Icybernetics—Umqondo Wakudala Uyathuthuka

INGABE uyathanda ukuya ezoo? Lapho ungahleka uma ubona imfene engumama ilungisa umntwana wayo, ikhipha amazenze eboyeni bakhe. Noma mhlawumbe uthanda kakhulu ukuvakashela embonini eyakha izimoto. Ingabe ubungalindela ukubona okufanayo lapho?

Lutho neze, ungase uphendule. Nokho, ezimbonini zezimoto zesimanje, ungase ubone izandla zomshini zicosha futhi zithutha izinsimbi nezinto zokuhlanganisa. Ngempela, izimboni ezinjalo zisebenzisa izimiso ezifanayo ebezisetshenziswa izimfene iminyaka eminingi ekulungisaneni. Isifundo sezimiso ezinjalo sibizwa ngokuthi icybernetics.

Lesayensi ingase ibe yintsha, kodwa igama alilisha. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule, uHomer wabhala ngeky·ber·neʹtes lapho ebhekisela kumuntu owumqondisi womkhumbi. Futhi kamuva uPlato wasebenzisa lenkulumo ebhekisela kumuntu owumqondisi kuhulumeni. Ngakho, iyini ngempela icybernetics? IWorld Book Encyclopedia ithi “ayingxenye yesayensi ephathelene nokulawulwa kwemishini nokudluliselwa kokwaziswa,” kokubili ezintweni eziphilayo nasemishinini. Isimiso esilawulayo esingaphakathi esilwaneni—isimiso sayo sezinzwa—siyefana naleso esisemishinini yesimanje. Isimiso sangaphakathi sisebenza ngokunikeza iziqondiso, ukubuyisa ukwaziswa ngenqubekela-phambili, nokuqondisa ngokwenza ukulungisa okudingekayo.

Ake sihlole imfene engumama lapho ilungisa umntwana. Sizobona ukuthi inokuningi okufanayo nemishini yesimanje. Okokuqala ibona izenze ngamehlo ayo. Bese ingqondo yayo itshela isandla ukuba sikhiphe lesinambuzane eboyeni. Ingqondo ilokhu iyiqondisa njalo inqubekela-phambili, ngokunakekela iqiniseka ukuthi isandla siyosibamba isinambuzane hhayi uboya. Kuthiwani uma lona osemncane epaquza ngesikhathi kwenzeka lokhu? Ayikho inkinga, ngoba ingqondo kamama iyakwazi ukusingatha lomsebenzi, ikhipha iziyalezo ezintsha zokubhekana nalokhu kupaquza. Ngaleyondlela, imfene inesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhelwe ngaphakathi sokulawula, ukubuyisela ukwaziswa, nokuqondisa. Izazi zecybernetics zifunda izimiso ezinjalo zokuqondisa ezizisebenzela zona ezintweni eziphilayo nasemishinini. Kodwa uhlobo olunjani lwemishini?

Izindawo zokukhiqiza izimoto zesimanje ngokuvamile zinemishini ezisebenzelayo. Azisebenzisi nje imishini kodwa imishini ezilawula yona, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi amarobhothi.

Amarobhothi awukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwecybernetics ngoba asebenzisa izimiso ezifanayo zokuyala, ukubuyisela ukwaziswa, nokuqondisa ezikhona kumama oyimfene. Lezimiso zenza irobhothi likwazi ukulawula umsebenzi walo ngokwalo futhi ngaleyondlela liphume phambili kuneminye imishini. Kodwa icybernetics ilifinyelela kanjani ngempela izinga lerobhothi, ngaleyondlela athuthuke abe umkhakha ozimele?

Ukusuka Esondweni Elidonsa Intambo Kuya Erobhothini

Kuwo wonke umlando umuntu ubezama ukuqeda isizungu nenqubo eyisicefe ekuphileni ngokwenza ukuba imishini imsebenzele. Kuyavunywa, imishini yakuqala yayisadinga umuntu onolwazi ukuba ayisebenzise futhi ayiqondise, acabange. Ngaleyondlela, isondo, into yokuqondisa, nesondo elidonsa intambo kwakusebenza ngamandla kodwa kwakudinga ukunakekela okuseduze komuntu. Kancane, kancane, kwasungulwa imishini enamandla, eyayihamba ngamanzi, umoya, noma isitimu. Kodwa abantu kwakusadingeka babe khona ukuze balinganise umkhiqizo womshini, bawulungise futhi bawuqondise. Ngakho kwakudingeka isimiso esizobheka ukusebenza komshini. Ingabe kwakungenziwa imishini eyayingaziqondisa yona ngokwayo, okungenani ngokwengxenye?

