Ukubuka Okwezwe
Ingculaza EParis
“EParis, ukufa komuntu oyedwa kwabathathu phakathi kwamadoda aneminyaka ephakathi kuka-25 no-44 kubangelwa igciwane lengculaza,” kusho iphephandaba laseFrance i-Monde. Lezibalo zamuva zakhishwa muva nje i-INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research). Lombiko wembula futhi ukuthi phakathi kuka-1983 no-1990, ukungenwa yigciwane lengculaza kwandisa isilinganiso sokufa phakathi kwaleliqembu elifanayo lobudala ngamaphesenti angu-50. UDkt. Jonathan Mann, umqondisi we-WHO (World Health Organization), wabikezela: “Okubi nakakhulu kusengaphambili; kuyo yonke indawo lolubhadane luyanda.” Ngokwe-WHO, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu emhlabeni wonke bangenwa yileligciwane usuku ngalunye.
Abantwana Nokuncela Ibhodlela
Cishe amaphesenti angu-25 abantwana baseJapane anezinkinga zokudla. Imbangela yalokhu kungase kube ukuncela ibhodlela. I-Asahi Evening News ibika ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 othisha basezinkulisa baye baphawula ukuthi abanye abantwana banenkinga ngokudla okuhlafuneka kanzima. Abanye abantwana banenkinga yokukugwinya, futhi abanye bayakukhafula, abanye baye batholakala besakugcine emilonyeni yabo ngemva kokuthatha isihlwathi santambama. Odokotela baye baphawula ukuthi imihlathi yalabantwana ibuthaka futhi banezilevu ezincane. Udokotela wamazinyo uNaohiko Inoue nochwepheshe wezempilo yomphakathi uReiko Sakashita bathi baye bathola ukuthi lembangela iqala beseyizinsana futhi basola ukuncela ibhodlela. Kubonakala sengathi lapho abantwana bencela amabhodlela, badinga nje kuphela ukumunca ngaphandle kokunyakazisa imihlathi yabo. Nokho, lapho abantwana bencela ibele, basebenzisa imihlathi yabo ngamandla futhi baqinisa zona kanye lezicubu abazozidinga kamuva ukuze bakwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla.
Inkinga Yezimfudu Zasolwandle
Nakuba amanzi eyikhaya lezimfudu zasolwandle, amaqanda azo ziwabekelela endaweni eyomile. Ngemva kokuhamba amabanga amade ezilwandle zomhlaba, izimfudu zasolwandle zibuyela ezingwini ezikhethekile ukuze zizale. Ngemva kokuhlangana nofudu lwesilisa ngasogwini, ufudu lwesifazane lunwabulukela endaweni engaphandle kosebe lolwandle—mhlawumbe yona kanye elazalelwa kuyo—futhi ngokuthula lubekelele amaqanda alo endaweni ekhethwe ngokucophelela. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe izinsuku ezimbalwa, kuze kube yilapho wonke lamaqanda—ngokuvamile angaba inkulungwane—esebekelelwe futhi agqitshwa ngesineke. Kodwa kube sekuphakama inkinga. Iphephabhuku laseNingizimu Afrika i-Prisma liyibiza ngokuthi ‘ukudiliza komuntu izidleke okuhleliwe ngobugovu bakhe obungenakulinganiswa nokungahloniphi okukhulu indawo ezungezile,’ okuye “kwaphazamisa ngokungathi sína izindlela zokuzala kwezimfudu.” Ezinye izinhlobo manje zisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Abakhangisi Bakagwayi Baxhaphaza Abesifazane
“Usuthuthuke kakhulu, ntokazi.” Eminyakeni eminingi e-United States, abesifazane ababhemayo baye bakhuthazwa iziqubulo ezinjalo zokukhangisa ezishukumisayo. Laba besifazane baye baxhashazwa, kukhononda uKathy Harty, umqondisi wohlelo lokuvimbela ukubhema kwesinye isifundazwe sasenyakatho. UHarty uye wasiza ekwenziweni komkhankaso wokukhangisa ku-TV nasemsakazweni ogcizelela lesosigijimi. Okunye ukukhangisa okumelene nokubhema kubonisa owesifazane okhangayo ecisha ugwayi wakhe empandleni yomqondisi wezokukhangisa. Ukukhangisa okwenziwa komunye umsakazo kuveza owesifazane othile etshela abenzi bakagwayi ukuthi: “Siyanibonga ngokwenza izinwele zethu zinuke njengesitsha somlotha kagwayi. Siyanibonga ngokungcolisa amazinyo ethu nokwandisa izimali esizikhokhela ukuhlanzwa kwezimpahla. Siyanibonga ngabesifazane abangu-52 000 enibabangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu unyaka ngamunye. Sithemba nje ukuthi ngolunye usuku siyokwazi ukubuyisela lomusa.” UHarty uyachaza: “Sifuna [abesifazane] ukuba bacabangisise ukuthi: ‘Ingabe ngiyawufuna ngempela losikilidi? Ingabe ngempela ngifuna ukwenza omunye umuntu acebe kepha mina ngigule?’”
