Ukubuka Okwezwe
Omaye Bomnotho
“Ngokokuqala ngqá kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngawo-1930, amazwe athuthukile, kanye namazwe asathuthuka, abhekene nokuswelakala kwemisebenzi okuphikelelayo,” kusho uMichel Hansenne, umqondisi-jikelele we-International Labor Organization (ILO). Ngokwe-Jornal da Tarde: “Amaphesenti angu-30 ezisebenzi zasemhlabeni—abantu abayizigidi ezingaba ngu-820—awasebenzi noma abamba amatoho.” Ngokuphathelene nombiko we-ILO ngeLatin America, i-Jornal do Brasil ithi: “Kuye kwaba nokwanda okushaqisayo kwenani lalabo ababizwa ngokuthi izisebenzi ‘ezisengozini’—izisebenzi ezibamba amatoho, ezihola imali encane—ezisebenza ekuvuneni nasekwenzeni ikhofi, ezivuna umoba, ezivuna ukotini, izithelo nemfino ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.”
Ubushiqela Basesikoleni
Umfana othile owaxoshwa eKobe Municipal Technical Junior College eJapane wenze isicelo selungelo lakhe lokufundiswa. Ngenxa kanembeza wakhe ongokwenkolo njengomunye woFakazi BakaJehova, akazange ahlanganyele ekuzivivinyeni kwe-kendo (indlela yokuzivikela yaseJapane) efundiswa njengengxenye yesifundo sokuvivinya umzimba. Waxoshwa esikoleni ngisho noma ayengumfundi okhaliphe kakhulu nakuba ayenamamaki amancane esifundweni sokuvivinya umzimba. “Kuphambene nakho konke ‘ukwahlulela okunengqondo’ esikoleni,” kusho uProfesa Tetsuo Shimomura waseTsukuba University kuyi-Yomiuri Shimbun, “ukujezisa umfundi ngokumxosha ngenxa yamamaki aphansi esikoleni engenayo enye inkinga, ngenxa nje yokuhluleka ukuphasa isifundo esithile ngamamaki ambalwa.” Wanxusa lesisikole ukuba sivumelane nezimo wayesethi: “Okucasulayo kulendaba ukuthambekela kobushiqela okusagxilile kulesisikole.”
“Ukwehluleka Okukhulu Kokuziphatha Okuhle Emlandweni”
“Umlando weVatican maqondana nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe ungokunye kokwehluleka okukhulu kokuziphatha okuhle emlandweni—okusadingeka ukuba iSonto LamaKatolika lilulame kukho,” kubhala umlobeli wephephandaba uJames Carroll kuyi-Boston Globe. Ukuze asekele iphuzu lakhe, unikeza loluhlu lokwaziswa okungokomlando: “1929—Izivumelwano ZaseLateran phakathi kukaMussolini noPius XI zinikeza iVatican inkululeko nemali, futhi zinikeza uMussolini udumo ayelufuna. [1933]—IVatican isayina isiVumelwano noHitler, ukuphumelela kwakhe kokuqala emazweni ngamazwe. . . . 1935—UMussolini uhlasela i-Abyssinia. Ababhishobhi bamaKatolika babusisa amabutho ase-Italy . . . 1939—UMussolini uphelisa amalungelo amaJuda e-Italy. Upapa akasho lutho. . . . 1942—Upapa uthola imibiko evela kubefundisi bamabutho ase-Italy ngokuqothulwa kwamaJuda. Esigijimini sakhe sangoKhisimusi, ububula ngenhlekelele ‘yabantu abaneshwa’ ababulewe ngenxa yohlanga lwabo, kodwa akasho lutho ngoHitler, iJalimane noma amakamu okufa. Igama elithi ‘umJuda’ alisetshenziswa futhi. . . . 1943—AmaJalimane aqala ukuqoqa amaJuda e-Italy, ngisho naseRome eduze naseVatican. Upapa usazithulele.”
Ingabe ISonto LamaKatolika Lizophenduka?
