Isundu Lamafutha Elinemisebenzi Ehlukahlukene
Ngumlobeli wePhaphama eNigeria
UMSINDO wesigubhu esenziwe nge-ekwe wakhula. Loluphawu lwashintsha izinga lokusebenza kancane, nangokunganaki labantu balelidolobhana lashesha ngokumangalisayo. Kwakungonyaka ka-1937, futhi ukuvunwa kwesundu lamafutha kwase kuqalile eIgboland, empumalanga yeNigeria.
Njengoba yayithole umbiko wokuthi izithelo esezivuthiwe seziyawa emithini yesundu yasendle, induna yedolobhana yayitshele abantu ezinsukwi-ni ezimbili ngaphambili ukuba balungiselele ukuvuna. Kwahlelwa izi-sebenzi, kwalolwa ocelemba, futhi kwalungiswa namahanisi. Lamahanisi—izindilinga ezenziwe ngokhuni zagxushwa ngezindophi—ayesekela isisindo sabakhweli njengoba bekhuphuka ngokugxuma eziqwini zomuthi.
Ukuvunwa Kwesundu Lamafutha
UMatthew, oneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, wayemagange ngokuqala. Ubelokhu eziqeqesha ngehanisi. Eminyakeni edlule wayesiza abesifazane ekuqoqeni amagatsha ayesesikiwe, kodwa manje uyise wayezomvumela ukuba akhwele imithi emifushane. Wayeyonikwa imali ngehlukuzo ngalinye lesithelo alikhayo. Nokho, ayenesithakazelo kukho ngempela kwakuyinjabulo yokuba yinkweli, okungokuthile bonke abafa-nyana bakulelidolobhana ababekulindele ngenjabulo.
Lapho ezwa umsindo wesigubhu, uMatthew waphuma ngokushesha kulelidolobhana ekanye noyise nezinye izinkweli. Lona kwakungewona umsebenzi wokuvuna izithelo kuphela kodwa kwakuwumncintiswano phakathi kwezinkweli ezingomakadebona. Zazikwazi ukubukisa ngamakhono azo okukhwela imithi njengoba zazikhwela kanzima ziye phezulu eziqwini ezingamamitha angu-9 ubude bese zikhuphukela ezihlokweni zamahlamvu amakhulu anjengezimpaphe anezela amamitha amahlanu ebudeni bomuthi.
Lenza Konke Kusukela Ensisheni Kuya Ewayinini
‘Kungani,’ ungase ubuze, ‘lemithi ibangela ukujabula okungaka?’ Kungenxa yokubaluleka okukhulu esinakho kubantu lesitshalo esinemisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Ngokusa okulandelayo izithelo ezilingana nomnqumo zazihlukaniswa nezingaba zehlukuzo. Khona-ke lezingaba ezinothe ngepotassium zazishintshwa kwenziwe insipho. Nakuba izithelo eziningi zazithengiswa ukuze zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe, ezisele zazishintshwa khona lapha edolobhaneni.
UMatthew wayevame ukubona unina ebilisa lezithelo ukuze athambise ingxenye yangaphandle enemicu emboze izinhlamvu eziqinile. Lokhu kwakumenza akwazi ukukhama ngezandla amafutha emicwini ethambile. Ngemva kwalokho wayeqhekeza izinhlamvu ngamatshe ukuze athole izinhlamvu ezingaphakathi. Kulezinhlamvu wayekhipha amafutha avela ezinhlamvwini zesundu ezingaphakathi. Wayesebenzisa lamafutha ekuphekeni, njengento yokugcoba, nanjengamafutha ezibani zakhe. Futhi amagobolondo aqinile kwakuba izinto zokubasa.
UMatthew waveza omunye umsebenzi wamahlamvu esundu—ukufulela uphahla. Wathinta ngeminwe umata ayelele kuwona futhi ebonisa ukuthi nawo wawenziwe ngamahlamvu esundu. Imicu esezingabeni zamahlamvu yayiphothwa yenziwe izindophi futhi ilukwe kwenziwe ngayo obhasikidi noma izingibe zokubamba izinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintango ezenziwe ngamahlamvu esundu zazivimbela izilwane zingangeni ezivandeni. Iziqu ezithambile zeyam zazikhula zisekelwa uhlaka olwakhiwe ngezingaba zamahlamvu esundu. Futhi imishanelo yokushanela endlini yayenziwa ngemithambo yamahlamvu esundu.
