Ukungqubuzana Kwamasiko

EMINYAKENI engaba amakhulu amahlanu edlule, edolobheni elincane ezweni elivelele laseCastile, amanxusa aseSpain ahilizisana nozakwabo abangamaPutukezi. NgoJune 7, 1494, ukungezwani kwabo kwase kuxazululiwe, futhi kwasayinwa isivumelwano esingokomthetho—iTreaty of Tordesillas (Isivumelwano SaseTordesillas). Namuhla, amakhulu ezigidi eNtshonalanga Yenkabazwe akhuluma isiPanishi noma isiPutukezi ngenxa yalesosivumelwano.

Lesosivumelwano saqinisekisa izinqumo zikapapa zonyaka owandulela lowo zokuhlukanisela izizwe ezimbili zaseIberia izwe elalingakatholakali. Kwadwetshwa umugqa ohlukanisa inyakatho neningizimu “izinhlangano ezingu-370 entshonalanga yeziQhingi zaseCape Verde.” ISpain yayingase ikwazi ukwenza amadolobha abe amakoloni futhi ishumayele emazweni ayetholakale entshonalanga yalowomugqa (eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, ngaphandle kweBrazil) nasePortugal lonke izwe ukuya ngasempumalanga (iBrazil, iAfrika, neAsia).

Ethole isibusiso sikapapa, iSpain nePortugal—kanye namanye amazwe aseYurophu ayesezithendeni zawo—aqala ukubusa imikhumbi yasolwandle nomhlaba. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ngemva kokusayinwa kwesivumelwano, kwase kunemizila enqamula olwandle eyayisisunguliwe, kuxhunyaniswa amazwekazi amakhulu futhi imibuso yamakoloni ekude yayisiqale ukuvela.—Bheka ibhokisi, ikhasi 8.

Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlola kokuthola izindawo yayimikhulu. Izimiso zezentengiselwano nezolimo zashintshwa, kwaguqulwa nokwehlukana kwezwe kobuhlanga nokwenkolo. Nokho, igolide elaqalisa izenzakalo.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezohwebo

UColumbus wayeqinisile. Lalikhona igolide, nakuba yena ngokwakhe athola elincane kakhulu. Esikhathini esingengakanani, imikhumbi yaqala ukuthuthela eSpain inqwaba yegolide nesiliva okwakuphangwe eMelika. Nokho, leyongcebo yayingeyesikhashana. Ukuphuma ezweni kwenqwaba yezinsimbi eziyigugu kwabangela ukwehla kwamandla emali okubhubhisayo, futhi inala yemali etholakala kalula yalimaza ezemisebenzi zaseSpain. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqwaba yegolide elalivela eMelika esenyakatho neseningizimu yathuthukisa ukwanda komnotho wamazwe omhlaba. Yayitholakala imali yokuthenga izinto zakwamanye amazwe, ezazithwalwa imikhumbi iziyise futhi izilande emagumbini omane omhlaba.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 leminyaka, umuntu wayengalithola isiliva lasePeru eManila, usilika waseChina eDolobheni laseMexico, igolide laseAfrika eLisbon noboya bezilwane baseNyakatho Melika eLondon. Lapho nje lezozinto zokunethezeka sezicabe indlela, izinto ezivamile ezinjengoshukela, itiye, ikhofi, nokotini zaqala ukuthunyelwa ngaphesheya kwezilwandlekazi iAtlantic neIndian ngobuningi. Nemikhuba yokudla yaqala ukushintsha.

Izitshalo Ezintsha Nezinhlobo Ezintsha Zokudla

Ushokoleti waseSwitzerland, amazambane aseIreland, nepizza yaseItaly konke kwavela kubalimi bamaInca nama-Aztec. Ushokoleti, amazambane notamatisi kwakumane nje kuyimikhiqizo emithathu yemikhiqizo emisha eyafika eYurophu. Ngokuvamile, izinongo ezintsha, izithelo, nemifino kwakuthatha isikhathi ukuba kujwayeleke, nakuba zisuka nje uColumbus namadoda ayenawo babenesithakazelo kuphayinaphu nakubhatata.—Bheka ibhokisi, ikhasi 9.

Ezinye izitshalo zaseMpumalanga, njengokotini nomoba, zadla ubhedu eZweni Elisha, kuyilapho izambane laseNingizimu Melika ekugcineni laba umthombo oyinhloko wokondleka emikhayeni eminingi yaseYurophu. Lokhu kushintshisana ngezitshalo akuzange nje kuphela kuveze ukwehlukahluka okwengeziwe ezinhlotsheni zokudla kwasemazweni ngamazwe; kwaletha nentuthuko enkulu emsocweni, okwaba nengxenye ekwandeni okukhulu kwenani labantu emhlabeni ekhulwini leminyaka le-19 nelama-20. Kodwa kwakunolunye uhlangothi olungeluhle oshintshweni lwezolimo.