Encwadini eyathunyelelwa okhadinali bamaKatolika, uPapa John Paul II uye wanxusa leliSonto ukuba liqaphele amaphutha enziwe “abantu balo, egameni lalo” bese liphenduka kuwo. Upapa uyavuma ukuthi “izindlela zokucindezela, ezilimaza amalungelo abantu” ezasetshenziswa iSonto “ngalesosikhathi zazisetshenziswa imibono yomashiqela bekhulu lama-20,” kusho i-Repubblica yaseRome. Kodwa kungani kudingeka ukuba iSonto LamaKatolika liphenduke? “Ngenxa yezinto eziningi,” kuvuma umkhulumeli weVatican uMarco Politi. “Ngenxa yokuthungatha nokushushisa abathakathi, ukushisa izihlubuki esigxotsheni, ukusongela ngokuthi lizohlukumeza ososayensi nabangabaza izimfundiso zenkolo, ukusekela imibuso yobuFascist, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi okwenziwa eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe ngaphansi kophawu lweSiphambano,” ingasaphathwa “eyokuzicabangela kwalo njengelingenaphutha, eliphathiswe amandla aphelele okulawula onembeza,” nokuthi “esikhathini esithile emlandweni, lalikholelwa ukuthi ngempela upapa wayeyibamba likaKristu—ukuhlambalaza kwemfundiso yenkolo.”
Ukufudukela Kwenye Inkolo
ISonto LaseSheshi libhekene nokufuduka okukhulu kwabefundisi. Ngani? “Isisusa esisobala kuye kwaba isinqumo esiyimpikiswano seSonto LaseSheshi sokugcoba abapristi besifazane,” kubika i-Toronto Star. Lesi-Star sithi: “Abapristi baseSheshi abangaphezu kuka-130 sebeshiyile kakade. Futhi sekuseduze ukuba abaningi balihlamuke.” Ababhishobhi beSonto LaseSheshi abangu-7 nabapristi abangaphezu kuka-700 bangase bazibandakanye neSonto LamaKatolika. Kusukela eMpini Yezwe I, ukusekelwa kweSonto LaseSheshi kuye kwancipha kancane kancane. ENgilandi, phakathi kwabayizigidi ezingu-20 abathi bangamalungu abhapathiziwe aseSheshi, bayisigidi esisodwa kuphela abaya ezinkonzweni ngeSonto. Izikhathi ezinzima ziyeza. Cishe kusazoqhubeka ukufuduka kulelisonto.
Izindleko Zobugebengu Ezishaqisayo
Umbiko othile osanda kukhishwa i-Australian Institute of Criminology wembula ukuthi izindleko zobugebengu e-Australia zifinyelela kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-26 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-70) unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kumelela ama-dollar angaba ngu-1,300 (R4 700) indoda ngayinye, owesifazane, nengane ngayinye e-Australia. Umkhulumeli othile owacashunwa ephephandabeni laseSydney i-Sunday Telegraph wathi ubugebengu obunezindleko eziphakeme ukukhwabanisa—ezilinganiselwa kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingaba ngu-14 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-38) ngonyaka. Ezinye izilinganiso zezindleko yilezi: ukubulala, ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-275 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-743) ngonyaka; amacala ezidakamizwa, ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-1,200 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3 243); ukugqekeza, ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-893 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-2 413); futhi okumangalisayo, ukweba ezitolo kunezindleko ezifinyelela kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine). Lombiko waphetha ngokuthi izindleko zobugebengu ziyaqhubeka zenyuka.
Izwe Elikhahlamezekile
Ngokombiko we-Political Institute yase-University of Hamburg, eJalimane, ekuqaleni kuka-1994 izwe lalikhahlanyezwa izimpi ezingu-43. Ikhulumela lombiko, i-Ecumenical Press Service ibhala ukuthi kwakulwiwa izimpi ezingu-22 e-Asia, ezingu-13 e-Afrika, ezinhlanu eLatin America, nezintathu eYurophu. Le-Institute yathola futhi ukuthi phakathi nawo-1950, isilinganiso sonyaka senani lezimpi sasingu-12. Ngawo-1960 senyukela ku-22, futhi namuhla lelonani selicishe liphindeke kabili.
