Ubani Onephutha?
“UKUDAKWA kuyamukeleka” kubantu abaningi emphakathini, kusho uJim Vanderwood woMkhandlu Wezobudakwa eMohawk Valley eMbusweni waseNew York. Ngeshwa, bambalwa kakhulu abangakuphika ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi ukuphuza, ngisho kuze kweqe, kuyingxenye yokwakheka komphakathi wabo.
Eminyakeni eminingi imiphakathi eminingi yayilokhu ikuthethelela ukuphuza njalo, ngisho nokuphuza kakhulu. Lokhu kuye kwakhuthaza nabanye ukuba balingise lesosimo sengqondo sokuyekelela. Njengoba uVanderwood ephawula: “Bheka amabhayisikobho. Ngaso sonke isikhathi siye sahalalisela abantu abaphuza baze babhuquze futhi badlule bakwazi ukuphuma bayokuba amashinga amakhulu anesibindi. Kubhekwa njengohlobo oluthile lwesakhi sokuzethemba kobuntu. Ulwa kanjani nalokho?”
Ngaleyondlela, nakuba icala elikhulu liphezu kwalabo abadala umonakalo ngokuphuza bese beshayela, imiphakathi eyekelelayo, engenandaba nesimo sayo sengqondo esingalinganiselwe ngasophuzweni nayo ithwala isilinganiso esithile secala.
“Ukuphuza akwamukeleki nje kuphela kodwa kugqugquzelwa ngamandla,” kuphawula isikhulu sezokuvikelwa kobugebengu uJim Thompson. Watshela iPhaphama!: “Imibuthano eminingi yezemidlalo isekelwe ezimbonini zealkhoholi, njengemboni yotshwala.” Waphawula ukuthi phakathi nemibuthano eminingi yezemidlalo, “izimakethe ezingcono kakhulu kuTV izimakethe zotshwala, nazo zonke izihlabani eziphambili zomphakathi zisekela utshwala bazo obuyintandokazi.”
Isikhungo sokucebisana ngamasu sezinhlangano eziningi esingaphansi kokuqondisa kowayengudokotela omkhulu waseU.S. uC. Everett Koop sadutshwa iNhlangano Yesizwe Yabasakazi neNhlangano Yabakhangisi Besizwe. Kungani? Ngoba sakhuluma ngalendaba yokushayela ngaphansi kwethonya lealkhoholi nangendaba yokuba sesimweni sokubekwa icala. UDkt. Patricia Waller, owayengusihlalo weSigungu Sezemfundo saso lesikhungo, waphawula: “Iphuzu liwukuthi thina [mphakathi] siye sayidala lenkinga, futhi abantu bayiziphukuphuku ngokwanele ukuba behlulwe yikho konke ukucindezela ebesilokhu sibethwesa kona kusukela ngenkathi sebebadala ngokwanele ukuba baphawule noma yini ekuthelevishini. ‘Kodwa,’ [kusho umphakathi] ‘akulona icala lethu. Akuyona inkinga yethu.’”
Isaphula-mthetho Esisesincane Sanamuhla—Ophuzayo Owuhlupho Wakusasa
Ngezindlela eziningi, njengethelevishini, amabhayisikobho, nezokukhangisa, ukuphuza kwenziwa kukhange. Lokhu kufinyelela ingqondo esencane, esathambile nalombiko, ‘Ungaphuza futhi uphile ngenjabulo kusukela lapho.’
“Ingane evamile iyobona uphuzo oludakayo luphuzwa izikhathi ezingu-75 000 kuTV ngaphambi kokuba ifike ebudaleni bokuphuza obusemthethweni,” kuphawula uDkt. T. Radecki weNhlangano Yesizwe Ngobudlova Bethelevishini eUnited States. Umcwaningi oyiNgisi uAnders Hansen wahlola izikhathi lapho iTV ibukwa khona kakhulu eUnited Kingdom futhi wathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-71 azo zonke izinhlelo zemidlalo engekhona okungokoqobo ihlanganisa ukuphuza. Ngokwesilinganiso, kwakunezigcawu ezingu-3,4 zokuphuza ihora ngalinye “nokuvezwa okumbalwa kakhulu kokuphuzwa kophuzo oludakayo okunemiphumela eqondile,” njengezingozi zezimoto nokubulalana, kukhonona uHansen.
