Ukubuka Okwezwe
Abesifazane Balulekwa Ukuba Balwisane Nomdlwenguli
Ukuhlola okusha kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abesifazane banethuba elihle lokubalekela ukudlwengulwa nokulinyazwa uma bezilwela kunokuba bancenge noma bakhale. Lapho behlola amarekhodi abesifazane abake bahlaselwa ngokobulili, abacwaningi baseYunivesithi yaseBrandeis eWaltham, eMassachusetts, bathola ukuthi abesifazane abazilwela noma bamemeza base becela empunzini baphumelela kangcono kunalabo abangazange. Umagazini i-American Health uthi, “Eqinisweni, abesifazane ababengase badlwengulwe noma bahlukunyezwe kalula kakhulu kwakuyilabo abangazange bazilwele, kunalokho bethembele ekutheni bazoncenga noma babonisane nabantu ababahlaselayo.” UDkt. Sarah Ullman, owenza lokhukuhlola, unikeza leseluleko: “Umuntu wesifazane akufanele athandabuze ukumemeza, alwe futhi azabalaze ngamandla akhe onke. Cishe ukunxusa nokuncenga ngeke kusize.”
ISonto EPoland
Ngemva kweminyaka emine buphelile ubuKhomanisi ePoland, iSonto LamaKatolika libhekene nobunzima obungathi sína. Ngokwalokho okushiwo yi-Guardian Weekly yaseLondon, imibono yomphakathi yembula ukuthi “ubupristi sebulahlekelwe ingxenye enkulu yesikhundla sabo esihlonishwayo.” Yenezela ukuthi “inani labantu abafaka izicelo zokufundela ubufundisi liyancipha nabantu abeza emakilasini okufundiswa ezenkolo bayancipha.” Iningi lalabo ababuzwa likholelwa ukuthi likhulu ngokweqile ithonya lobuKatolika ekuphileni komphakathi. I-Guardian iphawula ukuthi “ongqondongqondo basePoland bakholelwa ukuthi nakuba esikhathini esidlule iPoland yathola idumela ngokushisekela kwayo inkolo eqinisweni ubuKatolika bayo babungobukha phezulu futhi buyisiko nje kuphela.” Abanye bayaqiniseka ngokuthi ngokuyinhloko isonto laliyithuluzi lokulwa nobuKhomanisi nanokuthi alizange liwanqande amaKatolika asePoland ukuba “angahlukanisi noma akhiphe izisu ngesikhathi umthetho usawavumela ukuba enze kanjalo.”
“Busebenzise Noma Ulahlekelwe Ikhono Lokubusebenzisa”
Ukuhlola okuningi okwenziwe emhlabeni wonke kuye kwembula ukuthi lapho umuntu ebusebenzisa kakhulu ubuchopho bakhe, mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba abe nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. “Ukufunda kakhulu akusho kuphela ukuthi uthuthukisa ubuchopho bakho ngokwengeziwe lapho usemncane, kodwa kusho nokuthi ubusebenzisa ngokwengeziwe kukho konke ukuphila kwakho, futhi lokho kwakha uhlobo oluthile lokukuvikela” ezifweni zengqondo. “Ukufunda, ukubhala nokwenza izibalo kungase kube indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvikela ubuchopho bakho” esifweni sokuwohloka kwengqondo, kubika i-Toronto Star yaseCanada. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo nesimiso semizwa uMarilyn Albert sathi: “Lokhu okwatholwa sekufakazelwe ngokwanele kangangokuba siyakwazi ukuthi kuyiqiniso.” Sanezela: “Uma kukhulunywa ngobuchopho, kusho ukuthi kumelwe ‘ubusebenzise noma ulahlekelwe ikhono lokubusebenzisa.’”
Imidlavuza Ebangelwa Yimisebe
Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ngemva kwengozi yenuzi yaseChernobyl e-Ukraine, odokotela eBelarus (eyayiyiBelorussia) babika ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani lezingane ezinomdlavuza wegilo. Ngokwephephabhuku lezokwelapha laseFrance i-Concours médical, inani elabikwa eBelarus lezingane ezinomdlavuza wegilo lasuka esilinganisweni sezingane ezine ngonyaka phakathi kuka-1986 no-1989 laya ku-114 ngonyaka kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-June 1992. Ngenxa yokuthi i-isotope enamandla enuzi ebangela umdlavuza wegilo, i-iodine 131, yadedelwa ngamazinga amakhulu kakhulu kunezinye izakhi ezinamandla enuzi kulengozi, ososayensi bathemba ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza obangelwa yimisebe zizoncipha.
