Ukubuka Okwezwe
Abantu Ababulawa Utshwala EJapane
Izenzakalo zokungenwa ushevu wotshwala ziye zanda ngokuphawulekayo eJapane muva nje, kubika i-Daily Yomiuri. Esinye isici esinengxenye: ukuvuselelwa kwe-ikkinomi, noma ukunkintsha—okungukuthi, ukuphuza isiphuzo esidakayo ngaphandle kokuphumula. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngaphansi kokucindezeleka noma ngisho nangaphansi kokuphoqelelwa isixuku sababukeli abagqugquzela futhi bahalalisele ophuzayo ukuba aqhubeke. Lomkhuba ubungasekho ngandlela-thile, kodwa waqalisa futhi ngonyaka odlule. UMiyako Omoto, isekela likaprofesa wesikole sezokwelapha saseYunivesithi yaseToho, ulinganisa ukuphoqelela othile ukuba ankintshe isiphuzo esidakayo nokuzama ukubulala. Wathi: “I-ikkinomi iyingozi ngoba umuntu uphuza utshwala obuningi kunalobo obungasingathwa umzimba wakhe ngaphambi kokuba umzimba wakhe uqale ukuthumela uphawu oluxwayisayo.” UMnyango Wezomlilo waseTokyo uthi ngo-1991 abantu abangu-9 122 kwadingeka ukuba bayiswe esibhedlela benoshevu omningi wotshwala—ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-8 kunangonyaka odlule. Abayisithupha babo bafa.
Omakhelwane Ababandlululayo
Ubani obungeke uthande ukuba abe umakhelwane wakho? IValue Systems Study Group yaseYurophu yabuza abantu abangu-20 000 lowombuzo emazweni angu-14 ngomzamo wokuthola ukwesaba nokubandlululana okuvamile. “Isizwe esinomusa kakhulu kunazo zonke yiDenmark,” kuphawula i-European, kuyilapho iPortugal yabikwa njengebandlulula kunazo zonke. Ngokuphathelene nomakhelwane abanengculaza, abantu abasemazweni angawobuKatolika ngokuyinhloko njengeItaly, iSpain, neIreland babonisa ubutha obukhulu kakhulu kuyilapho abantu baseBelgium bebonisa ubandlululo olukhulu lobuhlanga nolungokwenkolo. AmaJalimane ayengathandi ukuba abashisekeli bezombangazwe babe omakhelwane. Amadoda nabesifazane babonisa umehluko omncane lapho kuziwa ekubandlululeni. Kodwa isici esisodwa esabonakala sihlangene nobandlululo kuwo wonke amazwe—ubudala beminyaka. Abantu abakhulile ngokuvamile babekhetha kakhulu ekutheni obani ababebafuna ukuba babe omakhelwane.
Inani Lamahlozi Liyancipha
Esinye seziqiwu zaseNdiya eziphambili silahlekelwa amahlozi aso aseBengal ayivelakancane, kubika umagazini i-New Scientist. Ukubala kwamuva nje esiqiwini saseRanthambhor kwathola amahlozi angu-15 kuphela—ehle kusukela kwangu-44 eminyakeni nje emithathu edlule. Akumangalisi ukuthi inkinga ukuzingela. Kodwa abazingeli kulezinsuku bafuna okungaphezu kwezikhumba ezinhle. Amathambo alelihlozi asetshenziselwa ukwenza “iwayini lamathambo ehlozi,” elithandwayo njengomuthi wokwelapha kwamanye amazwe aseAsia. Abazingeli ngokuvamile babulala lamahlozi ngesife esinoshevu, ngezinye izikhathi babulale amazinyane kanye nomama abangamahlozi. Ngokuphambayo, isiqiwu saseRanthambhor ekuqaleni sasiyindawo yombukiso weProject Tiger—umzamo wokulondoloza imvelo owawuklanyelwe ukusindisa ihlozi laseBengal ekuqothulweni. Sekukonke, kusele lezilwane ezinhle ezilinganiselwa kwezingu-6 000 kuya kwezingu-9 000 kuphela emhlabeni.
Ukubhema Namathambo Aphukile
“Sesifikile isikhathi lapho ngisho nodokotela bamathambo bezotshela khona iziguli zabo ukuba ziyeke ukubhema,” kubika iphephandaba laseBrazil i-Folha de S. Paulo. Ukuhlolwa kwabantu abangu-29 abaphuke amathambo kwembula ukuthi i-nicotine evela entuthwini kagwayi yenza imithambo yegazi yamaxhwele kagwayi iqine kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, abangabhemi nalabo ababeye babhema isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka emibili babenemithambo yegazi eyayikwazi kangcono ukufinyela nokunwebeka, okusiza amathambo aphukile ukuba ahlume ngokushesha ngokwengeziwe. Ngokwesilinganiso, amathambo aphukile abantu abangabhemi alulama ngokushesha ngamaphesenti angu-28 kunalawo abantu ababheme isikhathi eside. Futhi, ukuhogela i-carbon monoxide lapho ubhema kunciphisa ukugeleza komoya-mpilo, okwenza ithambo eliphukile lingondleki.
Isifo Sika-Chagas Siyasakazeka
IWorld Health Organization ibika ukuthi abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-18 eLatin America banegciwane elibangela isifo sika-Chagas, elingaholela enkingeni yenhliziyo engathi sína ngisho nasekufeni. Ingqikithi yabantu abayizigidi ezingu-90—amaphesenti angu-25 omphakathi—emazweni angu-17 aseLatin America basengozini yokungenwa yilesifo, ngokwephephandaba laseBolivia i-Diario. Isinambuzane abantu abaningi abasibiza ngokuthi imbungulu eqabulayo ngokuvamile sidlulisela lesifo. I-Notícias Bolivianas itusa ukuhlanzisisa zonke izindonga, ukugcina zonke izilwane ezindlwaneni zangaphandle kunokuba zigcinwe endlini, nokuhlanzisisa ngenkuthalo ukuze kuqedwe izimbungulu ezithwala izifo endlini. Ngokumpontshelwa kwegazi, iphephabhuku elifanayo liphawula ukuthi amaphesenti angu-47,6 egazi elimpontshelwayo anengozi ethile yokusakaza isifo sika-Chagas. Liphetha ngokuthi: “Kutuswa ukuyeka igazi ngokuvumelana nomyalo weBhayibheli.”
Izinyoni Ezisongelwayo
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingu-273 ezizalaniswayo eJalimane, ezingu-166 zisengozini, kusho iConservation Society yaseJalimane. Izizathu kuthiwa ukuqedwa kwendawo etholakalayo ngokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, izimboni, ukulima ngokweqile, nezokuvakasha. Iphephandaba i-Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung libika ukuthi ngisho nakuba amachibi amaningi, imifula, namaxhaphozi eJalimane kuye kwathiwa izindawo ezivikelwe, lezinyathelo azanele ukuba zisize izinhlobo ezinjenge-black tern, i-bittern encane, kanye nokhozi lwasolwandle olunomsila omhlophe. Ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezizalaniswa kuzo akufezi lutho uma izindawo zalezinyoni zokuphephela ebusika, njengalezo eziseAfrika, zingavikelwa. Kanjalo, leliphepha liyaphawula: “Ezikhathini eziningi, ukulondoloza imvelo kungaletha imiphumela kuphela ngemva kokubambisana kwamazwe onke.”
Izinzuzo Zokuhlikihla Izinsana
“Ukubikelwa nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kusitshela ukuthi ukuthintana kunempilo,” kuphawula i-Stress & Health Report. Lesimiso sasetshenziswa ekunakekeleni iqembu lezinsana ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi iphephandaba elakhishwa yiSibhedlela sase-Enloe eCalifornia, libonisa ukuhlolwa okungokwesayensi kwezinsana ezinjalo ezingu-40. Ezingu-20 zazo zazihlikihlwa ngokuncenga imizuzu engu-15, kathathu ngosuku. Ezinye izinsana ezingu-20 ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi zathola ukunakekelwa okuvamile. Ezingu-20 ezazihlikihliwe zaqhuba kangcono ezicini eziningana kunalezi ezinye ezingu-20. Ukukhuphuka kwesisindo sazo sansuku zonke kwakusesilinganisweni esiphakeme ngamaphesenti angu-47, amaphuzu azo ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha kwazo ayephakeme, futhi zazibonakala zesasa futhi ziphapheme kakhulu. I-Stress & Health Report iyaphetha: “Lokho okuzilungele izinsana ezincane kakhulu cishe kusilungele sonke.”
Ichibi Eliphelelwa Umoya-mpilo
Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi iChibi iVictoria laseAfrika eliwumbukwane, ichibi lamanzi ahlanzekile elingelesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, libhekene nethunzi lokufa ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Kubonakala sengathi ama-alga ayanda ngaphansi echibini futhi aphuca amanzi umoya-mpilo wawo. Iyini imbangela? Ngamafuphi, umuntu, ngokuqothula amahlathi, ukulima, nokuminyana kwabantu. Izilinganiso eziphakeme zezakhi ezivela ekukhukhulekeni kwenhlabathi, indle, nentuthu yezinkuni zondla lama-alga. Futhi, izikhulu zezokudoba zanquma eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 edlule ukusekela imboni yokudoba ngokungenisa i-perch yaseNayili. Lenhlanzi entsha yanda, futhi ibhizinisi lokudoba lachuma njengoba kwakuhleliwe. Nokho, i-perch yaseNayili yayidla izinhlanzi ezincane okwase kuyisikhathi eside zigcine izinto zisesilinganisweni ngokudla lama-alga. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kwengxenye sezinyamalele. Manje, ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile nokuphela komoya-mpilo, kungenzeka i-perch isengozini ngokufanayo. Abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-30 bathembele ebhizinisini lokudoba eChibini iVictoria.
