeli bobuDeism babengabantu abazicabangela ngokukhululekile ababengathathi-hlangothi.
Umlobi uWood uyachaza: “Ngokwalokho obukushoyo ngokuyinhloko, ubudeism busho ukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa nasemkhubeni wenkolo osekelwe ngokuphelele esizathwini esingokwemvelo kunasesambulweni esingokwaphezulu.” Kodwa ngokwenqaba “isambulo esingokwaphezulu,” abanye babalandeli bobuDeism baze bacishe ngisho balenqaba ngokuphelele iBhayibheli. Namuhla leligama alisavamile ukusetshenziswa, nakuba amaKristu okuzisholo enqaba igunya lesonto noma elingokomBhalo ekhetha ukwamukela umbono wawo siqu noma amafilosofi ashintshanayo okuphila empeleni anamathela ezimisweni zalo.
Izimfundiso Ezifanayo Zokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Ukujamelana okuvelele kakhulu phakathi kwenkolo nesayensi kwenzeka ngemva kokukhishwa kwencwadi kaDarwin iOrigin of Species ngo-1859, okwathi kuyo wakhuluma ngemfundiso yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abaholi benkolo, ikakhulukazi eNgilandi naseUnited States, ekuqaleni bayenqaba lemfundiso ngamagama anzima. Kodwa ngokushesha ukuyiphikisa kwanyamalala. Ngesikhathi sokufa kukaDarwin, iEncyclopedia of Religion ithi, “abefundisi abacabangayo nabayizikhulumi ezivelele base befinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuhambisana ngokuphelele nokuqonda okukhanyiselwe kwemibhalo.”
Lokho kungase kuchaze isizathu esabangela iVatican ukuba ingalokothi ifake izincwadi zikaDarwin kuyi-Index of Forbidden Books yayo. Kungase futhi kuchaze ukusabela kwezilaleli emhlanganweni wePhalamande loMhlaba Wonke LeziNkolo owasuseChicago ngo-1893. Njengoba amaBuddha namaHindu ayelalele, isikhulumi “esingumKristu” sathi: “Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ivala igebe ebelilokhu likhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkolo yethu, futhi uma isayensi yaneliseka ngendlela evamile ngemfundiso yayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengenqubo yendalo, ukuvuma kuyigama elifanelekile labo okungumsebenzi wabo ukwazi nokuthanda izindlela zikaNkulunkulu okumelwe bayemukele.” Kubikwa ukuthi lenkulumo yamukelwa ngehlombe elikhulu.
Lesimo asimangalisi uma kubhekwa indlela lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi inkolo eqhathanisayo okwathandwa ngayo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka. Lokhu kwakuwukuhlola okungokwesayensi kwezinkolo zezwe okwakuhlelelwe ukunquma indlela izinkolo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene ngayo nendlela ezaqala ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sendabuko yabantu esiyiNgisi uJohn Lubbock, safundisa imfundiso yokuthi abantu baqala bangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu base bephenduka ngokuqhubekayo bekholelwa enkolweni yobufetish, ekukhulekeleni imvelo, nasenkolweni yobushaman ngaphambi kokuba bakholelwe kuNkulunkulu oyedwa.
Nokho, njengoba iEncyclopedia of Religion ichaza: “Inkolo ngombono onjalo yayingelona iqiniso eliphelele elembulwe uNkulunkulu, kodwa umbiko ngokushintshashintsha kwemiqondo yabantu ngoNkulunkulu nangokuziphatha.” Ngakho labo abamukela lemfundiso abatholanga bunzima ekwamukeleni ubuDeism, “inkolo yezakhamuzi,” noma “inkolo yabantu” njengezitebhisi ezikhuphukela phezulu esikhwelweni sokuguquguquka kwenkolo.
Ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, umbono onjalo uholelaphi? Kakade ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka, isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi uHerbert Spencer sathi umphakathi wawugudlukela esimweni sokuthuthuka esingasahambelani nenkolo. Futhi mayelana nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, uProfesa Nisbet waphawula ukuthi izazi zezenhlalo cishe zonke zikholelwa ukuthi inkolo “yanelisa izidingo ezithile ezihlanganisa ezengqondo nezenhlalo kubantu, futhi kuze kube yilapho noma uma nje lezidingo ziba izixhwala zokuguquguquka okungokwezinto eziphilayo kubantu, inkolo ngandlela-thile iyolokhu iyinto yangempela ephikelelayo yempucuko yabantu.” (Omalukeke sizenzele). Ngokufanelekile, izazi zezenhlalo yabantu azikwenqabi ukuba nokwenzeka kokuthi “intuthuko yokuphenduphenduka” kungenzeka ngolunye usuku iholele ekungabini khona kwenkolo!