Izinkukhu “Ezinengculaza”
Kubonakala sengathi ingculaza ayiphathi abantu nezinhlobo ezithile zezinkawu kuphela. I-Indian Express yaseBombay, eNdiya, yabika ukuthi isifo esifana nengculaza sihlasele izinkukhu zakulelizwe. Ngokwe-Express, isifo esibangelwa yigciwane i-gumbaro, esiphumela ekuhlulekeni komzimba ukuzivikela ezifweni “siye saba umqedazwe kulelizwe, sihlasela inqwaba [amakhulu ezinkulungwane] yezinyoni.” Sekufe izinyoni ezizalela amaqanda ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1,5. Lombiko wabonisa ukuthi cishe amaqanda azontuleka kakhulu eNdiya.
Izinkathazo Zabevé Eshumini Nambili
“Abevé eshumini nambili namuhla [e-United States] babhekene nesimo esingokoqobo esinzima nesiyingozi kakhulu kuneminyaka yobusha ekhunjulwa abazali nogogo nomkhulu babo,” kubika i-International Herald Tribune. Lapho icaphuna izibalo zase-U.S., i-Tribune ithi inani labevé eshumini nambili abaphuza utshwala selinyuke ngamaphesenti angu-30 kunaseminyakeni yawo-1950. Ukuzibulala kwabo kuye kwanyuka kusukela ekubeni isenzakalo esingavamile kuya ekubeni imbangela yokufa yesithathu evamé kunazo zonke, elandela izingozi nokubulawa. Phakathi kwentsha eneminyaka esukela kweyishumi kuya kwengu-14, ukukhulelwa okungafunwa kwanda ngamaphesenti angu-23 kusukela ngo-1983 kuya ku-1987, nezinga lesipatsholo laphindeka kane phakathi kuka-1960 no-1988. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zithungatha izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda abantu abasha futhi zibasize.
Ukuyibuka Ngaphandle Kokuyidla
Ukubanjwa nokudliwa kwemikhomo kuye kwaba undab’ uzekwayo eminyakeni yamuva. Emazweni ambalwa, njengaseJapane, abanye abantu bathi inyama yomkhomo iyingxenye yokudla kwabo kwesintu futhi kuyabacasula ukuba i-International Whaling Commission ivimbele ukudotshwa kwemikhomo ngenjongo yokudayisa. Nokho, amanye amaJapane aye athola ukuthi imikhomo ingangenisa inzuzo ngaphandle kokuba ibanjwe idliwe. Abantu abahlala eziQhingini zaseBonin, eningizimu yeTokyo, bamatasa nokwandisa into eyisasasa ekhanga izivakashi zabo muva nje, ukubuka imikhomo. Lapho bebona imikhomo isendaweni yayo yemvelo kunokuba bayibone emapuletini abo, abantu ababukela imikhomo bananela ngenjabulo, ikakhulukazi lapho imikhomo ibhukuda.
“Ukusanganiswa Yizibhamu”
Ngaphansi kwalesosihloko, uhlu lomhleli kuyi-New York Times ka-May 25 lwakhulumela ukuthethwa kwecala lendoda yaseLouisiana eyathethwa yicala lokubulala ngemva kokubulala umfundi ongumJapane ngo-October 1992. Lomfundi oneminyaka engu-16 wayengqongqoze emnyango walendoda ngephutha. Lapho lomfundi engawunaki umyalo walendoda wokuba ame anganyakazi, ayengawuzwa ukuthi usho ukuthini, lendoda yamdubula esifubeni lona osemusha waseJapane. Lapho ummeli walendoda eyivikela wathi: “Unelungelo elingokomthetho lokumphendula ngesibhamu noma ubani ofika emnyango wakho.” Loluhlu lomhleli lwathi lokho kusho ukuthi noma ubani ofika emnyango wakho, kuhlanganise “nomfundisi wendawo . . . , kufanele alindele inhlamvu uma eke walinga nje wangqongqoza emnyango wakho.” “Thina bantu baseJapane asiwuqondi umphakathi osebenzisa izibhamu waseMelika,” kusho intatheli ethile yaseJapane. Loluhlu lomhleli lwaphendula, “Eqinisweni, kulula. Mane ucabange ngobuwula, ukubandlululana, incazelo ephendukuzelwe ‘yelungelo lokuphatha isibhamu’ nokunqaba ukushintsha isimo sengqondo” naphezu kokufa kwenqwaba yabantu bebulawa ngezibhamu.
