Ukuthengisa Igazi Kuyibhizinisi Elikhulu

IGOLIDE ELIBOMVU! Njengoba lesifekethiso sibonisa, lena yinto eyaziswa kakhulu. Iwuketshezi oluyigugu, umcebo wemvelo obalulekile ongaqhathaniswa negolide nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nowoyela namalahle. Nokho, igolide elibomvu alimbiwa emifantwini esemadwaleni ngemigxala nangodalimede. Limbiwa emithanjeni yabantu ngezindlela ezinobuqili kakhulu.

“Sizani, intombazanyana yami idinga igazi,” kunxusa ibhodi lokukhangisa elibonakala emgwaqeni omatasa eDolobheni laseNew York. Okunye ukukhangisa kuyanxusa: “Uma ungonikela ngegazi, uwuhlobo lomuntu lelizwe elingenakuphila ngaphandle kwalo.” “Igazi lakho libalulekile. Sinikeze usizo.”

Ngokusobala abantu abafuna ukusiza abanye bayawuthola lombiko. Bama bashaye uklele ngobuningi, emhlabeni wonke. Akungabazeki ukuthi iningi labo, kanye nabantu abaqoqa igazi nabantu abampompela igazi ngobuqotho bafuna ukusiza abasezinhlungwini futhi bakholelwa ukuthi benza kanjalo.

Kodwa ngemva kokuba sekunikelwe ngegazi nangaphambi kokuba limpontshelwe, lidlula ezandleni eziningi futhi lenziwa izinqubo eziningi kunokuba abaningi bethu becabanga. Njengegolide, igazi livusa ukuhaha. Lingathengwa ngenzuzo bese lithengiswa futhi ngenzuzo enkulu. Abanye abantu balwela amalungelo okuqoqa igazi, balithengisa ngamanani amba eqolo, benza ingcebo ngalo, futhi balishushumbisela emazweni ngamazwe. Emhlabeni jikelele, ukuthengisa ngegazi kuyibhizinisi elikhulu.

EUnited States, abanikela ngegazi bake bakhokhelwa ngokungananazi ngegazi labo. Kodwa ngo-1971 umlobi waseBrithani uRichard Titmuss wasola ngokuthi ngokuyenga ngaleyondlela abampofu nabagulayo ukuba banikele ngegazi ngenxa yamarandi ambalwa, isimiso saseMelika sasingalondekile. Futhi waphikisa ngokuthi kwakuwukonakala ngabantu ukuzuza ngokunikela ngegazi labo ukuze basize abanye. Ukuhlasela kwakhe kwabangela ukuba kuqedwe ukukhokhelwa kwabantu abanikela ngegazi elinezakhi eziphelele eUnited States (nakuba lesimiso sisachuma kwamanye amazwe). Nokho, lokho akuzange kwenze ukuba imakethe yegazi ilahlekelwe inzuzo. Ngani?

Indlela Igazi Elahlala Liyinzuzo Ngayo

Ngawo-1940, izazi zesayensi zaqala ukuhlukanisa igazi ngezakhi zalo. Lenqubo, manje ebizwa ngokuthi ifractionation (ukuhlukaniswa kwegazi ngezingxenye), yenza igazi laba ibhizinisi elinenzuzo ngisho nangaphezulu. Kanjani? Nokho, cabanga: Lapho ihlakazwa futhi izingxenye zayo zidayiswa, imoto yohlobo lwamuva ingabiza izikhathi eziphindwe kahlanu kunentengo yayo lapho ingakahlakazwa. Ngokufanayo, igazi libiza kakhulu ngokwengeziwe lapho lihlukanisiwe futhi izakhi zalo zithengiswa ngokwehlukile.

Iplasma, eyakha cishe ingxenye yengqikithi yalo lonke igazi, iyisakhi segazi esiyigugu ngokukhethekile. Njengoba iplasma ingenazo izingxenye zegazi ezingamangqamzana—amangqamuzana abomvu, amangqamuzana amhlophe, namaplatelet—ingonyiswa futhi igcinwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, onikela ngegazi uvunyelwe ukunikela ngegazi elinazo zonke izakhi kahlanu kuphela ngonyaka, kodwa anganikela ngeplasma kuze kube kabili ngesonto ngokwenziwa iplasmapheresis. Kulenqubo, lonke igazi liyakhishwa, iplasma yehlukaniswe, bese izakhi ezingamangqamuzana zimpontshelwe futhi kumuntu onikelayo.