Ithemba Lezazi Zesayensi Yezinkanyezi
Ohlelweni lweminyaka eyishumi olusingethwe yi-U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, izazi zesayensi yezinkanyezi zihlela ukusebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-295 emzamweni wokuthola izinhlelo zomsakazo ezivela kubantu abahlakaniphile abakwamanye amaplanethi. Ngokwe-International Herald Tribune, icebo labo liwukuthola ngesikhathi esifanayo izigidi zeziteshi ezisebenza ngamaza amancane kakhulu ngezibona-kude zomsakazo e-Argentina, e-Australia, eNdiya, eRussia, ePuerto Rico, nase-United States. Nakuba abanye ososayensi bebikezela ngethemba elikhulu impumelelo esheshayo, abanye baveza ukuthi ukuhlola okungu-50 okwaqhutshwa kusukela ngo-1960 akuzange kuphumelele.
Ukukhetha Izinhlelo Zethelevishini Kusengaphambili?
“Kubantwana, ukubukela i-TV isikhathi esifushane kungcono, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo ze-TV ezinobudlova,” kusho i-American Academy of Pediatrics ekuhloleni okwakhishwa kuyi-Journal of the American Medical Association. Lesihloko sabika ukuthi “izinsana ezincane ezinezinyanga ezingu-14 ziqaphela futhi zamukele ngokusobala ukuziphatha ezikubona kuthelevishini.” Okuningi kwalokho ezikubonayo kubi futhi kunobudlova. Emzamweni wokubuyisela igunya lobuzali, lombiko usikisela ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje bomshini wokukhetha isikhathi nesiteshi kuthelevishini ukuze kukhethwe kusengaphambili izinhlelo, iziteshi, nezikhathi. Ngalendlela, ngisho nalapho abazali bengekho ekhaya, bangase balawule lokho izingane zabo ezikubukayo kuthelevishini nesikhathi sokukubukela.
Uju—Umelaphi
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, uju lwezinyosi luye lwasetshenziswa ngenxa yamandla alo okwelapha. I-Presse Médicale, umagazini waseFrance, ubika ukuthi isayensi yokwelapha yanamuhla manje iqala futhi ukuhlola amandla oju okwelapha. Ekuhloleni kwamuva nje, odokotela benza ukuhlola kokusebenzisa uju olungathakiwe ekwelapheni amanxeba okusha nezilonda ezihlukahlukene zesikhumba. Uju lwagcotshwa ngokuqondile ezilondeni futhi kwase kuboshwa ngamabhandishi omile anemithi ebulala amagciwane. Loluju lwalushintshwa njalo emahoreni angu-24. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi uju luphumelela ngokuphawulekayo njengomuthi wokuhlanza nokwelapha. Lubulala amagciwane amaningi athintana nalo futhi lushukumisa ukwakheka kwezicubu ezintsha. I-Presse Médicale yaphetha: “Njengoba uju lutholakala kalula futhi lungabizi, kufanele lwaziwe kangcono futhi lwenezelwe ohlwini lwemikhiqizo yamakhambi esetshenziswa njalo.”