Ubuzwe Nokucindezeleka

Izitshalo ezintsha ezithengisekayo, njengokotini, ushukela, nogwayi, zazingase zicebise abakhi bamakoloni, uma nje babenezisebenzi ezanele eziholelwa kancane ukuze zisebenze emasimini abo. Futhi umthombo osobala wezisebenzi wawungabantu bendawo.

Abakhi bamakoloni baseYurophu ngokuvamile babebheka abantu bendawo njengabangelutho ngaphandle nje kokuba izilwane ezinesiphiwo sokukhuluma, okuwubandlululo olwalusetshenziselwa ukuzithethelela ngokubenza kwabo izigqila. Nakuba isinqumo sikapapa sango-1537 saphetha ngokuthi “amaNdiya” ngempela “ayengabantu bangempela abanomphefumulo,” lokhu akufezanga lutho ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashazwa kwawo. Njengoba incwadi yamuva yaseVatican ibonisa, “ukubandlululwa ngokohlanga kwaqala lapho kutholakala iMelika.”

Impatho yonya, ihambisana nokwanda “kwezifo zaseYurophu,” yalinciphisa kakhulu inani labantu [baseMelika]. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyikhulu, lehla ngamaphesenti angu-90 ngokokulinganisa okuthile. ECaribbean abantu bendabuko bacishe baqothulwa bonke. Lapho abantu bendawo bengasenakwenziwa izigqila, abanikazi bamapulazi babheka kwezinye izindawo ukuze bathole izisebenzi zasemasimini ezinamandla, neziyimiqemane. AmaPutukezi, ayesezinzile eAfrika, anika ikhambi elibi: ukuthengisa ngezigqila.

Ukubandlula kobuhlanga nokuhaha kwaphinda futhi kwabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, udwendwe lwemikhumbi yezigqila (ikakhulukazi eyamaDashi, amaFulentshi, amaNgisi, namaPutukezi) cishe lwase luthumele izigqila ezingama-Afrika ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15 eMelika esenyakatho neseningizimu!

Kanye nokubandlulula kwayo kobuhlanga, akumangalisi ukuthi ukutholwa kweMelika ngabeLungu baseYurophu kwenyanywa abaningi bomdabu baseMelika. INdiya laseNyakatho Melika laphawula: “AmaNdiya awazange atholwe uColumbus. Yithina esathola yena.” Ngokufanayo, amaNdiya angamaMapuche aseChile aphikisa ngokuthi ‘akuzange kube khona ukuthola kwangempela noma ukushumayela ivangeli koqobo kodwa kunalokho kwaba khona ukuhlaselwa kwezwe lawokhokho bawo.’ Njengoba lokhu kuphawula kusikisela, inkolo yayingemsulwa neze.

Ukwenza Amakoloni Angokwenkolo

Ukwenza kwenkolo iZwe Elisha libe amakoloni kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokwakwenziwa ezombangazwe.a Lapho nje indawo isinqotshiwe, abantu bendawo babephoqeleka ukuba babe ngamaKatolika. Njengoba umpristi ongumKatolika noyisazi-mlando uHumberto Bronx echaza: “Ekuqaleni babebhapathiza ngaphandle kokufundisa ngomlomo, ngenkani ngempela. . . . Amathempeli obuqaba ayeguqulwa abe amasonto obuKristu noma imizi yezindela; iziphambano zathatha indawo yezithixo.” Ngokulindelekile, “ukuphendula” abantu ngokungenangqondo kanjalo kwaphumela ekuhlanganeni okungavamile kokukhulekela kwamaKatolika nokwesiko okuye kwaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.

Ngemva kokunqoba “nokuphendula,” ukulalela isonto nabameleli balo kwakuphoqelelwa ngenkani, ikakhulukazi eMexico nasePeru, lapho ukuThethwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwasungulwa khona. Amanye amadoda aqotho asontayo amelana nalezindlela ezingebona ubuKristu. Umfundisi wesimiso sikaDominic uPedro de Córdoba, owazibonela ngawakhe ukwenziwa ikoloni kwesiqhingi saseHispaniola, wakhala: “Kulabantu abahle, abalalelayo, nabathobe kangaka, ukuba nje abashumayeli babengena ngaphandle kwesidlozane nobudlova balamaKristu akhohlakele, ngicabanga ukuthi kwakungasungulwa isonto elihle njengelakuqala.”

Lihlukile Kodwa Alilisha Kangako

Abanye babheka ukutholwa, ukwenziwa amakoloni, nokuphendulelwa enkolweni kweMelika “njengokuhlangana kwamasiko amabili.” Abanye bakubheka “njengokuxhaphaza,” kanti abambalwa bakulahla ngokuqondile “njengokudlwengula.” Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwahlulelwa kanjani, ngokungangabazeki kwakuwukuqala kwenkathi entsha, inkathi yokukhula kwezomnotho nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, nakuba kwasho ukulahleka kwamalungelo abantu.