IUnited States isakuvumela ukuba abantu abanikelayo bakhokhelwe ngeplasma yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lelozwe livumela abanikelayo ukuba banikele ngeplasma cishe ephindwe kane minyaka yonke kunokuba kutusa iNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo! Khona-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi iUnited States iqoqa amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-60 omkhiqizo weplasma womhlaba. Yonke leyoplasma ingenziwanga lutho ibiza cishe amarandi ayizigidi ezingu-1 170, kodwa izuzisa kakhulu emakethe ngoba iplasma nayo ingahlukaniswa ithakwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene. Emhlabeni wonke, iplasma iyisisekelo semboni ethola amarandi angu-5 200 000 000 ngonyaka!

Ngokwephephendaba iMainichi Shimbun, iJapane isebenzisa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeplasma yomhlaba. Ithenga kwamanye amazwe amaphesenti angu-96 alesakhi segazi, iningi lawo eUnited States. Abagxeki ngaphakathi eJapane baye babiza lelozwe ngokuthi “isipoki sezwe esimunca igazi labantu,” futhi iNkonzo Yezempilo Nenhlala-kahle eJapane iye yazama ukubeka imithetho eqinile kulokhu kuhweba, isho ukuthi akunangqondo ukwenza inzuzo ngegazi. Eqinisweni, leNkonzo isola ngokuthi izinhlangano zezokwelapha eJapane zenza izinzuzo ezilinganiselwa emarandini angu-520 000 000 unyaka ngamunye ngesakhi seplasma esisodwa kuphela, ialbumin.

IFederal Republic yaseJalimane isebenzisa imikhiqizo yegazi eminingi kunayo yonke iYurophu ihlangene, eminingi umuntu ngamunye kunanoma iliphi izwe emhlabeni. Incwadi iZum Beispiel Blut (Ngokwesibonelo, Igazi) ithi ngemikhiqizo yegazi: “Engaphezu kwengxenye ithengwa kwamanye amazwe, ngokuyinhloko eU.S.A., kodwa futhi nasemaZweni Asathuthuka. Ngokuqinisekile ithengwa kubantu abampofu, abafuna ukuthuthukisa umholo wabo ngokunikela ngeplasma.” Abanye balabantu abampofu bathengisa igazi labo eliningi kangangoba bayafa ngenxa yokuswela igazi.

Izikhungo eziningi ezihweba ngeplasma ngobuqili zakhiwe ezindaweni zabantu abahola imali ephansi noma ngasemingceleni yamazwe ampofu kakhudlwana. Badonsa abantu abampofu nabaswele, bonke abazimisele kakhulu ukudayisa iplasma ukuze bathole imali futhi abanezizathu eziningi zokunikela ngaphezu kwalokho okumelwe banikele ngakho noma bafihle noma ikuphi ukugula okungenzeka banakho. Ukuhweba ngeplasma okunjalo kuye kwavela emazweni angu-25 emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokushesha nje lapho kuqedwa kwelinye izwe, kuyaqhamuka kwelinye. Ukushushumbisa kanye nokufunjathiswa kwezikhulu akukhona okungavamile.

Inzuzo Endaweni Engatholi Nzuzo

Kodwa izindawo zokugcina igazi ezingatholi nzuzo nazo ziye zathola ukugxekwa okunzima muva nje. Ngo-1986 intatheli uAndrea Rock kumagazini iMoney wasola ngokuthi isilinganiso segazi sibiza izindawo zokugcina igazi amarandi angu-149,50 ukuliqoqa kubantu abanikela ngegazi, ukuthi kubiza izibhedlela amarandi angu-228,80 ukulithenga ezindaweni zokugcina igazi, nokuthi kubiza iziguli amarandi angu-975 kuya kwangu-1 560 ukulamukela ekumpontshelweni.

