Ukubuka Okwezwe
Umshado Noma Ukuhlalisana?
Kuyaqhubeka kuba okuvamile kwamanye amazwe ukuba imibhangqwana ihlale ndawonye ngaphambi noma esikhundleni sokuba ishade. Kuvame kakhulu kangangokuthi “umshado ungaba yinto engasasebenzi eYurophu,” kuxwayisa iNew Zealand Herald. Iphephandaba elithile libika ukuthi imininingwane isikisela ukuthi yingxenye yabesifazane kuphela eyoshada eSweden naseDenmark. Engxenyeni esele yeYurophu, manje kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe oyedwa kwabathathu ngeke esashada. Nokho, ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlalisana ngaphambi komshado akuqinisekisi umshado ophumelelayo, njengoba kwake kwacatshangwa kanjalo. Umbiko wamuva nje kuyiJournal of Marriage and the Family waveza ukuthi “imibhangqwana eyahlalisana ngaphambi komshado yabika imishado engaphumeleli, izinga eliphansi lokuba nesibopho ebuhlotsheni bomshado, . . . kanye nethuba elikhulu lesehlukaniso kunemibhangqwana engazange ihlalisane.”
Ososayensi Basola Abasebenza Kanye Nabo
Kwande kangakanani ukukhohlisa kwezesayensi? Inhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yezesayensi, iAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, muva nje yahlola amalungu ayo angu-1 500 ngokuphathelene nalendaba. Ngokukamagazini iScience, kososayensi abangu-469 abasabela, amaphesenti angu-27 “akholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule aye ahlangabezana noma abona ukuhlola okuqanjiwe, okungamanga, noma okuntshontshwe kokwabanye.” Amaphesenti amabili kuphela akholelwa ukuthi ukukhohlisa kunciphile; amaphesenti angu-37 anomuzwa wokuthi ukukhohlisa kuye kwanda. Kulabo abahlangabezana nokukhohlisa, amaphesenti angu-27 athi awazange enze lutho ngako, kodwa amaphesenti amabili kuphela akubekela inselele obala ukwaziswa ayesola ukuthi kungamanga. Ngokuphathelene nokuthi ziyini izimbangela zakho konke lokhu kukhohlisa, ososayensi babala eziningi, ezinjengokuncintisana ngenzondo ngokushicilela kuqala imiphumela yokuhlola kanye nokuthola izimali ezivela kuhulumeni kanye nokuqashelwa umphakathi.
Ukwethusa Oshaka!
Sekuyisikhathi eside kufunwa into ephumelelayo yokuxosha oshaka. Amanetha oshaka, ngaphandle kokuba yingozi ehilela indawo ezungezile yezidalwa eziphila olwandle ezisengozini ezinjengamahlengethwa nezimfudu, adinga ukunakekelwa, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweziphepho ezinamandla. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi kuye kwenziwa impumelelo enkulu ngokwenziwa kwento kagesi enozibuthe yokuxosha osha-ka. UNorman Wynne weNatal Sharks Board eseNingizimu Afrika uyachaza: “Sithole ukuthi [oshaka] abazwani nendawo okusetshenziswe kuyo lento kagesi enozibuthe enamandla athile.” Ukuhlola okuhilela ukuhlangabezana noshaka izikhathi ezingu-250 kwabonisa ukuthi esimweni ngasinye oshaka babexoshwa yilento entsha yokubaxosha. Kubonakala sengathi lento kagesi ayinangozi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphila olwandle. Lomkhiqizo, osuzothengiswa maduze nje, mncane ngokwanele ukuba ungafakwa ebhandeni noma unanyathiselwe epulangweni lokuhlamba emagagasini olwandle.
Ugwayi Owusizo?
Uma sicabangela konke ukufa okuye kwabangelwa ukuwusebenzisa kabi, ingabe ugwayi ungasetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo? Ngokwesihloko esakhishwa kumagazini waseNingizimu Afri-ka iEndangered Wildlife, kungenzeka. Ugwayi ungasetshenziswa njengesibulala sinambuzane esingokwemvelo. Inhlanganisela ebilisiwe kagwayi ogayiwe nensipho efafazwe ezitshalweni ibulala amacimbi, izimpukane, kanye nezibungu. Lapho igcotshiswe ngebhulashi ezikhumbeni zezimvu, izinkomo, nezezimbuzi, lenhlanganisela iyibulala ngokuphumelelayo imikhaza. Nokho, lesihloko sinikeza lesixwayiso esingathi sína: “Lenhlanganisela kagwayi iwushevu ongokwemvelo onamandla. Akufanele nanini iphuzwe abantu noma yizilwane. Ungayibeki noma yikuphi nje endlini. Izitshalo ezifafazwe ngayo akufanele zivunwe okungenani ezinsukwini ezine ngemva kokufafazwa futhi kufanele zigezisiswe ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngaphambi kokuba zidliwe.”