Ukuvivinya Ubuchopho
“Ubuchopho Obusebenzayo.” Lelo igama lomkhankaso waseFinland ogcizelela ukusebenzisa ubuchopho. Lombono ulula. Lapho sibusebenzisa kakhulu ubuchopho bethu—ngokuzindla, ngokuqamba, ngokufunda izinto ezintsha—kulapho busebenza kangcono khona. “Ebuchosheni sinamandla angapheli okuxazulula izinkinga, kodwa ngeshwa umuntu usebenzisa kuphela ingxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi zamandla obuchopho ngokwesilinganiso,” kugcizelela uJuhani Juntunen, umcwaningi wobuchopho nomqondisi wesibhedlela osebenza njengomphathi womklamo kulomkhankaso. “Lolongani ubuchopho benu, fundani izinto ezintsha, futhi niyothola amandla engeziwe,” uyanxusa. Ukuthola kucasula ukuthi abantu abaningi kangaka badumisa ubusha futhi babukela phansi ikhono lobuchopho babantu asebekhulile, ngoba ukholelwa ukuthi ubuchopho babantu abadala buvame ukusebenza ngisho nakangcono kunobabantu abasebasha kwezinye izici. “Akuzenzakalelanga ukuba izikhundla eziphakemeyo ziphathwe abantu abakhulile,” kuphawula uJuntunen. “Ubuchopho bungase bube yithuluzi eliwohlokayo, kodwa abantu abadala babusebenzisa ngekhono kangcono kunentsha.”
Ukuphela Kwezinto Ezinhlobonhlobo
Ngokukamagazini waseBrazil i-Superinteressante, izinhlobo eziningana zamakhabe eSpain nezinhlobonhlobo zika-anyanisi eAsia Ephakathi ziyaphela, futhi eBrazil kunezinhlobo zomoba nokusanhlamvu ezingasekho kakade. UEdouard Saouma, umqondisi-jikelele weUN Food and Agriculture Organization, ucashunwa ethi: “Iphutha lisezimbonini nakubathengi, abancamela imikhiqizo efanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi.” Lomagazini uyanezela: “Njengoba abalimi bezama ukwanelisa abathengi, ukuncipha kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kuya kuba okungathi sína usuku ngalunye.” Ngenxa yendinganiso enjalo, isintu singase silahlekelwe izinhlobo zemifino ezingu-40 000 emashumini eminyaka azayo, kuxwayisa uSaouma. Ososayensi besaba ukuthi ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izivuno ziyoba sengozini eyengeziwe yemiqedazwe eqothulayo.
Into Ebulala Kunazo Zonke Eluthayo
Osikilidi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi baphakathi kwezidakamizwa ezisetshenziswa kabi ezilutha kunazo zonke kodwa “babulala kakhulu kunazo zonke,” kuphawula owayengumqondisi weInstitute for the Study of Smoking Behavior and Policy, uThomas C. Schelling. Ukuyeka kunzima, usho kanjalo kumagazini i-Science kaJanuary 24, 1992. Izinga lokuphumelela ukuyeka leminyaka emibili noma ngaphezulu lingoyedwa kwabahlanu abazamayo. Kungani kunzima kangaka ukuyeka? USchelling ubala lezizathu: Osikilidi ababizi, batholakala ngokushesha, bayaphatheka, futhi bayagcineka; ababangeli ukulimala kwanoma yiliphi ikhono; futhi ukubhema akudingi thuluzi. Uthi: “Umonakalo awufiki ngokushesha. Abantu abanomdlavuza nesifo samaphaphu nenhliziyo ngenxa yokubhema baye babhema cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izimpawu.” Nakuba i-nicotine iyinto eyinhloko eluthayo entuthwini kasikilidi, uSchelling ucabanga futhi ukuthi ukunambitheka kwentuthu kagwayi nokulawula imizwa okuvezwa ukubhema kungase kwenezele ekuluthekeni. Kungani ukuhlehla kuvame kangaka? Uthi: “Abantu abaningi ababhemayo abaye bayeka baqhelelene nosikilidi oseduze ngemizuzu engaphansi kwemihlanu, futhi kuthatha ukulahlekelwa ukuzilawula okuncane kakhulu ukugcwalisa isifiso sokubhema.”