Abasubathi Abaphambili Abangeyona Imiqemane
“Ukuziqeqesha ngokweqile nokukhathazeka kwangaphambi komncintiswano obalulekile kunomphumela oyingozi ngokungavamile ezimisweni zokuzivikela ezifweni zabasubathi,” kubika i-Estado de S. Paulo. “Umphumela kungaba ukuntuleka kokuzivikela ezifweni okufana kakhulu nezimpawu zengculaza.” Ukuhlola okwenziwa uDkt. Gerd Uhlenbruck noDkt. Heinz Liesen kwembula ukuthi abasubathi abangochwepheshe noma abaziqeqesha ngokweqile banesilinganiso esiphakeme sezimila eziyingozi nezifo. Basikisela ukuthi lokhu kungase kubangelwe ukucindezeleka okubangelwa “ukuziqeqesha ngokweqile nokuzikhandla ngenxa yomncintiswano.” Lombiko uyanezela: “Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhileleka kwezemidlalo ngokusesilinganisweni kuqinisa umzimba futhi akusizi nje kuphela ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza kodwa futhi kwenza umuntu aphile isikhathi eside.”
Ingabe Kuyohlinza Imishini Esikhathini Esizayo?
“Isiguli siseRoma, udokotela uhlinza eseMilan,” kuchaza iphephandaba lansuku zonke lase-Italy i-Messaggero lapho lichaza “ukuhlola kokuqala ngqá kokuhlinza ngemishini kusetshenziswa irobhothi.” Eqhele ngamakhulu amakhilomitha, exhunyaniswe ngocingo nangomshini we-video, udokotela ukhomba indawo “okufanele ihlinzwe, unikeza imvume, futhi irobhothi liqala umsebenzi. Isandla salo somshini esiphethe ummese wokuhlinza sehliselwa emzimbeni wesiguli bese siyasika.” Kulomboniso wokuhlinza owenziwa emhlanganweni weRome Surgery ’92, isiguli sasimane nje siwudoli, njengoba umthetho wase-Italy ungakuvumeli ukuba imishini ihlinze abantu, kodwa phakathi neminyaka eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa, ukuhlinza ngemishini, okungukuthi, “ukuhlinza okulawulwa ngamaza,” kungase kusetshenziswe ngokoqobo. NgokukaLicinio Angelini, uprofesa wokuhlinza okuvamile eYunivesithi yaseLa Sapienza, eRoma, esikhathini esizayo “yonke lemisebenzi eyenziwa odokotela manje ngobunzima obuthile iyokwenziwa imishini.”
Ukuntula Umsebenzi Nempilo
Ukuntula umsebenzi phakathi kwentsha kungenye yezinkinga ezingathi sína kakhulu zomphakathi waseNtshonalanga, kusho uDkt. Anne Hammarström we-Karolinska Institute eStockholm, eSweden. Ukuhlola kwakhe, njengoba kubikwe kuyi-British Medical Journal, kubonisa ukuthi izinsizwa ezingasebenzi zivame ukuthambekela ekuziphatheni okungenampilo, njengokuphuza ngokweqile nokuhileleka ebugebengwini. Nokho, abesifazane abasebasha abangasebenzi bathinteka ngendlela ehlukile, baba nezifo ezengeziwe ezingokomzimba, kanye nemizwa yecala, bakhathazeka ngokuthi bawumthwalo emikhayeni yabo. Amadoda athola ukunakekelwa okukhulu ngokuphawulekayo emphakathini, njengoba ukusabela kwawo ekusweleni umsebenzi kusobala ngokwengeziwe, kuphawula uHammarström. Utusa ukuthi “izinhlangano zezempilo kufanele ziyiphaphamele ngokwengeziwe imiphumela yokuntuleka komsebenzi kwabesifazane.” I-Journal iphetha ngokuthi “okuwukuphela kwekhambi eliphume-lela ngokugcwele umsebenzi ogculisayo.”
‘IJalimane Izwe Lamaqaba’
“IFederal Republic [yaseJalimane] isiyizwe lamaqaba elinensalela yamaKristu. Izigidi eziyisithupha azisakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Inani labantu abangewona amalungu anoma iyiphi inkolo likhulu kunelabasontayo. Amaphesenti ayishumi nje kuphela aya esontweni iSonto ngalinye.” Lokho kwatholwa ukuhlolwa okwagunyazwa umagazini wezindaba waseJalimane i-Spiegel. Izimpendulo zaqhathaniswa nalezo ezanikezwa ekuhloleni okufanayo ngo-1967. ‘Lamaqaba amasha,’ njengoba lomagazini wababiza kanjalo labo asebeshiye isonto, “aye avalelisa emasontweni ngaphandle kobuhlungu noma intukuthelo. Kwakungeyona intukuthelo kodwa ukunganaki okwaphuca lamasonto ukuzinikela kwezikhonzi zawo.”