Umqondisi wemikhumbi ongumNtaliyane uAmerigo Vespucci owaqamba inkulumo ethi “iZwe Elisha” ngo-1505 ukuze achaze izwekazi elisha. Ngokungangabazeki, izici eziningi zazizintsha, kodwa izinkinga eziyisisekelo zeZwe Elidala nazo zazikhona kweLisha. Imizamo engaphumelelanga yabanqobi abaningi baseSpain yokuthola iEl Dorado engundab’ uzekwayo, indawo yegolide nenala, yembula ukuthi ukulangazela komuntu akuzange kwaneliseke ngokuthola izwekazi elisha. Ingabe kuyoke kwaneliseke?

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 8]

UColumbus, Ingqalabutho Yenkathi Yokuthola Amazwe

IMINYAKA engu-50 eyalandela ukuthola kukaColumbus iMelika yasho ukwenziwa kabusha kwebalazwe lomhlaba. Amatilosi aseSpain, ePortugal, eItaly, eFrance, eNetherlands, naseNgilandi, lapho efuna izindlela ezintsha zokuya eMpumalanga, athola izilwandlekazi ezintsha namazwekazi amasha. Ngo-1542 kwakungamazwekazi aseAustralia naseAntarctica kuphela ayengakatholakali.

INingizimu Melika Okokuqala uColumbus kwase kuthi ngokushesha kamuva kwaba uOjeda, uVespucci, noCoelho badweba ibalazwe logu lweMelika ePhakathi neseNingizimu (1498-1501).

INyakatho Melika UCabot wathola iNewfoundland ngo-1497, futhi uVerrazano waba ngowokuqala ukugudla ugu lwaseMpumalanga lweNyakatho Melika ngo-1524.

Ukujikeleza Umhlaba Ngomkhumbi Okokuqala kwenziwa uMagellan noElcano, okuyibo futhi abathola nePhilippines ngemva kohambo olunzima bedabula uLwandlekazi iPacific (1519-1522).

Indlela Yasolwandle Eya ENdiya Edlula ECape of Good Hope Ngemva kokujikeleza inhlonhlo eseningizimu yeAfrika, uVasco da Gama wafika eNdiya ngo-1498.

IMpumalanga Ekude Amatilosi asePortugal afinyelela eIndonesia ngo-1509, eShayina ngo-1514, naseJapane ngo-1542.

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 9]

IZITSHALO EZASHINTSHA UKUDLA EMHLABENI

UKUTHOLAKALA kweMelika kwayiguqula imikhuba yokudla yomhlaba. Kwaba nokushintshana okusheshayo ngezitshalo phakathi kweZwe Elidala neZwe Elisha, futhi izitshalo eziningi ezazilinywa amaInca nama-Aztec manje ziphakathi kwezitshalo zokudla ezibaluleke kakhulu zomhlaba.

Izambane. Lapho amaSpanishi efika ePeru, izambane laliyisisekelo somnotho wamaInca. Izambane futhi lalithela kahle eNyakatho Yenkabazwe, futhi phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka lase liwukudla okuyisisekelo kwamazwe amaningi aseYurophu. Ezinye izazi-mlando zize ngisho zithi ukwanda kwenani labantu ngokushesha okwahambisana nokuguquka kwezemisebenzi eYurophu kwabangwa yilempande engelutho enomsoco.

Ubhatata. UColumbus wahlangana nobhatata ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala. Wawuchaza njengocishe ufane “nezaqathe ezinkulu” nokunambitheka “okufana nokwamachestnut.” Manje ubhatata uwukudla okuyisisekelo kwezigidi zabantu engxenyeni enkulu yomhlaba.

Ummbila. Ukulima ummbila kwakubaluleke kakhulu kuma-Aztec kangangokuthi ayewubheka njengophawu lokuphila. Manje ummbila udlulwa ukolo kuphela ngobukhulu bendawo olinywa kuyo.

Utamatisi. Kokubili ama-Aztec namaMaya ayelima ixitomatle (kamuva okwathiwa itomatl). Ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka, utamatisi wawutshalwa eSpain naseItaly, lapho igazpacho, ipasta, nepizza okwaba ukudla okuthandwayo khona. Nokho, abanye abeLungu abazange baziqonde izinzuzo zawo kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka.

Ushokoleti. Ushokoleti wawuyisiphuzo esasithandwa umbusi wama-Aztec uMontezuma II. Ngesikhathi uCortés efika eMexico, ubhontshisi kakhokho, okwakukhishwa kuwo ushokoleti, wawaziswa kakhulu kangangokuthi wawusetshenziswa njengemali. Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, lapho kunezelwa ushukela nobisi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka, ushokoleti waba othengwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kokubili njengesiphuzo nanjengoswidi.

[Isithombe]

Ukufika kukaColumbus eBahamas, ngo-1492

[Umthombo]

Courtesy of the Museo Naval, Madrid, (Spain), and with the kind permission of Don Manuel González López

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Copy of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

[Umthombo]

Courtesy of Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla, Spain

[Isithombe ekhasini 10]

Izisulu zaseMexico zokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwamaKatolika

Mural entitled “Mexico Through the Centuries,” original work by Diego Rivera.

[Umthombo]

National Palace, Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico