Ukubuka Okwezwe

Imali Yegazi

Ngo-1994 umphakathi waseJalimane washaqeka lapho uthola ukuthi abantu abangaba ngu-2 500 babengenwe i-HIV ngokumpontshelwa igazi nangemikhiqizo yalo. (Bheka i-Phaphama! ka-April 22, 1994, ikhasi 28.) I-Süddeutsche Zeitung ibika ukuthi enkulumweni-mpikiswano yasephalamende ngo-January 1995, ungqongqoshe wezempilo kahulumeni wacela izisulu ukuba “zithethelele egameni likahulumeni” amaphutha aye andisa ubunzima bazo. Kulenkulumo-mpikiswano kwathiwa imboni yezokuthakwa kwemithi nodokotela babenecala elikhulu nokuthi iSiphambano Esibomvu saseJalimane sasonakalise idumela laso ngokuzikhandla ngokweqile ukuba sibe “umthaki wemithi yegazi.” Owesifazane othile owathola i-HIV kumyeni wakhe ongasekho wakhala: “Okungenani abantu abanesifo sokopha abangu-700 ngabe basaphila ukuba [imboni yezokuthakwa kwemithi] ayizange icabange ngokwenza nje imali ngaleso sikhathi.”

Ukuntuleka Kwabapristi

Nakuba yake yaduma ngokuthumela izithunywa zevangeli zamaKatolika kwamanye amazwe, iSpain manje ilwela ukuthola abapristi abanele bokunakekela izidingo zamabandla endawo. Iphephandaba laseMadrid i-País libika ukuthi ingqikithi yabapristi eSpain incipha ngabangu-150 unyaka ngamunye. Izikhulu zeSonto zikhathazwa ukuthi abafundi abangu-2 000 abafundela ubupristi ababhalisile njengamanje ngeke banele ukwanelisa izimfuno zesikhathi esizayo zobufundisi. Nyakenye kwagcotshwa abapristi abangu-216 kuphela—abangaphansi ngabangu-73 kwabagcotshwa ngo-1993—futhi amaphesenti angu-70 abefundisi baseSpain aneminyaka engaphezu kuka-50 ubudala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, muva nje oFakazi BakaJehova eSpain baye babona amanani ezinhlu zamaphayona abo anda ngabangu-300 unyaka ngamunye. Amaphayona izikhonzi ezingakhokhelwa ezichitha okungenani amahora angu-90 inyanga ngayinye zishumayela izindaba ezinhle zoMbuso.

Izingozi Ezengeziwe Zokumpontshelwa Igazi

Ngokwe-Canberra Times yase-Australia, iSiphambano Esibomvu siye saxwayisa odokotela ngokuthi igazi elinegciwane lingadlulisela isifo esibulalayo nokuthi kuze kube manje ayikho indlela yokuqothula leli gciwane. Ibhekisela ekulandiseni kwe-Medical Journal of Australia, le-Times ithi abantu abane basesifundazweni saseNew South Wales babulawa yileli gazi elinegciwane phakathi kuka-1980 no-1989. Isihloko saleli phephandaba saqhubeka sithi: “Inkinga iwukuthi leli gciwane, i-Yersinia enterocolitica, linganda ngokushesha emaphaketheni egazi ngisho nalapho igazi selicishe libe yiqhwa. Abantu abaye baphathwa izisu emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokunikela ngegazi ngezinye izikhathi bangalidlulisela leli gciwane, bese landa ngamanani amakhulu lapho igazi lisagciniwe lilindele ukumpontshelwa. Iziguli ezimpontshelwe zingahlaselwa ukucindezeleka kokushaya kwenhliziyo kanye nokufa.”

Izingane Ezikhuluphele ZaseCanada

“Izazi zokudla, odokotela bezingane nabacwaningi abaningi” bathi “abazali abakhathele banikeza izingane zabo ukudla okungenamsoco, okuyimikhiqizo yasezimbonini nokunamafutha amaningi,” kubika i-Globe and Mail. Ngokuvamile lapho abazali besebenza bobabili, bahlala bematasa, benesikhathi esincane kakhulu, uma benaso, sokuba umkhaya udle ukudla okunomsoco ndawonye. Uba yini umphumela? Ngokwezilinganiso zochwepheshe, “okungenani amaphesenti angu-20 ezingane zaseCanada akhuluphele ngenxa yenhlanganisela yokudla okunamafutha amaningi nokungawuvivinyi umzimba,” kusho i-Globe. UDkt. Stan Kubow, isekela likaprofesa esikoleni sezokudla eMcGill University eMontreal, uthi kudingeka ukulinganisela. Wathi abazali kudingeka “baqikelele ukuthi kunemikhiqizo yobisi, amaprotheni, izithelo, imifino ne-fibre ekudleni [kwezingane] zabo.” Omunye umcwaningi okhathazekile wabuza: “Uma ungayikhathaleli impilo yakho, yini oyikhathalelayo?”

Isixwayiso Ngetshe-boya Siyaqhubeka

Izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zokwakha zaseBrithani ziyobulawa umdlavuza obangelwa itshe-boya ngenxa yephutha lezikhulu zezokuphepha, kubika umagazini i-New Scientist. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, ngawo-1960, lapho ochwepheshe bezokwelapha bethi ama-fiber etshe-boya ayeyingozi empilweni, uhulumeni waseBrithani washaya imithetho elawula amafektri yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwalama-fiber emoyeni. Nokho, manje abacwaningi bathola ukuthi izisebenzi ezazisengozini kakhulu kwakungababazi, izisebenzi zikagesi, abasebenza ngamapayipi amanzi, nabafaka amapayipi egesi, ababesebenza bengavikelekile ngemikhiqizo yetshe-boya. Njengoba olunye uhlobo lomdlavuza wamaphaphu luthatha iminyaka engu-30 ukuba lubonakale, leli phutha lisanda kutholakala. Okwamanje akwaziwa ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo zokwakha noma imikhiqizo yetshe-boya eyingozi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Health and Safety Executive yaseBrithani ikhuthaza izisebenzi zokwakha ukuba ziqaphelisise uma zithola izinto ezinetshe-boya futhi zibike izikhalazo zazo kubaqashi bazo, okufanele bahlole lezi zinto bese benikeza isivikelo esanele.

