Ukubuka Okwezwe
Ukucushwa Kabusha “Kwewashi Losuku Lwembubhiso”
Esembozweni seBulletin of the Atomic Scientists yangoDecember 1991, uthi olubonisa imizuzu “Lwewashi Losuku Lwembubhiso” luye lwahlehliselwa emuva kunanini ngaphambili—ngemizuzu engu-17 ngaphambi kokuba kushaye ihora laphakathi kwamabili. “Uphawu lwempi yomshoshaphansi” olwaqala ukuvela ngo-1947, kuphawula iU.S.News & World Report, “iwashi libonisa ukushuba kwenuzi ngokuphawula isikhathi kuze kube sehoreni laphakathi kwamabili leArmagedoni.” Lapho liqaliswa, iwashi lalibekwe esilinganisweni semizuzu engu-15 kuphela, njengoba abasunguli balo babecabanga ukuthi yilokho kuphela okwakuzodingeka esikhathini sokuphila kwabo. Njengoba ubuhlobo bamazwe aseMpumalanga nawaseNtshonalanga babuthuthuka eminyakeni edlule, iwashi lacushwa kabusha liyiswa emuva naphambili izikhathi ezingu-13, ngesilinganiso semizuzu engu-12 ngaphambi kwamabili kuya emizuzwini emibili ngaphambili kwamabili. Manje, njengoba kwenziwe iSivumelwano Sokuncishiswa Kwezikhali kanye nokuhoxiswa kwezikhali eziyiziyinkulungwane zokulwela bukhoma, abahleli beBulletin banomuzwa wokuthi sesingene enkathini entsha, ngamathemba okufinyelela “uhlelo lwezwe olusha.” “Kodwa umhlaba useyindawo eyingozi,” kusho iBulletin. “Kusenamabhomu enuzi acishe abe ngu-50 000 kanye nezikhali ezicitshwayo.”
Izinkubela Zamabhomu Acushwayo ZaseCambodia
“ICambodia inesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sabantu abakhubazeke ngokomzimba emhlabeni,” kusho iEconomist. Kungani? Kungenxa yokuthi amabhomu acushwayo “aye abekwa ngokungakhethi kokubili nguhulumeni kanye namaqembu aphikisayo empini yombango yangaphakathi.” Njengoba kungekho mibhalo egciniwe ngokuphathelene nokuthi akuziphi izindawo, amabhomu abelokhu ebangela izingozi ezengeziwe kunanoma isiphi esinye isikhali. Amaqembu amabili alwela amalungelo abantu, iAsia Watch nePhysicians for Human Rights, anomuzwa wokuthi amazwe enza amabhomu acushwayo noma anikeza iziyalezo zendlela yokuwacupha—iBrithani, iShayina, iSingapore, iSoviet Union yangaphambili, iThailand, iUnited States, kanye neVietnam—anesibopho sokuqikelela ukuthi ayasuswa. Lomagazini uthi afuna ukuba iUN izinqabele ngokomthetho izinto “ezingahlukanisi phakathi kwezigi zesosha kanye nezengane etheza izinkuni.”
Ukushada Kanye Nobude Bokuphila
Ngokombiko weFrench National Institute of Demographic Studies, abantu abashadile ngokuvamile baphila isikhathi eside kunalabo abangashadile. Kokubili emadodeni nakwabesifazane, umbiko wembula ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kokushada komuntu kanye nobude bokuphila kwakhe. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi abantu abashadile banesilinganiso esiphakeme seminyaka yokuphila, kuyilapho abantu abadivosile, abangashadile, abafelokazi kanye nabafelwa ngokulandelana kwabo beneminyaka emifushane yokuphila. Bephawula ukuthi umehluko ebudeni besikhathi sokuphila awumukhulu phakathi kwabesifazane abashadile nabangashadile, abacwaningi bathi abesifazane babonakala bezivumelanisa kangcono nesimo sabo sokungashadi.
