Ingabe Isimilo Sibi Kunangaphambili?
UMA ubungabuza izazi-mlando ukuthi, “Ingabe isimilo sabantu namuhla singcono noma sibi kunasesikhathini esidlule?” ezinye bezingase zithi kunzima ukuqhathanisa ukuziphatha kwezikhathi ezihlukene. Zingase zibe nomuzwa wokuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sahlulelwe ngokwalokho okwenzeka kuso.
Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela ukwanda kobugebengu obunobudlova eYurophu kusukela ngekhulu le-16. Eminyakeni engu-400 edlule ukubulawa kwabantu kwakuvamile. Abantu babevame ukuziphathela umthetho, futhi izimpi zombango ezichitha igazi zazijwayelekile.
Noma kunjalo, encwadini ethi Människovärdet och makten (Isithunzi Namandla Abantu) izazi-mlando u-Arne Jarrick noJohan Söderberg zithi ezindaweni ezithile inkathi ephakathi kuka-1600 no-1850 “yayaziwa ngokuphucula umphakathi okukhulu.” Abantu base bethuthukile ekucabangeleni izidingo zabanye—benozwela olukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izazi-mlando ziphawula ukuthi ukweba nobugebengu kwakuqabukela ekhulwini le-16 kunokuba kunjalo namuhla. Amaqembu amasela ahleliwe ayeyivela kancane, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yasemaphandleni.
Yiqiniso, ubugqila babukhona, futhi baholela kolunye uhlobo lobugebengu obukhulu kakhulu emlandweni—ukuthunjwa kwabantu e-Afrika abahwebi baseYurophu nokuhlukunyezwa kwalezi zigidi zezigqila emazweni ezazithunyelwa kuwo.
Ngakho, uma sibheka emuva emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ngokunokwenzeka siyothola ukuthi uma sibheka umlando, ezinye izimo zazingcono, kanti ezinye zazizimbi. Noma kunjalo, phakathi nekhulu lama-20 kwenzeka okuthile okuhlukile nokuphawulekayo—ngokuqinisekile, okungenakuqhathaniswa—futhi kusenzeka nanamuhla.
Ikhulu Lama-20—Isikhathi Sezinguquko
Izazi-mlando uJarrick noSöderberg ziyaphawula: “Ngawo-1930 izenzo zokubulala zaphinde zenyuka, futhi ngokudabukisayo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo mkhuba uye waqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engu-50.”
Ngokwezazi eziningi, izinga lokuziphatha lehla kakhulu phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Indaba emayelana nefilosofi yokuziphatha ithi: “Umuntu uyazibonela ukuthi umbono womphakathi ngobulili nalokho okwamukelekile ngokokuziphatha uye washintsha kakhulu eminyakeni engu-30 kuya kwengu 40 edlule—ukusuka emphakathini owawukubeka obala okungalungile, ngokushaya imithetho eqinile, kuya emibonweni ekhululekile neyomuntu siqu.”
Lokhu kusho ukuthi manje abantu abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi bangazenzela izinqumo ngokuziphatha ngokobulili nakwezinye izici zokuziphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, le ndaba iveza izibalo ezibonisa ukuthi ngo-1960 amaphesenti angu-5,3 kuphela azo zonke izingane zase-United States ezazalwa ngaphandle komshado. Ngo-1990 leli nani lase lingamaphesenti angu-28.
Lapho iLungu leSigele sase-United States uJoe Lieberman lifundisa e-University of Notre Dame, lachaza izimiso zokuziphatha esikhathini sethu ngokuthi “ukuntula izindinganiso, . . . njengoba imibono engokwesiko yokuhle nokubi iye yawohloka.” NgokukaLieberman, “sekuyizizukulwane ezimbili lesi simo sifufusa.”
Ukulahla Inkolo
Izazi-mlando nabanye abahlaziyi bathi ziyini izizathu zalesi senzakalo esiphawulekayo ekhulwini lama-20? Incwadi ethi Människovärdet och makten ithi: “Ukulahla inkolo kungenye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini eyenzeka emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule.” Ukulahla inkolo kwakusho ukuthi “abantu babenikwa ithuba lokuzikhethela imibono yabo ehlukile. Lo mbono . . . wasungulwa izazi zefilosofi eziKhanyiselwe zekhulu le-18, ezazingabantu bokuqala . . . abenqaba ukuthi iBhayibheli liwukuphela komthombo weqiniso.” Ngakho, abantu abasaphendukeli ezinkolweni, ikakhulukazi ezeLobukholwa, ukuze bathole isiqondiso ngokuziphatha njengoba kwakunjalo esikhathini esidlule.