Akumangalisi ukuthi abantu abadala bakulelidolobhana babelawula ngokuqinile ukusikwa kwalamahlamvu esundu! Ukusikwa kwawo ngokungalinganiseli kwakungalimaza ukuthela kwemithi futhi kusongele ngisho nokuphila kwayo. Kungakho amahlokohloko ayengafunwa. Ayenquma amahlamvu esundu ukuze athole okokuluka izidleke zawo, okwakwenza imithi eminingi ukuba ife.
Nokho, ngisho nemithi yesundu ewile yayifeza injongo yayo. Amakhowe ayemila eziqwini zemithi ebolayo. Leziqu futhi zazinezibungu ezinkulu zamabhungane—ukudla okumnandi nokunomsoco uma kuthoswe ngamafutha esundu. Amanzi akhanywe egabeni lembali yeduna ayekhiqiza amalitha amaningi ewayini elenziwe ngesundu. Uma amanzi esanda kukhanywa emithini ewile, noma ephilayo, ayeba isiphuzo esiqabulayo. Ngokuvamile, ayesetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni uvinika kanye nekai-kai (ogogoro), uphuzo oludakayo olunamandla olunambitheka njengegin.
Intuthuko Yanamuhla
Kuye kwenzeka izinguquko eziningi kusukela ngo-1937. Abantu ababekhokhela imfundo yabo ngemali ababeyithola ngokuthengisa amafutha esundu bathuthele emadolobheni amakhulu. Futhi ukuvunwa kwesundu okwakujabulisa sekuyinto yesikhathi esedlule.
Amapulazi amakhulu manje asebenzisa izindlela zesayensi ekutshaleni izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithi yesundu ethuthukisiwe. Lezinhlobo ezintsha azingenwa izifo kalula, zisheshe zivuthwe, zithela kakhulu, futhi zithela izithelo zisezimfushane. Lokhu kwenza ukuvuna kube lula kakhulu. Kusetshenziswa imimese emide ekhethekile namahuku ekuvuneni imithi emide lokho kwenza sibe sincane isidingo sokukhwela uma sikhona. Nokho, izindlela ezintsha, nakuba ziphumelela, azikhangi noma zijabulise njengokuvuna kwakudala!
Izindlela zokulishintsha nazo ziye zathuthukiswa. Ezindaweni elishintshelwa kuzo, imishini emikhulu iqhekeza kalula izinhlamvu. Khona-ke okusele kwezinhlamvu ezingaphakathi kwenziwa ngakho ikhekhe elenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezingaphakathi zesundu—isithako esibalulekile esifakwa ekudleni kwemfuyo. Amafutha ngamazinga awo ehlukene asetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezidliwayo (ezinjengebhotela, amakhekhe, kanye noice cream) nezingadliwa (ezinjengezinto zokuhlanza, amakhandlela, iziqholo, izimonyo, ngisho namafutha asetshenziswa ezimbonini). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iacetic acid etholakala ewayinini lesundu elidala iye yathola indawo embonini yenjoloba isetshenziswa njengento yokujiyisa.
UMatthew uye wayamukela yonke lentuthuko eye yenzeka emashumini eminyaka edlule eIgboland kusukela esengumfanyana. Phakathi nalesosikhathi, uye wafinyelela ekwazini okunye futhi ngomuthi wesundu. Ngokufunda iBhayibheli noFakazi BakaJehova, uye wathola ukuthi uNkulunkulu kudala wathi: “Umhlaba mawuveze utshani, nemifino ethela imbewu, nemithi yezithelo ethela izithelo ngezinhlobo zayo.” (Genesise 1:11) Njengoba esenolwazi lokuthi umuthi wesundu waba khona kanjani, uMatthew usengenza okungaphezu kokubabaza nokwazisa lomuthi okhangayo. Angadumisa uJehova uNkulunkulu, uMdali walelisundu lamafutha elinemisebenzi ehlukahlukene.
[Isithombe ekhasini 20]
Ukuvuna komunye wemithi
[Umthombo]
Peter Buckley/Photo Researchers