Izinzuzo Zokuncelisa
Ukulunyulwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokufa kwezinsana emazweni asathuthuka, ngokukamagazini waseBrazil iSuperinteressante. Ingxenye yomama baseBrazil iyeka ukuncelisa enyangeni yesibili kunokuba iqhubeke okungenani kuze kube senyangeni yesithupha. Lomagazini uyenezela: “Ngenxa yokungabi nefa lesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba nokuba ngaphansi kwezimo zempilo eziyingozi, abantwana babulawa izifo abebeyokwazi ukuzinqoba uma bebenceliswa.” Udokotela wezifo zabantwana uJosé Martins Filho uthi: “Abesifazane abahlanu kuphela kwabayikhulu abahlulekayo ukuncelisa ngenxa yezinkinga ezingokomzimba.”
Iziguli Odokotela Abazithandayo
Odokotela eToyama, eJapane, baye babhala uhlu lwezinhlobo zeziguli abakuthola kunzima ukuzelapha. Abazithandi iziguli ezikushiyela kunoma ubani ohamba nazo ukuba akhulume, lezo ezicela usizo ngokungadingekile ngemva kwesikhathi somsebenzi, lezo ezingayilaleli imiyalo, lezo ezisezikhundleni ezivelele emphakathini ezizikhukhumezayo futhi ezingenabungane, lezo ezicabanga ukuthi zazi kakhulu noma zazi ukwedlula odokotela, kanye nalezo ezishintsha odokotela zingethembi noyedwa kubo. IDaily Yomiuri yacaphuna uDkt. Kaoru Oyama wasesiBhedlela saseToyama iSaino ethi: “Odokotela ababona onkulunkulu. Iziguli zethu ezingcono yilezo ezisikhuthazayo ekubeni senze umsebenzi wethu ongcono kuzo, ngokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nangokuxoxisana nathi, kanye nangokulandela iziqondiso zethu kanye nemiyalo.”
Usongo Lwesifo Sikamalaleveva SaseCambodia
Iminyaka engamashumi amabili yempi yashiya izigidi zamabhomu agqitshwayo zisakazeke ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni zaseCambodia. Nokho, usongo olukhulu ngisho nangokwedlulele luvela esifweni esisha esithathelwanayo sikamalaleveva esimelana nezidakamizwa ezivamile. Ngokomnyango wezempilo waseCambodia, lesifo sikamalaleveva sibulala abantu abalinganiselwa kwabangu-15 kuya kwabangu-25 ngosuku—inani eliphindwe kayishumi kwelezisulu zamabhomu agqitshwayo. IWorld Health Organization inovalo lokuthi lesifo singase singagcini nje ngokusakazeka ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia kodwa singase sisakazeke kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kunamasosha acishe abe ngu-16 000 eUN alondoloza ukuthula abelwe kulendawo, futhi kwesatshwa ukuthi lapho ebuyela ekhaya, amanye ayobe enaleligciwane elisha egazini, eliyodluliselwa omiyane ezisulwini ezengeziwe. Abanye abasongelwayo ababaleki abangu-360 000 baseCambodia abayobuyela emakhaya bevela emakamu aseThailand. Okuphumelela kakhulu ekulwisaneni nalesifo esisha esithathelwanayo yiquinine kanye netetracycline. Kodwa zombili lezidakamizwa, kanye nezisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe nezinto zokuhamba, kuyivela kancane eCambodia, futhi abantu bayafa ngenxa yokungatholi ukwelashwa okufanele.
Zalinyazwa Kunokuba Zelashwe
Cishe izihambeli zenkolo ezingu-6 000 zatheleka ethempelini lamaRoma Katolika eliseduze naseDenver, eColorado, eU.S.A., ngoDecember odlule ngemva kokuba owesifazane othile ebike ukuthi iNcasakazi uMariya yabonakala kuye lapho. Ezinye zalezihambeli zagqolozela ilanga zethemba ukubona iNcasakazi. Eziningi zonakala amehlo, futhi odokotela bezifo zamehlo babika ukuthi ezimweni eziningi, lomonakalo uba mkhulu futhi uhlala njalo. Owesifazane othile owathinteka wathi: “Wake wezwa yini ngabantu abaya kuJesu ukuze babone isimangaliso kodwa babuya bekhubazekile?” UMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseDenver uJ. Francis Stafford wanxusa ‘amaKristu athembekile’ ukuba angahlanganyeli emibuthanweni yesikhathi esizayo ehlangene nezambulo zangasese. Waxwayisa “ngemizwelo yokuthatheka kanye nokukholelwa yinoma yini eyize.”