Ukuvikela IAntarctica
“IAntarctica ekugcineni ithole ukuvikelwa kwendawo yayo ezungezile,” kuphawula umagazini iNew Scientist. Izizwe ezenza iSivumelwano saseAntarctica ziye “zasayina incwadi eyisisekelo sesivumelwano enqabela ukutshalwa kwamabhomu kulelizwekazi okungenani iminyaka engu-50.” Lencwadi eyisisekelo sesivumelwano ihlanganisa futhi nemithetho ephathelene nokulahlwa kukadoti nemfucumfucu, enemfuneko yokuthi noma imuphi umsebenzi omusha uhlolwe ukuthi unamuphi umphumela endaweni ezungezile. Okwamanje, ukuvakasha kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kubhekwa njengosongo oluphuthuma kakhulu esimisweni sendawo ezungezile kanye nezinto eziphilayo eAntarctica. Isizwe ngasinye kufanele sibe nekomiti lendawo ezungezile elisanda kumiswa elinokwaziswa okuningilizayo ngokuphathelene nezinqubo zalo zokuphatha indawo ezungezile, kanye nokuyivikela ekungcoleni. Incwadi eyisisekelo sesivumelwano ngeke isebenze kuze kube yilapho igunyazwa ngokomthetho izizwe ezingamalungu, okuzothatha cishe iminyaka emibili.
Ifa LikaColumbus
UColumbus kanye nabanye abahloli bamazwe benza okungaphezu nje kokuthola iNingizimu neNyakatho Melika—bayishintsha kakhulu. Namuhla, kubhala isazi-mlando uAlfred Crosby, “isazi sezitshalo singayithola kalula indawo eluhlaza [eMelika] eyenza kube nzima kuso ukuba sithole izinhlobo zezitshalo ezazimila eMelika ngaphambi kwezikhathi zikaColumbus.” Njengoba kunohlu kuyiWilson Quarterly, phakathi kwezitshalo ezalethwa zivela eZweni Elidala kukhona obhanana, ikhabishi, amadaisy, ibluegrass yaseKentucky, olamula, ulethisi, omango, amawolintshi, amapentshisi, amaradish, irayisi, umoba, itumbleweed, kanye nokolo. Izilwane ezalethwa zihlanganisa izinkomo, izinkukhu, amakati afuywayo, izimbongolo, izinyosi zoju, amahhashi, izingulube, amagundane, izimvu, amasparrow, kanye namagwinsi. Nokho, okwakubhubhisa kakhulu kwakuyizifo ezalethwa. Zazihlanganisa isifo sezimvilaphu, inqubulunjwana, imfuluwenza, ijaundice, umalaleveva, isimungumungwane, imeningitis, uzagiga, ingxibongo, amathansela, kanye nokhohlokhohlo. Nakuba izilwane kanye nezitshalo eziningana zasuswa eNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika zayiswa eZweni Elidala, isifo esisodwa kuphela, ugcunsula, okukholelwa ukuthi saphindiselwa emuva.
Izinkubabulongwe
Usuku ngalunye, inkomo evamile ikhipha amanqatha amakhulu asukela kwayishumi kuya kwangu-15 obulongwe; indlovu, cishe amakhilogremu amabili njalo ngehora noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kukhona imisimbane yazo zonke ezinye izilwane, kuhlanganise nomuntu, futhi umuntu angazibuzi ukuthi kungani kungenzeki ukuthi manje umhlaba wethu ube usumbozwe ubulongwe. Khona-ke, ingena lapho indaba yenkubabulongwe. Usuku ngalunye zicoca izilinganiso ezinkulu zobulongwe. Lapho nje inqatha liwa, izinkulungwane zezinkubabulongwe ezisukela ezinhlotsheni ezingu-120 ziyalibunganyela futhi zilishwabadele ngokushesha. Abacwaningi babala izinkubabulongwe ezingu-16 000 enqatheni elilodwa lobulongwe bendlovu, elase lingasekho ngokuphelele lapho ososayensi bebuya emahoreni amabili kamuva. Ezinye izinhlobo zize ngisho zinamathele eboyeni obusezinqeni zezinye izilwane futhi ubulongwe zibunqake emoyeni. Lokho ezingakudli, ziyakuginqa kube amabhola bese zikugqiba njengokudla kwezingane zazo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, zenzela isintu omunye umsebenzi omkhulu—ukunezela initrogen evundisayo emhlabathini. Ziyawuvukuza umhlabathi ziwenze ube nomoya, futhi isiphungumangathi senkubabulongwe sidla izimpethu kanye nemiswenya ephila ngobulongwe nengasakaza izifo. Zibaluleke kangangokuba abantu baseGibithe lasendulo babeze ngisho bazikhulekele izinkubabulongwe.