Ingabe isimo siye sashintsha kusukela ngalesosikhathi? NgoSeptember 1989 intatheli uGilbert M. Gaul wePhiladelphia Inquirer wabhala uchungechunge lwezihloko zephephandaba ngesimiso saseU.S. sokugcina igazi.a Ngemva kokuhlola okwathatha unyaka, wabika ukuthi ezinye izindawo zokugcina igazi zincenga abantu ukuba banikele ngegazi bese zibafulathela zithengise ngaphezu kwengxenye yalelogazi kwezinye izikhungo zegazi, ngenzuzo enkulu. UGaul walinganisela ukuthi minyaka yonke izindawo zokugcina igazi zihweba ngamalitha egazi alinganiselwa engxenyeni yesigidi ngalendlela, ebhizinisini emakethe ecashile engenisa amarandi angu-130-000 000 ngonyaka esebenza cishe njengebhizinisi lokuthengiselana.

Nokho, umehluko oyisihluthulelo uwukuthi: Lokhu kuthengiselana ngegazi akuqondiswa uhulumeni. Akekho ongalibala isilinganiso sakho esiqondile, kungasaphathwa ukuqondisa amanani alo. Futhi abantu abaningi abanikela ngegazi abazi lutho ngakho. Esinye isisebenzi esesathatha umhlalaphansi sasendaweni yokugcina igazi satshela iPhiladelphia Inquirer ukuthi: “Kudlalwa ngabantu. Akekho obatshela ukuthi igazi labo liza kithi. Bebeyothukuthela bagane unwabu ukuba babekwazi lokho.” Isikhulu sesiPhambano Esibomvu sakubeka ngembaba: “Sekuyiminyaka eminingi abagcini begazi bedlala ngomphakathi waseMelika.”

EUnited States iyodwa, izindawo zokugcina igazi ziqoqa amalitha egazi alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-6,5 minyaka yonke, futhi zithengisa izilinganiso zemikhiqizo yegazi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 ngamarandi alinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,6. Lena imali eningi. Izindawo zokugcina igazi azilisebenzisi igama elithi “inzuzo.” Zikhetha ukusebenzisa amazwi athi “imali esale ekuhlangabezaneni nezindleko.” Ngokwesibonelo, isiPhambano Esibomvu senza amarandi ayizigidi ezingu-780 “zemali esale ekuhlangabezaneni nezindleko” kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1987.

Izindawo zokugcina igazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ziyizinhlangano ezingafuni nzuzo. Zithi, ngokungafani nezinhlangano ezinkulu eziseWall Street, imali yazo ayiyi ezinkampanini ezibolekisa ngemali. Kodwa ukuba isiPhambano Esibomvu besinabo ababambe iqhaza kuso, besiyobalwa phakathi kwezinhlangano ezizuzisa kakhulu eUnited States, njengemboni iGeneral Motors. Futhi izikhulu zezindawo zokugcina igazi zithola amaholo amahle kakhulu. Ezikhulwini zezindawo zokugcina igazi ezingu-62 ezahlolwa iPhiladelphia Inquirer, ezingamaphesenti angu-25 zazenza amarandi angu-260 000 ngonyaka. Ezinye zazenza eningi ngokuphindwe kabili kunaleyo.

Abagcina igazi bathi futhi “abalithengisi” igazi abaliqoqayo—bakhokhisa kuphela izimali zezinqubo elidlula kuzo. Omunye umgcini wegazi waphendula lokho kuzisholo ngokuthi: “Kuyangihlanyisa lapho isiPhambano Esibomvu sithi asilithengisi igazi. Lokho kufana nesitolo esikhulu esithi sikukhokhisela ikhathoni kuphela hhayi ubisi.”

Imakethe Yembulunga Yonke

Njengokuhweba ngeplasma, ukuhweba ngegazi eliphelele kuxhakathisa imbulunga yonke. Kungokufanayo futhi nangokugxekwa kwakho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-October 1989 isiPhambano Esibomvu saseJapane savusa intukuthelo enkulu lapho sizama ukungena emakethe yaseJapane ngokunikeza izephulelo ezinkulu emikhiqizweni eyenziwe ngegazi elinikelwe. Izibhedlela zazithola izinzuzo ezinkulu ngokuthi emafomini azo omshuwalense zazithenge igazi ngemali engenasephulelo.

