Ukubuka Okwezwe

Okuncane Kakhulu, Sekwephuze Kakhulu

IAfrika ibhekene nendlala futhi​—⁠mhlawumbe indlala enkulu kunazo zonke eyake yaba nazo, ngokusho kwephephandaba laseParis iFigaro. Abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-29 basongelwa indlala. Umqondisi weUnited Nations Children’s Fund uthi kudingeka izigidi zamarandi angu-285 ukuze kubhekwane nesidingo sokudla. Nokho, ukunxusela usizo kuye kwaba negalelo elingatheni ngenxa yokuthi kwenziwa ngesikhathi ukunakekela okukhulu komhlaba kwakugxiliswe ekungezwanini kwangemva kwempi yasePersian Gulf. Ngenxa yalokho, usizo oluncane kakhulu lufika sekwephuze kakhulu. Umagazini waseFrance iNouvel Observateur ubika ukuthi umphakathi uwonke usujwayele ukubona imifanekiso yabantu abalambayo kangangokuthi usizi lwendlala lubonakala luyinto ejwayelekile.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kuyamangalelwa

UPhillip Johnson, uprofesa womthetho wobugebengu eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley eUnited States, sekuyisikhathi eside ethakazeliswa indlela izazi zezinto eziphilayo eziyivikela ngayo imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Zibonakala ziyivikela futhi ziqiniseka ngalendaba kangangokuthi uJohnson waphuma inqina yokuthola “ukuthi ayeyini amaphuzu abuthakathaka ababezama ukuwavikela.” Umphumela wokucwaninga kwakhe uyincwadi, ethi Darwin on Trial, leyo iSacramento Bee eyichaza ngokuthi “ukucwaninga kommeli, kancane kancane, ukuba nengqondo nobufakazi bemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.” Leliphephandaba lifingqa kanje: “UDarwin uyahlulwa.” UJohnson uthi wathola izazi eziningi, kuhlanganise nezazi zezinto eziphilayo, ezesabayo ukukhuluma obala ngokumelene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. “Enye yezinto engizifundile kulokhu,” watshela iSan Francisco Chronicle, “iwukuthi ukuze uveze imfundiso ewukuhlakanipha futhi uyigcine ingenakugxekwa, awudingi amakamu okuhlupha noma amaphoyisa angasese. Okuwukuphela kwento okumelwe uyenze ukuba uthi abantu bazokuhleka futhi uzolahlekelwa udumo lwakho. Lokhu kunethonya elikhulu emkhakheni wezemfundo.”

INkinga Yophuzo YaseFinland

IFinland inesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni sotshwala obuphuzwa umuntu ngamunye. Ngokwephephandaba iEuropean, eFinland “izingozi zomgwaqo ezihlobene notshwala ziyanda futhi izibalo zamaphoyisa zibonisa ukuthi ukudakwa kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokuziphatha kobudlova okusukela ekushayeni abafazi kuya ekulweni emgwaqeni.” Njengoba inenani labantu abayizigidi ezinhlanu, iFinland yaphuza amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-250 otshwala phakathi no-1990. Lokhu akuhlanganisi amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-50 zotshwala obungakhokhelwa intela obathengwa noma baphuzwa ezikebheni nasemikhunjini emincane entanta olwandle iBaltic. IEuropean yathi “abantu abaningi baseFinland babheka ukuphuza kakhulu njengendlela yokusinda ezweni elibandayo nelimnyama cishe ingxenye yonyaka.”

Inkokhelo Yobumpohlo Obungokwenkolo

Ukuphoqelela abapristi ukuba bahlale bengashadile “kuholela ekumangalelweni kwabangobaba, nezintombi, emazingeni aphakeme okuziphatha kobungqingili phakathi kwabefundisi nabasabufundela, esizungwini futhi kwezinye izimo ekunukubezeni abantwana ngokobulili.” Lokho, ngokweNational Catholic Reporter, kuwumongo wesixwayiso uJoe Sternak, owayengumpristi wamaKatolika wesigaba esiphethe sabefundisi baseChicago eUnited States, asikhipha ngendaba yobumpohlo obungokwenkolo emhlanganweni wamuva oba khona minyaka yonke. USternak, lowo kumanje obhala incwadi ngokunukubezwa kwabantwana, uthi abaphathi ezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-20 basebenzisa iminikelo yesonto ukuze bahlawulele amacala asenkantolo futhi banxephezele ezimweni lapho abapristi benukubeze abantwana ngokobulili.