Ukufuna Ukukhulekela Kweqiniso Kwaya Kuqina
Phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, kwaba sobala ukuthi eminyakeni engama-200, eLobukholwa laliviva impi enqotshwayo ngokumelene noshintsho lwezwe. Inkolo yalo yayiwohlokile yaba ifilosofi yezwe. Izigidi zabantu abaqotho zazikhathazekile. Ukufuna ukukhulekela kweqiniso kwaya kuqina. Kwakungashiwo ngeqiniso ukuthi ukuguquka kweLobukholwa kwakungenakwenzeka. Okwakudingeka kwakuwukubuyiselwa kokukhulekela kweqiniso. Funda okwengeziwe esihlokweni sethu sikaNovember 8.
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Licindezelwe Ushintsho Lwezwe, ELobukholwa Liyahlehla
UKUVELA KWESAYENSI YANAMUHLA kwalulaza ukukholelwa kongabonwayo futhi kwadala ukungabaza ngezinto “ezingafakazelwa” isayensi. ELobukholwa lanikezela iqiniso leBhayibheli ngokuthatha izimfundiso zesayensi ezingenabufakazi, ezicatshangelwayo njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo nangokubona ikhambi lezinkinga zezwe olwazini lwesayensi, kunaseMbusweni kaNkulunkulu.
UKUVELA KWEMIBONO YEZOMBANGAZWE (isimiso sokuzisebenzela, isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, isimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ubuKhomanisi, njalonjalo) kwadala izingxabano zobuzwe nokuphambana kwemibono, ngaleyondlela kusitha iqiniso leBhayibheli lokuthi uNkulunkulu, hhayi umuntu, onguMbusi womhlaba onelungelo. ELobukholwa lahlehla ezimisweni zeBhayibheli ngokwephula ukungathathi-hlangothi kobuKristu nangokuhileleka ezimpini eziqhatha amalungu enkolo eyodwa. ELobukholwa ngokoqobo noma ngandlela-thile lasekela izinkolo-mbumbulu zezombangazwe.
INDINGANISO EPHAKEME YOKUPHILA eyabangelwa iziNguquko Zezimboni Nezesayensi yakhuthaza ukuzithanda kokuzigqaja futhi yaletha ukungalungi kwezenhlalo nokungalingani. ELobukholwa lanikezela ngokulahla izithakazelo zaphezulu ukuze lihileleke ezithakazelweni zabantu zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, zendawo, nezombangazwe.
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Ingabe Inkolo Yaphumelela Noma Yehluleka?
IBhayibheli lithi: Abantu badalwa bephelele futhi bafundiswa indlela yokukhulekela uMdali wabo ngokwamukelekayo; kodwa bahlubuka kuNkulunkulu, futhi eminyakeni eyizi-6 000, bebewohloka kokubili ngokomzimba nangokokuziphatha, behlehlela kude nenkolo yeqiniso ababeyiqhuba ekuqaleni.
Ukuziphendukela okungokwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nokungokwenkolo kuthi: Abantu bavela ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo besuka esiqalweni esiphansi futhi babengakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu bengenankolo; eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingaziwa, baye bathuthuka kokubili ngokomzimba nangokokuziphatha, beya besondela esimweni sokuthuthuka Okucatshangelwayo okungokwenkolo, ezenhlalo, nokokuziphatha.
Ngokusekelwe olwazini lwakho lwendlela yokwenza kwabantu, isimo samanje sesintu, nesikhundla senkolo ezweni lanamuhla, imuphi umbono obonakala uhambelana ngokwengeziwe namaqiniso?
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Ukucabangela okungenabufakazi kukaDarwin kuyiOrigin of Species kwaba isaba sabaningi sokuba bashiye ukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu wesambulo
[Umthombo]
Harper’s