Ukubuka Kakhulu—Ukufunda Kancane
Kungani izingane zesikole ezibuka ithelevishini isikhathi eside ziphelelwa isithakazelo sokufunda? Ngemva kokuhlola ukuziphatha kwezingane ezingu-1 000 zesikole sabaqalayo saseNetherlands phakathi neminyaka emithathu edlule, umcwaningi uC. M. Koolstra wathola izizathu ezimbili. Ngokubuka ithelevishini isikhathi eside, izingane ziphelelwa isithakazelo sokufunda futhi kunciphisa amandla azo okugxilisa ingqondo. Ezinganeni eziyibuka njalo ithelevishini—kubika umbiko wezindaba waseLeiden University eNetherlands—kuba nzima ngokuqhubekayo ukuqonda ezikufundayo nokugcina ingqondo yazo igxile encwadini ephambi kwazo. Ngokushesha, zibeka izincwadi eceleni bese zithatha umshini wokuvula i-TV. Lomcwaningi wathola futhi ukuthi akwenzi mehluko ukuthi zibuka izinhlelo ezinjani. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izingane zazibuka kakhulu amahlaya, izinhlelo zezingane, ama-drama, noma izinhlelo ezifundisayo, umphumela wawufana: “ukuncipha kokufunda.”
Ukwandisa Izingwadule Nokugula
Nakuba amaphesenti angu-85 abantu abampofu basemaphandleni aseTanzania ezidinga ngempela izinkuni zokubasa ukuze apheke, afudumale, akhanyise, kugawulwa amahektare angu-17 000 ehlathi elincane unyaka ngamunye ukuze kusindiswe izilimo zikagwayi zalelizwe, kubika i-Synergy, iphephandaba le-Canadian Society for International Health. “Kuyindida ngempela ukuthi sigawula imithi eyigugu futhi sibangele nezingwadule ukuze sithole inzuzo ngokuhwebelana namanye amazwe ngogwayi,” kusho uProfesa W. L. Kilama umqondisi-jikelele we-National Institute for Medical Research yaseTanzania. Uyanezela: “Kuyindida futhi ukuthi amazwe asathuthuka akhiqiza ugwayi obhebhethekisa ukugula.”
Ayanda Amacala Obulili
Amacala obulili—ukudlwengula, ubuhlobo bobulili nesihlobo, nokuxhashazwa kwabantwana—okwakuthiwa inkinga yamazwe aseNtshonalanga, ngokusobala ayanda emazweni athile ase-Afrika. Ezinyangeni zamuva nje, imithombo yezindaba iye yakhuluma kakhulu ngamacala obulili. I-Times of Zambia yabika ukuthi indoda ethile eneminyaka engu-37 ubudala yagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele futhi yabhaxabulwa imivimbo eyisithupha ngenxa yokuba nobuhlobo bobulili nendodakazi yayo eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala. Yatholakala inecala lokuxhaphaza indodakazi yayo ngokobulili ngemva kokushiywa umkayo bexabene. Kubikwa ukuthi lentombazane yamphika uyise phakathi nokuqulwa kwalelicala.
Inani Elandayo Labantu BaseChina
Inani labantu baseChina lizofinyelela izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,2 kulonyaka, kubika ingosi yezindaba yaseChina i-Xinhua. Naphezu kwesimiso saseChina esiqinile sokuhlela umndeni esikhuthaza isilinganiso somntwana oyedwa emkhayeni ngamunye, inani labantu liye lashesha ngeminyaka eyisithupha ukufinyelela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,2 kunalokho abebekulindele. Lomthombo wezindaba wanikeza izizathu ezimbili zalokhu kwanda: Esokuqala, abesifazane abaningi basemaphandleni bazimisele ukukhokha inhlawulo ebekiwe yokuba nezingane ezingaphezu kweyodwa. Esesibili, izisebenzi ezifudukayo ezisuka emaphandleni ziye emadolobheni ziyakwazi ukugwema imibandela yokuhlelwa komndeni eqondisa ukuzala abantwana ezindaweni ezizinzile.