Ukuzibulala Kongqingili

Ukuhlola okusha kwezokwelapha kuye kwathola ukuthi izinga lokuzibulala phakathi kwezinsizwa ezingongqingili liphakeme ngokungavamile, kubika iBoston Globe muva nje. Ukuhlola kwakuhilela abesilisa abangongqingili abangu-137 nabanobulili obubili abaphakathi kobudala beminyaka engu-14 nengu-21 abahlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeUnited States. Amaphesenti angu-30 alaba abahlolwa ayeye azama ukuzibulala​—⁠abaningi ngokweqisa izidakamizwa noma ngokuzisika izihlakala. Kulawomaphesenti angu-30, ingxenye yayizame ukuzibulala izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Ngokwabaqondisi balokhu kuhlola, lelinani lokuzibulala liphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili noma kathathu kunelabangebona ongqingili. Nakuba abacwaningi bengashongo nesisodwa isizathu esibangela lelizinga lokuzibhubhisa, baphawula ukuthi abaningi abahlolwa babekhathazwa ubungqingili babo. Abanye babeye baxhashazwa besebancane, kanti abanye babenezinkinga zezidakamizwa.

INgculaza EMalawi

NgokweDaily Telegraph yaseLondon, iNhlangano Yezwe Yempilo muva nje ibike ukuthi amaphesenti angu-37 omphakathi waseMalawi aneHIV, igciwane elibanga ingculaza. Lokho kuphumela cishe kubantu abayizigidi ezintathu abanaleligciwane; abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa kakade sebebulawe ingculaza. Umcosheli weTelegraph ebhala eseBlantyre, eMalawi, uthi amaphesenti angu-90 ezifebe zakulelizwe kucatshangwa ukuthi anegciwane, njengoba kunjalo ngamaphesenti angu-75 amasosha namaphoyisa, akulelizwe, namaphesenti angu-60 omame ababelethela izingane ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Lomcosheli weTelegraph wahambela esinye isibhedlela eningizimu yeMalawi lapho ingxenye yeziguli iphethwe izifo ezihlobene nengculaza. Uyabhala: “Njengoba kunomhlengikazi oyedwa kuzo zonke iziguli ezingu-100, izisulu ziyekwa zife ngendlela engcono kakhulu ezingafa ngayo.”

Isifundo Esihluza Ingqondo

EUnited States, lapho ukushayela kwabantu bedakiwe kubangela ukufa kuyo yonke imizuzu engu-23, amaphoyisa aye aphendukela ezinyathelweni eziqinile ukuze agcizelele kuzaphulamthetho eziyintsha ukungathi sína kwalelicala. Ayisa intsha emakhazeni ezidumbu. Lesimiso sekuneminyaka eminingana sisebenza esiFundeni saseLos Angeles, eCalifornia, lapho ukudakwa izidakamizwa noma ukudakwa utshwala kunengxenye khona ezingozini zomgwaqo ezibulalayo ezingaphezu kwesigamu sesithathu ezihilela intsha. Ngemva kokuya emakhazeni ezidumbu nasegumbini lasesibhedlela labalimele kakhulu nokubuka ivideo enyantisa umzimba emayelana nezingozi zomgwaqo, intsha eningi ekugcineni iyakubona ukuhlobana phakathi kwezidumbu ezidephunekile zezisulu zezingozi nokuziphatha kwayo. Entsheni engu-375 eye yadlula kulokhu, akukho noyedwa oye waphinda wavela phambi kwenkantolo. Kuhlelwa ukuba lesisimiso sinwetshelwe ezweni lonke.