Ingabe Ababhishobhi BamaFulentshi Bayekethisa?
Umbiko osola “indikimba yesigaba sabefundisi yeSonto LamaRoma Katolika laseFrance ngokusekela ngokugcwele uhulumeni osekela ubuNazi waseVichy eFrance” uye wakhishwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-48, kusho i-International Herald Tribune yaseParis. Lombiko kuthiwa wabhalwa ngo-1944 yisazi sezenkolo esingumJesuit kamuva esaba ukhadinali. Sakubiza ngokuthi “kuyihlazo” ukuyekethisa okwenziwa yiningi lababhishobhi baseFrance phakathi nenkathi yokulawulwa kweFrance ubuNazi. Lombiko ngokwengxenye uthi: “Isonto labonakala lanelisekile, naphezu kokuba kwakwephulwa ubulungisa yonke indawo, ukuhlushwa konembeza futhi kuqedwa izindinganiso zobuKristu. . . . Bonke abantu babona ukuthi iSonto eFrance lalizuza ngokwenyanyekayo esimweni esenyanyekayo.” ITribune iyaphetha: “Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-50 ngemva kwempi, iFrance yikhona iqala ukuthatha izinyathelo ngezenzo zeSonto zaphakathi nokulawulwa kwayo yiJalimane.”
Abantwana Abazalwa Ngaphandle Komshado
Amaphesenti abantwana abazalwa abazali abangashadile aye aba ngaphezu kokuphindwa kabili eFrance kusukela ngo-1981, kusho umbiko okhishwe yiFrench National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. Namuhla, umntwana wesithathu eFrance uzalwa ngaphandle komshado. Lokhu, ngokwephephandaba laseParis iMonde, kwenza iFrance ibe izwe lesibili elinamaphesenti aphakeme kakhulu okuzalwa kwabantwana ngokungemthetho eMphakathini waseYurophu. Kuqala iDenmark, lapho ingxenye yabo bonke abantwana izalwa ngaphandle komshado. Nokho, ngokungefani naseminyakeni eyedlule, ukuzalwa kwabantwana ngokungemthetho okwengeziwe eFrance ngokusobala kungumphumela wokukhulelwa okuhleliwe kunokukhulelwa okungahleliwe. UBrigitte Rabin, umlobi walombiko, unomuzwa wokuthi lokhu kuthambekela kubonisa ukuthi ukuba nabantwana ngaphandle komshado kwabaningi kuye kwaba yinto eyamukelekayo emphakathini. Kanjalo, njengoba isihlamba sisusiwe, abesifazane abengeziwe bahlala bengashadile—kodwa bakhetha ukukhulisa abantwana.
Uhulumeni Omkhulu Emhlabeni Wonke
Izinhlekelele ezithile zendawo ezungezile, njengefu lemisebe enoshevu, elakhululwa ukuqhuma okwenzeka esikhungweni senuzi iChernobyl, zikhungathekisa ohulumeni ngoba zidlulela ngalé kwemingcele yesizwe, okwenza kungenzeki nganoma yimuphi uhulumeni ukuba azilawule. Ngakho, ngokwephephandaba laseItaly iSole-24 ore, ungqongqoshe wezendawo ezungezile waseItaly wasikisela: “Uhulumeni womhlaba wendawo ezungezile awulona iphupho, ikakhulukazi uma kunemithwalo yemfanelo ethile . . . owabelwe yona.”
Ukuguga Kanye Nokukhohlwa
Ingabe ukuguga kuyefana nokukhohlwa? Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi kuyefana. Lomqondo manje ubekelwa inselele ukuhlola okwenziwa eItaly futhi wafingqwa kuyiCorriere Salute. Lokhu kuhlola kwakuhilela cishe abantu abayinkulungwane abaphakathi kweminyaka engu-20 nengu-70 ubudala. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isizathu salokho okubonakala kuwukwehla kwenkumbulo singaba ukuphelelwa ukuzethemba kwabantu asebekhulile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma osemusha ekhohlwa, iminyaka ayinakwa. Nokho, uma umuntu osekhulile ekhohlwa, khona-ke iminyaka ibekwa icala. Ngakho, ukukhohlwa kungase kuhlanganiswe ngokungeyikho nokuguga. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokuvamile “indlela esilinganisela ngayo inkumbulo yethu ihlobene kakhulu nokusikhathazayo, futhi ekugcineni, okuwukuphela kwento esiyidingayo ngempela wukuba nje sibuye siqinisekiswe.” Lokhu kuhlola kwabuye kwaphetha ngokuthi ngisho noma umuntu omdala engafundi ngokushesha njengosemusha, ubudala abusona isithiyo sokukhumbula izinto ezafundwa esikhathini esidlule.