Ingqondo yemfene engumama ayikhiphi iziyalezo eziya esandleni kuphela kodwa yenza futhi umbiko ngenqubekela-phambili osekelwe ekwazisweni ekunikezwa yiso layo. Isilwane sethu esihlakaniphile asidingi muntu ozositshela ukuthi sikuphi esinye isinambuzane nokuthi sisuswa kanjani. Sinesimiso esakhelwe ngaphakathi sokukhipha iziyalezo, ukubuyisela ukwaziswa, nokuqondisa esenza siziqondise sona ngokwaso. Umshini ozibhekela wona umsebenzi wawo kumelwe ngokufanayo ube nalezizici ezakhelwe esimisweni sawo sokuzilawula.

Inguquko yezezimboni eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka yanikeza ugqozi lokuqaliswa kwemishini eziqondisa yona. Ngokwesibonelo, injini yesitimu yathuthukiswa ukusungula kukaWatt umshini oziqondisa wona. Ngokuzwa isivinini senjini yentuthu (ukubuyisa ukwaziswa) nokulungisa izinga ipayipi elingenisa ngalo isitimu (ukuqondisa), amandla enjini yakhe ayegcinwa esezingeni elamukelekayo (ukukhipha iziyalezo). Ngaleyondlela isivinini salomshini sasizisebenzela, sizilawula sona.

Kodwa imfene engumama ingenza okwengeziwe kunokulungisa usana lwayo; ingalupha ukudla futhi iluhambahambise ngokufanayo. Isimiso sayo sokuqondisa esizisebenzelayo sizifanelisa nezimo kangangokuthi imfene encane ingathembela kunina njengohamba phambili kuzo zonke izimo. Ingabe umshini onokuzifanelanisa nezimo okunjalo ungaklanywa? Ubungadinga isimiso sokuqondisa esiwenza ukwazi ukufeza imisebenzi ehlukene engahlobene. Kusukela ngo-1950 isayensi yecybernetics ibizama ukuhlangabezana nalemfuneko. Omunye wemiphumela wemizamo yabo irobhothi lesimanje.

Irobhothi—Umphumela Wecybernetics

Igama elithi “irobhothi” livela enkulumweni yolimi lwesiCzech elisho “isisebenzi esiphoqiwe.” Kulelizwe, irobhothi seliye lasho umshini “ophinde uwuhlele kabusha, owenza imisebenzi eminingi oklanyelwe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.” Amarobhothi amaningi asezimbonini afakwe amacomputer. Ahlelelwe imisebenzi eminingi futhi aphinde ahlelwe uma uhlelo lomsebenzi lushintsha. Kuye kwathiwa amaphesenti angu-80 erobhothi angaphinde asetshenziswe uma icomputer yalo isinikezwe izinhlelo ezintsha zomsebenzi omusha.

Irobhothi lasembonini lisebenza kanjani? Izazi zecybernetics zisebenzisa uhlobo lwesimiso sokuqondisa emarobhothini esifanayo naleso esisibone emfeneni engumama, esinezici zokunikeza imiyalo, ukubuyisela ukwaziswa nokuqondisa. Okokuqala, iziyalezo zifakwa enkumbulweni yerobhothi. Ngemva kwalokho, noma nini uma umshini usebenza, izimpawu eziyiziyalezo ezivela enkumbulweni yawo ziwutshela okufanele ukwenze. Insimbi ekwazi ukuzwa esemshinini ibuyisela emuva umbiko wenqubekela-phambili. Enkumbulweni yawo, ukuqhathaniswa kwenqubekela-phambili nomyalezo wokuqala kuveza umyalezo wokuba uqale umsebenzi olandelayo. Imishini enjalo ingadudula, idonse, noma ngisho ipende, ishisele, ilayishe, inqwabelanise, futhi ithuthe.