Indawo Epaka Izimoto Ezimbili
Abenzi bezimoto eJapane, abalokhu bekhiqiza izimoto abangathanda futhi ukunxenxa imikhaya ukuba ithenge imoto yesibili, sebebhekene nengqinamba—bazozipaka kuphi. Imithetho emisha yokupaka idinga ukuba kufakwe isigqebhezana emotweni esibonisa ukuthi umniniyo unayo indawo yokupaka imoto yakhe, kungaba sekhaya noma eduze nehhovisi, umthetho ofuna ukuba imoto ibhaliswe ngokomthetho. Kodwa izindawo zokupaka ziyabiza, zibiza imali efinyelela ku-R4 950 ngenyanga kwezinye izindawo zokuhlala zaseTokyo. Ngakho abenzi bezimoto sebengenele ibhizinisi lokudayisa imishini eyenza ukuba kupakwe izimoto ezimbili nezintathu endaweni yokupaka imoto eyodwa. Imoto yokuqala ipakwa phansi, bese iphakanyiswa ngogesi, bese kuthi imoto yesibili (noma yesithathu) ipakwe ngaphansi. Enye indlela eyomshini wokupaka ekhaya owehlisa imoto yokuqala ingene emgodini ongaphansi. Ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokutholakala kwezindawo zokupaka kuyanikezwa futhi nakubathengi bezimoto.
Amazinyo Azilungisa Ngokwawo?
Amazinyo ayawenza umsebenzi omncane wokuzilungisa ngokwawo uma siwanikeza isikhathi esanele sokwenza lomsebenzi. Yilokho uProfesa Tadashi Yamada akuchazayo kuyiShikai Tenbo (Umbono Wemijikelezo Yamazinyo), umagazini wezokwelapha waseJapane. Ngemva kokuba ushukela ungene emlonyeni, kungakhathaliseki isilinganiso sawo, uqweqwe olusemazinyweni luba neacid imizuzu engu-8 kuya kwengu-20. Loluqweqwe oseluneacid luncibilikisa icalcium okubangela lokho uYamada akubiza ngokuthi “izimbobo ezincane.” Nokho, ngokukaYamada, icalcium evela ematheni kancane kancane ithatha indawo yecalcium elahlekile, kangangokuthi ngemva kwamahora ambalwa, amazinyo abuyela esimweni sawo esivamile. Njengoba ushukelana othile utholakala ekudleni okuningi, uYamada utusa ukuba amazinyo agezwe njalo, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuyolala, kanye nokugwema ukudla oswijana phakathi nokudla okuvamile ukuze kunikezwe amazinyo isikhathi esanele sokwenza umsebenzi wokuzilungisa wona ngokwawo.
Usizi LwasoLwandle Olumnyama
“Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, uLwandle Olumnyama lwalukhiqiza izikhumba zezinhlengethwa necaviar kanye nezinhlanzi okuningi kangangokuba akekho owayecabanga ukuthi lensanda engaka yayingaphela,” kuphawula iNew York Times. Lokho manje sekushintshile. Akukhona nje ukuthi zonke izimboni kanye namadolobha kusebenzisa izingu zoLwandle Olumnyama njengendawo yokuchithela indle kodwa esifundeni esinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-160, imifula engaphezu kuka-60 ichithela imfucumfucu kulolulwandle. Emine emikhulu kunayo yonke—iDanube, iDon, iDnieper, kanye neDniester—enqamula kulendawo iqashelwa njengengcole kunayo yonke emhlabeni, ithwala ukungcola okunezinto ezinoshevu. Ukudoba ngokweqile nakho kuye kwaba nengxenye, kanye nokwanda kojellyfish abadla amaqanda kanye neziphungumangathi zezinye izinhlanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinhlanu kuphela kwezingu-26 ezidayiswayo ezaziyinsada ngo-1970 ezitholakala ngesilinganiso sokudayiswa namuhla, futhi izimvu zamanzi ziye zanyamalala ngokuphelele. “Ngisho noma singakunqanda konke ukungcola njengokungathi ngomlingo,” kusho uYuvenaly Zaitsev oyisazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, “bekungaba nzima ukuphindela emuva esimweni sawo-1950. Imvelo inemithetho yayo yodwa.”
Izingane Ezigonyiwe
Emhlabeni wonke, izingane ezine kuya kwezinhlanu manje sezigonyelwe izifo eziyisithupha ezibulalayo: idiphtheria, isimungumungwane, uvendle, isifo sokubambeka kwemisipha, isifo sofuba, kanye nokhohlokhohlo, kusho iNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, isilinganiso sasingeyodwa kwezinhlanu. Manje, ngezindleko zika-R2,75 nje ingane ngayinye egonywayo, unyaka ngamunye kusindiswa ukuphila kwezingane eziyizigidi ezilinganiselwa kwezintathu. Nokho, ngokweNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo, izifo ezingavinjelwa zisathatha ukuphila kwezingane eziyizigidi ezimbili unyaka ngamunye.