Izingozi Zezinqola Zokuthenga

Umbiko wamuva kakhulu waminyaka yonke ovela kuyiConsumer Product Safety Commission eUnited States ubonisa ukuthi abantu abangu-32 866 balimala ezingozini ezihilela izinqola zokuthenga zasesitolo sokudla. Amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-58 alaba ayengabantwana. NgokweNew York Times, “abantwana abangaphezu kuka-19 000 abaneminyaka emine ubudala noma ngaphansi kwadingeka belashelwe amanxeba egunjini labagula kakhulu.” Abacwaningi baye bathola ukuthi ukulimala okuningi kwabantwana kwenzeka lapho abazali beshiya abantwana bengenambheki nenqola yokuthenga noma bebafake kuyo.

Amazinyo Avela Kumamammoth

Lapho izindlovu zifakwa ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini, imakethe yomhlaba yezinyo lendlovu yaphelelwa amandla. Nokho, kunokuba babhekane nokuphela kwazo, labo abadayisa ngezinyo baye bathola omunye umthombo walelizinyo: imammoth enoboya. Lesisilwanekazi esinemfumba yoboya sasiphila esimweni sezulu sasenyakatho kwaze kwaba yilapho siphela nya ezinkulungwaneni ezedlule zeminyaka. Kodwa ngokweWall Street Journal, ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi amamammoth ayizigidi eziyishumi asalokhu egqibeke eqhweni nasesithwathweni esihlala sikhona saseSiberia; akukhona okungavamile ukuba aginqike, esenjengoba enjalo, esuka ezingwini zomfula ezigugulekayo naseqhweni laseArctic eligudlukayo. Ababazi bezinyo manje sebekhipha amazinyo amamammoth, futhi intengo yezinyo lemammoth seyiye yenyuka kakhulu. Nokho, abagcini bemvelo, bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukugcina imakethe yezinyo iphila kuyomane kufake izindlovu ezisaphila engozini eyengeziwe.

Ingabe Intsha Ingasenza Isinqumo?

Ingabe intsha esanda kweva eshumini elinambili ivuthwe ngokwanele ukuba yenze izinqumo ngokwelashwa kwayo siqu kwezempilo? Lombuzo uvame ukuphakama lapho intsha engoFakazi BakaJehova inqaba ukumpontshelwa igazi. Nakuba ezinye izikhulu zezomthetho nezokwelapha zingase zithathe ngokuthi ngokuvamile impendulo ingucha, ukuhlola kwamuva okwenziwa iCarnegie Council on Adolescent Development kusikisela okuphambene nalokho. Ngokukamagazini iScience, ukuhlola okuyisikhombisa kwaqhathanisa indlela intsha nabantu abadala abasebancane ababhekana ngayo nezimo zezokwelapha kokubili ngokoqobo nangokwengqondo. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi kwakunomehluko omncane emakhonweni okwenza izinqumo “entsha eneminyaka engu-14 noma engu-15 ubudala” uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abadala abasebasha (abasukela ebudaleni beminyaka engu-18 kuya ku-25). Ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi babonisa “ukucabangisisa ‘nokushuba kwengqondo’ okufanayo ngalokho ababekucabanga” njengabahlolwa kanye nabo abadala.

Isifo Sokusha Kwesibindi Egazini

Ukuhlola kwamuva eJapane kufakazele ingozi yokuthola uHlobo-C lwesifo sokusha kwesibindi ngokumpontshelwa igazi. Loluhlobo lwegciwane kuthiwa lubangela ingxenye yokuphathwa umdlavuza wesibindi ophethe abantu eJapane necirrhosis yesibindi. Ngokokuhlola, amaphesenti angu-⁠8,3 abantu abangu-962 ababempontshelwe igazi ayenamagciwane okusha kwesibindi koHlobo-C, nakuba latholwa amaphesenti angu-​0,7 kuphela abantu abangu-​1 870 ababengazange bampontshelwe igazi. Ngokumangalisayo, amaphesenti angu-40 abantu abanegciwane awazange atholakale lapho ehlolwa igazi elisetshenziswa iNhlangano Yesiphambano Esibomvu yaseJapane.