Imboni eyenza izimoto ingenye, phakathi kweziningi, esebenzisa icybernetics nerobhothi. Lokhu kuye kwasusa izisebenzi endaweni eyingozi ebangelwa ukushisa, intuthu, noma umsindo. Omunye umkhandi wezimoto embonini yezimoto wayecabanga ngezimo eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, ethi: “Kwakufanele ngifake amagearbox futhi ngazilimaza umhlane wami ngikwenza. Lowomsebenzi sewenziwa irobhothi manje.”

Isazi Secybernetics Esiphakeme

Nokho, inqubekela-phambili emkhakheni wecybernetics akufanele isivale amehlo eqinisweni lokuthi ngisho nerobhothi eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eliqondiswa icomputer lingenza kuphela lokho elikuhlelelwe ukuba likwenze. Kokubili umshini nohlelo kuklanywe ngumuntu. Ngakho-ke, yini esingaphetha ngayo, ngesimiso semizwa somuntu ngokwakhe? Ngokusobala sinesici esiphakeme kakhulu.

UNorbert Wiener, owaqalisa icybernetics, waphawula: “Awukho omunye umshini osondela ekuhlelweni kwamandla engqondo. . . . [Umuntu] unesimiso semizwa esenziwe kahle kakhulu” kunanoma yini ephilayo emhlabeni. Ngokusobala, umuntu unikeza isibonelo esiphakeme kakhulu salokho isimiso sokunikeza iziyalezo, ukubuyisa ukwazisa nokuqondisa esingakwenza. “Ukudluliselwa kokwazisa esimisweni semizwa kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kunehhovisi lapho izingcingo zikathelefoni ziqoqelwa khona,” kubika iNew Encyclopædia Britannica, inezela: “Ukuxazululwa kwenkinga ingqondo yomuntu kukwedlula kude lé okungenziwa icomputer enamandla kakhulu.”

Ngakho-ke, lonke udumo luya kuMklami womuntu, uJehova uNkulunkulu, okumelwe abhekwe njengesazi secybernetics esihlakaniphe kakhulu esake saba khona. “Ngenziwa ngokwesabekayo nangokumangalisayo,” kubhala uDavide kumaHubo 139:14. Umuntu ngamunye ophilile uzalwa ehlonyiswe ngesimiso sezinzwa esimenza akwazi ukuba inkosi yemisebenzi yakhe ngokwakhe. Amanye amakhono asheshe avele. Ukucosha izinto nokuzithutha kungumdlalo wezingane. Amanye amakhono, njengokugibela ibhayisikili noma ukudlala upiyano, adinga ukuziqeqesha.

Isimiso somuntu sokuqondisa sivumelana nezimo kalula kakhulu. Singasetshenziselwa ngisho nokunikeza ukuqondisa kokuziphatha. Kwabase-Efesu 6:4 (NW), iBhayibheli likhuthaza abazali ukuba bangenise izindinganiso ezilungile zokuziphatha ezingqondweni zabantwana babo, lenqubo ibizwa ngokuthi “ukulawula ingqondo.” Iziqondiso eziningi zokuziphatha ezigciniwe zingaqondisa ingane ekwenzeni izinqumo futhi ziyisize ukuba ibheke umsebenzi wayo ngokwayo.

Igama elithi ky·berʹne·sis litholakala kweyoku-1 Korinte 12:28. (NW) Lapho leligama libonisa “amakhono okuqondisa,” noma njengoba iVine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words ikubeka, lisho “labo abasebenza njengabaqondisi” ebandleni. Ngisho nebandla lobuKristu lingasebenza njengesimiso secybernetics, linemigomo engokwasezulwini nezindinganiso. Ilungu ngalinye linethuba lokubheka umsebenzi walo ngokwalo osekelwe ezindinganisweni ezibekwe eBhayibhelini.

Ngakho icybernetics yindala njengendalo. Yebo, imfene engumama ayikwazi lokho, futhi ayinandaba. Kodwa njengezidalwa ezihlakaniphile zikaNkulunkulu, masazise isipho esimangalisayo sesimiso sethu esakhelwe ngaphakathi sokuqondisa. Ngokusisebenzisa ngokufanele, singasebenzisa izipho zethu kube udumo lweSazi Esiphakeme Secybernetics, uJehova uNkulunkulu.

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 21]

BMW Werkfoto Nr. 88 090