Ubani Onqobayo?

“Ayikho inhlekelele ebhizinisini lokugembula,” kubika i-Veja. Lomagazini uthi abantu baseBrazil bachitha amaRandi angaba izigidi ezingu-14 500 ngonyaka ekugembuleni ngamathikithi nangezinye izindlela. Lokho kungaphezu kwemali ezuzwa ngonyaka imboni yezimoto enkulu! Kuthiwa isici esikhanga umphakathi i-bingo. “Kuyi-bingo uyakwazi ukukhuluma nabantu ongabazi noma obajwayele, ukudla, ukuphuza, nokwenama kuyilapho uzama inhlanhla yakho,” kusho lomagazini. Kodwa ubani onqobayo? “Alukho olunye uhlobo lokugembula olunezinzuzo eziphakeme kangaka,” kusho isazi sesayensi yezibalo u-Oswald de Souza. “Onqoba emzuliswaneni [we-bingo] uthola amaphesenti angu-45 kuphela ayo yonke imali echithwa ekubhejeni.”

Izinkinga Zingaphezu Kwamakhambi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhulumeni waseNdiya usekela ngemali isimiso sokudla esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kusenabantu abayizigidi ezingu-250 kulelozwe ababulawa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokungondleki. Umbiko we-United Nations Children’s Fund ubonisa ukuthi naphezu kwemizamo eyenziwayo, amaphesenti angu-43,8 ezingane zaseNdiya awakutholi ukudla okunamaprotheni anele anikeza amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigidi ezingu-6,6 ziphazamisekile kancane ngokwengqondo futhi zinokukhubazeka kwezinzwa ngandlela-thile, izigidi ezingu-2,2 zibhashile, futhi unyaka ngamunye ezingu-60 000 ziba izimpumputhe ngenxa yokuntula amavithamini. Phakathi kwezingane zasenkulisa ezingamaphesenti angu-56 zintula okusansimbi, futhi izingane ziphakathi kwabantu abayizigidi ezingu-40 abaphethwe isifo segilo.

Ukuthenga Ukudla Okusemathinini Afacakile

“Abathengi bokudla, bezama ukulondoloza imali, bangase bathenge noma bagcine amathini okufanele alahlwe ngenxa yokuba ingozi,” kuxwayisa i-Winnipeg Free Press. “Izifaca eziningi emathinini ziyamukeleka, kodwa ezinye azamukeleki,” kusho uPeter Parys womnyango wezempilo wedolobha. “Ngokuvamile lamathini aphephile lapho epakishwa; umonakalo uvela kamuva.” Ngokomnyango wezempilo wedolobha, uhlu olucacile lwezinto okumelwe zilahlwe luhlanganisa amathini anokugqwala emiphethweni yawo, ezivalweni noma emizimbeni yawo okungasuki kalula lapho ukusula, noma afacaka kalula lapho exukuzwa, kanye namathini aqumbile nganoma iyiphi indlela, amathini avuzayo, noma amathini angenalo uphawu noma anophawu oseluphelelwe isikhathi. Umbiko waleli phephandaba uyaxwayisa: “Lapho esebhobokile, amathini aba indawo ekahle kakhulu yokuzalela kwama-salmonella nama-staphylococcus. Ngayinye ingabangela isifo sohudo, ukuhlanza, namajaqamba.”

Amazinga Okuzala Aphansi

Imibhangqwana eminingi eMpumalanga Yurophu ihlehlisa ukuzala abantwana ngenxa yomuzwa wokungalondeki ngokwezimali nangomsebenzi. I-New York Times iphawula ukuthi lokhu “kungalondeki akuzange kuholele ekwehleni kwezinga lokuzala kuphela kodwa futhi nasekwehleni kwezinga lemishado nokwenyuka ngokuphindwe kayishumi kokuvalwa kwenzalo.” Le-Times inezela ukuthi ngokwababali babantu “lokhu kwehla okukhulu akukaze kube khona ngaphambili ngaphandle kwangezikhathi zempi, ubhubhane noma indlala.” Ukuze banqande umkhuba ofanayo, ohulumeni baseBelgium, eLuxembourg, eHungary, ePoland, nasePortugal sekuyisikhathi eside bekhokha imali njengesikhuthazo sokuba nabantwana. Muva nje, uhulumeni wasesifundazweni saseJalimane iBrandenburg uqale ukukhipha amaRandi angu-2 350 ngomntwana ngamunye ozalwayo.

Imiphumela Yempi Ehlala Isikhathi Eside

Izinkubela zempi ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia zihlanganisa abaningi kakhulu kunalabo ababulawa noma abakhutshazwa izinhlamvu noma amabhomu. I-Medical Post ithi ukuhlola kwamuva kwembula ukuthi “amakhulu amathani ezinto ezinoshevu athululwa endaweni ezungezile ngomlilo, ukuqhuma nokuvuza kwamakhemikhali ayoba nemiphumela emibi ngokwempilo.” Lamakhemikhali nezinto ezisansimbi ezinoshevu kungcolisa imifula futhi kungenzeka kungcolisa ngisho namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngokwe-Post, ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi kuyoba “nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwezingane ezizalwa zikhubazekile ngenxa yokuthi abazali bazo baphuza amanzi angcoliswe izinto ezinoshevu.”