Ebhalela iWashington Post, umlobeli wamaphephandaba uColman McCarthy wakubeka ngalendlela: “Ngalé kobumnandi nemidlalo . . . kwalabo ababengabagijimi benjengabathengisi basendlini yokuphuzela kunemikhankaso yokukhangisa nokuthuthukisa eklanyelwe ukuthumba izingane futhi igcizelele kubafundi basemakholishi umqondo wokuthi ukuphuza uphuzo oludakayo, futhi oluningi kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuze ube nesithunzi ngokwezenhlalo. Yizwa ngezinsizwa ezithi ‘bunambitheka kahle kakhulu, kodwa abanelisi,’ uma ungaphakamisi ingilazi, awukabi-nto yalutho.”
ESoviet Union, ukuphuza bese ushayela kuyinkinga eyinhloko yesizwe. Izikhulu ezithile lapho ziyakungabaza ukuthi imikhuba yokuphuza ingashintshwa. “Kusezimpandeni zethu zaseRashiya,” kusho esinye. Nakuba lokhu kungase kube njalo, abaningi bakubheka njengohlobo lokuzijabulisa. Ngakho abasha futhi abathonyeka kalula bakhulela endaweni ezungezwe ukuphuza.
UJ. Vanderwood uyachaza ukuthi iUnited States “inempucuko yokuphuza kwabasebasha. Ialkhoholi ilingana nesoftball, ibowling, isuperbowl, amahora okuzijabulisa. Uma kuyisikhathi sokuzijabulisa, ialkhoholi. Uma kuyi-alkhoholi, isikhathi sokuzijabulisa.” Uyaphawula: “Ungase ukhule udlule kulelozinga uma ungazange uqalise ukulutheka kwakho ngokwengqondo, ngokwezenhlalo, noma ngokomzimba.” Kodwa ube esexwayisa: “Enye into esiyaziyo ngokucwaninga, futhi iyaqinisekiswa, ukuthi lapho uqala ukuphuza kakhulu lapho uneminyaka engu-14, 15, noma engu-16 ungaba umlutha phakathi nonyaka owodwa. Uma uneminyaka esanda kweva emashumini amabili, phakathi neminyaka embalwa.”
Ingabe kuyamangalisa ukuthi imbangela ehamba phambili yokufa phakathi kwabaneminyaka engu-16 kuya kwengu-24 ubudala eUnited States izingozi zomgwaqo ezihlobene nealkhoholi? Akungabazeki futhi ukuthi kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa kwamanye amazwe amaningi. Ngaleyondlela, uDkt. Waller uphetha ngokuthi abazali abaqotho abazama ukukhulisa abantwana babo esimweni sasekhaya esibheke emkhondweni wokuhluzeka kwengqondo baphikiswa umphakathi oyekelelayo “obheke komunye” umkhondo.
Ngakho ophuzayo osemncane wanamuhla angaba ophuzayo owuhlupho kakhulu wakusasa. Futhi ngokuvamile uyakwenqaba ukwelashelwa ubudakwa, okubeka usongo olukhulu kakhulu ekuphepheni komphakathi emigwaqweni. Esinye isaphula-mthetho esiphindaphindayo esineminyaka engu-34, ngemva kokudlula ohlelweni olugqugquzelwe nguhulumeni lwealkhoholi, saphuza ngokweqile futhi sashayela iloli laso lokuthwala impahla ohlangothini olungafanele lomgwaqo omkhulu waseKentucky. Sashayisana nebhasi elaligcwele intsha futhi sabangela ukufa kwabantu abangu-27—intsha engu-24 nabantu abadala abathathu—abasha bangqongqa. Ngempela, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ingxenye engaphezu kweyodwa kwezine zalabo ababoshwa bengabashayeli abadakiwe bayizaphula-mthetho zangaphambili.