Abashayeli Besifazane
Abashayeli besifazane ngokuvamile kuthiwa bangaphansi kwamadoda ngamakhono okushayela. Ingabe amaqiniso ayawusekela lombono ovamile? Akunjalo ngokwe-Motorist, iphephabhuku elinyatheliswa i-Automobile Association yaseNingizimu Afrika. Kuzo zonke izingozi zemigwaqo kulelozwe ezenzeka komunye unyaka muva nje, ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-83 zazihilela abashayeli besilisa. Ngenxa yalokho izinkampani eziningi zomshwalense zinikeza abashayeli besifazane izimali ezingconywana kunabesilisa. Lomagazini ongenhla uyachaza, “Lokhukuthenjelwa kwamakhono okushayela abesifazane” kubangelwa ukuthi lemboni “ikholelwa ukuthi abesifazane abanawo amawala uma beshayela, futhi abathambekele ekuzifakeni engozini nasekuhilelekeni ekwephuleni umthetho womgwaqo.” Lomagazini uphetha ngokuthi isimo sengqondo esifanele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umshayeli ungowesilisa noma owesifazane, isona esiqinisekisa imikhuba emihle yokushayela.
Isimo Sempilo Yomhlaba
Yinhle kangakanani impilo yembulunga yonke? Umbiko ogcwele okhishwe muva nje yi-WHO (World Health Organization) wembula izindaba ezimbi nezinhle. Izindaba ezinhle ziwukuthi isimungumungwane, uvendle, ukhohlokhohlo, nomhlathi-ngqi ohlasela izinsana kuyancipha ngenxa yemizamo yembulunga yonke yokugoma izingane. Isifo semithambo yenhliziyo naso sesiyashabalala emazweni amaningi athuthukile. Emhlabeni wonke izinga lokufa kwezinsana nezingane liyehla, nobude besikhathi sokuphila buyanda. I-WHO ibika ukuthi izindaba ezimbi ziwukuthi izifo zasemazweni ashisayo, njengesifo sohudo, i-yellow fever, isifo esiqaqambisa umzimba, nomalaleveva, “zibonakala zibhebhetheka.” Ingculaza, isifo sofuba, nesikashukela nazo ziyanda.
Ukugembula Nge-video
Imishini ye-video yokugembula “ilutha njengesidakamizwa i-cocaine” futhi akufanele ibe sezindaweni zomphakathi, kusho uGarry Smith, uprofesa waseYunivesithi yase-Alberta. Lapho kukhulunywa naye kuyi-Edmonton Journal yaseCanada, uSmith, owasungula ukuhlola ngokuba umlutha wokugembula, uphawula ukuthi ukuluthwa ukugembula nge-video kungenzeka “ngesikhathi esincane ngangezinyanga eziyisithupha.” Uthi ukwanda kokugembula kwandisa ubugebengu nezinye izinkinga ezingathi sína. Imilutha yokugembula emibili kwemithathu iyakhwabanisa futhi yenze izinto zomgunyathi, yebe ukuze nje ikwazi ukuqhubeka nomkhuba wayo. Lokhukulutheka kubangela ukucindezeleka nemicabango yokuzibulala ebangela ukushayela budedengu nezingozi, ngaphezu kokwehluleka ukukhokha izikweletu “nezindleko zesimiso sokunakekelwa kwempilo.” Ngokusho kukaSmith, “umphakathi ulahlekelwa u-$56,000 [R120 000] ngomlutha ngamunye wokugembula.”
Intsha Yawo-1990
UVittorino Andreoli, isazi sezokusebenza kwengqondo eYunivesithi yaseVerona, e-Italy, ubika ukuthi ngokungefani nezizukulwane ezidlule, intsha yanamuhla “ayinawo umbono ngekusasa noma inombono ofiphele.” Unezela ukuthi lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngentsha ukuba “idele okuthile namuhla ukuze ithole injabulo esikhathini esizayo.” Eningi futhi intula “umbono wokuhle nokubi,” okusho ukuthi “yonke indlela yokuziphatha inqunywa isimo ebhekene naso” kunokuba inqunywe indinganiso yokuziphatha emisiwe. Intsha eningi yanamuhla ayikuqondisisi kahle ukuthi ukufa kuyini. U-Andreoli uphawula ukuthi “yazi kuphela ukufa ekubona kuthelevishini, ekufunda ezincwadini . . . Intsha iyakwazi ukubulala, kodwa ayazi ukuthi kuyini ukufa. Ngenxa yalokho, ingase ibulale noma izibulale, icabanga ukuthi imiphumela izoba okuthile okuhluke ngokuphelele.”