Ngokwephephendaba laseThailand iNation, amanye amazwe aseAsia kuye kwadingeka ukuba abeke imithetho enzima evimbela ukuhweba ngegolide elibomvu ngokuqeda ukunikela ngegazi okukhokhelwayo. ENdiya abantu abafinyelela ku-500 000 bathengisa igazi labo siqu ukuze baziphilise. Abanye abangenampilo enhle nabampofu bayazifihla ukuze banikele ngaphezu kwalokho okuvunyelwe. Abanye bakhishwa igazi eliningi ngamabomu izindawo zokugcina igazi.

Encwadini yakhe ethi Blood: Gift or Merchandise, uPiet J. Hagen uthi izenzo eziyihlazo zezindawo zokugcina igazi ziseqophelweni lazo elibi ngokwedlulele eBrazil. Amakhulu ezindawo zebhizinisi lokugcina igazi eBrazil enza imakethe engenisa amarandi ayizigidi ezingu-182 edonsa abantu abangenazimiso. Ngokwencwadi ethi Bluternte (Isivuno Segazi), abampofu nabaswele umsebenzi batheleka ezindaweni zokugcina igazi eziningi kakhulu eBogotá, eColombia. Bathengisa ingxenye yelitha yegazi labo ngemadlana engamapesos angu-350 kuya ku-500. Iziguli zingase zikhokhe kusukela kumapesos angu-4 000 ukuya kwangu-6 000 ngengxenye yelitha legazi efanayo!

Ngokusobala, okungenani iqiniso elilodwa elingokwembulunga yonke liyavela kulokhu okungenhla: Ukuthengisa igazi kuyibhizinisi elikhulu. ‘Pho-ke kunani?’ Kungani igazi kungamelwe libe ibhizinisi elikhulu?’ abanye bangase babuze.

Nokho, yini eyenza abantu abaningi bangakhululeki ngebhizinisi nje elikhulu? Ukuhaha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhaha kuyabonakala, lapho ibhizinisi elikhulu livumisa abantu ukuba bathenge izinto abangazidingi ngempela; noma okubi nangaphezulu, lapho liqhubeka nokuphoqelela imikhiqizo okwaziwayo ukuthi iyingozi emphakathini, noma lapho lenqaba ukusebenzisa imali ukuze lenze imikhiqizo yalo ibe elondeke ngokwengeziwe.

Uma ibhizinisi legazi lingcoliswe yilolohlobo lokuhaha, ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke kusengozini enkulu. Ingabe ukuhaha kuye kwalonakalisa ibhizinisi legazi?

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 6]

Ukuthengisa IPlacenta

Ngokunokwenzeka bambalwa kakhulu abesifazane abasanda kubeletha abazibuza ukuthi kwenzekani kuyiplacenta, isicubu esikhulu esinakekela umntwana lapho esesesibelethweni. NgokwePhiladelphia Inquirer, izibhedlela eziningi ziyayigcina, ziyiqandise, futhi ziyidayise. Ngo-1987 kuphela, iUnited States yathumela amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-0,8 zamaplacenta emazweni aphesheya. Imboni eseduze kweParis, eFrance, ithenga amathani angu-15 amaplacenta nsuku zonke! Amaplacenta awumthombo osulungele weplasma yegazi lokuzala, lowo inkampani ewenza imithi eyahlukahlukene futhi iyidayise emazweni ayikhulu.

[Igrafu/Isithombe ekhasini 4]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Izakhi Eziyinhloko Zegazi

Iplasma: amaphesenti acishe abe ngu-55 egazi. Amaphesenti angu-92 ayo angamanzi; okunye kwakhiwa amaprotheni ayinkimbinkimbi, njengamaglobulin, amafibrinogen, nealbumin

AmaPlatelet: iphesenti elingu-0,17 legazi

Amangqamuzana Amhlophe: iphesenti elingu-0,1

Amangqamuzana Abomvu: amaphesenti angu-45