Ialkhoholi—Isidakamizwa Esivumelekile
Iziphathimandla eziningi ziletha ekunakekeleni komphakathi ukuthi ialkhoholi iyisidakamizwa esivumelekile (esisemthethweni). I-alkhoholi ziyilinganisa nezinye izidakamizwa eziluthayo.
Emhlanganweni omfushane okhethekile owawuseWhite House, umongameli Bush waseU.S. wamemezela ukuthi ukushayela udakiwe “kukhubaza njengecrack. Kusakazeke njengobudlova bamaqembu. Futhi kubulala izingane eziningi ukwedlula kokubili kubhangqiwe.” Wabuye wagcizelela ukuthi “kumelwe sifundise abantwana bethu ukuthi ialkhoholi iyisidakamizwa.”
Uma ubungakayibheki ialkhoholi njengesidakamizwa ngaphambili, awuwedwa. “Abantu abaningi abayihlanganisi” kusho uC. Graziano, umqondisi wezokuphepha emgwaqweni, enezela: “Abameli, odokotela, amajaji. Ialkhoholi ingathinta noma ubani . . . Ifinyeleleka kalula. Kulula kakhulu ukuyithola!” Ngenxa yokuthi isemthethweni emazweni amaningi, ingathengwa ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zezitolo. Ngokuvamile kunokulawula okumbalwa.
Ngokomthetho, ialkhoholi iwukudla ngenxa yamacalorie ewaqukethe. Kodwa kumelwe futhi ifakwe ohlwini lwezidakamizwa ngenxa yokuthi icindezela isimiso semizwa somzimba esiyinhloko. Ngezilinganiso ezinkulu inomphumela ocobayo emzimbeni njengesiqeda-zinhlungu. Ngenxa “yesimo sayo sokuguqula isimo sengqondo, inciphisa ukucindezeleka,” kusho uJ. Vanderwood. “Ixegisa ukuzibamba kwakho, iguqule indlela yakho yokucabanga. Uba nomuzwa wokuthi ungenza okuthile kuyilapho empeleni ungeke.” Kulapho lapho kukhona khona inkinga yokuphuza bese ushayela. Njengoba ephetha: “Unomuntu ophazamisekile owenza ukwahlulela okuphazamisekile ngesenzo esiphazamisekile.”
Abathile abahileleke ezimweni ezinzima—idivosi, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, izinkinga zomkhaya—ngokuvamile baphendukela ekuphuzeni kakhulu emzamweni wokubhekana nokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka. Kulesimo baziphatha “ngezindlela zokungacabangi, nangokunganaki, kuhlanganise neDWI,” kusho iJournal of Studies on Alcohol.
Nokho, ngealkhoholi umuntu akudingekile ukuthi aze adakwe ukuze kuthinteke indlela enza ngayo izinto. Ingilazi eyodwa noma ezimbili nje zingaphazamisa ukwahlulela komshayeli futhi zimenze abe usongo kuye ngokwakhe nakwabanye.
Loluhlupho luyesabeka ngempela emphakathini, oye wazifaka ubuthi ngenhlanganisela ebulalayo yokuhaha kwezentengiselwano nesimo sengqondo sokuyekelela ngento evumelekile kodwa engaba yinto eyingozi kakhulu. Khona-ke, iyiphi induduzo ekhona ngalabo ababubulayo ngalenhlekelele? Iliphi ithemba elingokoqobo elingaba khona lokuthola ikhambi?
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 10]
Abeve eshumini elinambili abaphuza kakhulu bangaba imilutha phakathi nonyaka owodwa
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 10]
Akudingekile ukuthi umuntu aze adakwe ukuze kuthinteke indlela yakhe yokushayela
[Isithombe ekhasini 9]
Ngezindlela eziningi, njengethelevishini, ukuphuza kwenziwa kukhange