Kodwa kungani le filosofi eyasungulwa ekhulwini le-18 yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200 ukuba yamukeleke? “Kwakungelula ukusakaza le mibono emphakathini,” kusho incwadi ecashunwe ngenhla. “Ukuthambekela kokulahla inkolo kwakuhamba kancane.”
Nakuba umkhuba wokulahla izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezingokwesiko nezobuKristu wawuqhubeka kancane engxenyeni enkulu yeminyaka engu-200 edlule, wadlondlobala ekhulwini lama-20. Lokhu kuye kwaba njalo ikakhulukazi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Kungani kunjalo?
Ubugovu Nokuhaha
Isici esinamandla esiwumthelela kwakuwukuthuthuka ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho emphakathini ekhulwini lama-20. Isihloko esikumagazini waseJalimane i-Zeit sathi siphila “enkathini eshintshashintshayo, futhi hhayi ezweni elalichazwa njengelingathuthuki emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.” Lesi sihloko sachaza ukuthi lokhu kuye kwaholela esimisweni sokuhweba ngokukhululekile, esisekelwe ekuncintisaneni futhi esiqhutshwa ubugovu.
“Akukho lutho,” kuqhubeka lesi sihloko, “okwakungavimba lobu bugovu. Kwaholela ekubhebhethekeni konya esilubona ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ngisho nenkohlakalo, emazweni amaningi eye yahilela ngisho nohulumeni. Abantu bazicabangela bona nokwanelisa izifiso zabo ngokugcwele.”
Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uRobert Wuthnow, sasePrinceton University, lapho senza ukuhlola okunzulu sathola ukuthi namuhla abantu baseMelika bagxile kakhulu emalini kunokuba babenjalo esizukulwaneni esidlule. Ngokwalolu cwaningo, “iningi labantu baseMelika likhathazwa ukuthi ukuphishekela imali kuye kwawohloza ezinye izindinganiso ezinjengokuhlonipha abanye abantu, ukwethembeka emsebenzini nokufaka isandla emiphakathini abahlala kuyo.”
Ukuhaha emphakathini kwanda kakhulu ngoba abaphathi bamabhizinisi abaningi baye bazigixabeza ngezindodla zamaholo nemali yomhlalaphansi eningi, kuyilapho benxusa izisebenzi zabo ukuba zilinganisele lapho zifuna ukwenyuselwa amaholo. UKjell Ove Nilsson, isekela likaprofesa wezimiso zokuhle nomqondisi wezifundo zenkolo woMkhandlu WamaKristu eSweden waphawula: “Inkinga ngokuphishekela inzuzo kwabaholi bamabhizinisi iwukuthi imiqondo yabo iyefana futhi bayazehlisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha kubantu abavamile. Ngokuqinisekile, lokhu kuyasiwohloza isimilo—emphakathini ngisho nakumuntu ngamunye.”
Imithombo Yezindaba
Imithombo yezindaba ingesinye isici esiyinhloko esenezela ekuwohlokeni kokuziphatha engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20. ILungu leSigele uLieberman lathi: “Abenzi bezinhlelo zethelevishini, izikhulu zamabhayisikobho, abakhangisi bemfashini, abaculi be-rap enolimi olungahlanzekile, kanye nabanye abaningi abanethonya esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi semithombo yezindaba, yibona abasakaza izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezintsha. Laba bantu abasungula le mikhuba banethonya elikhulu esikweni lethu futhi ikakhulukazi ezinganeni zethu, futhi bazizwa bengenalo nhlobo icala ngezimiso zokuziphatha ezilimazayo abazisakazayo.”
Ngokwesibonelo, uLieberman ukhuluma ngerekhodi elenziwa iqembu lomculo onesigqi esinamandla okuthiwa iCannibal Corpse. Abaculi bachaza ngokuningiliziwe ukudlwengulwa kowesifazane esongelwa ngommese. ULieberman nothile asebenza naye benza isicelo enkampanini eqophayo ukuba leli rekhodi lihoxiswe. Kodwa uchaza ukuthi kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya.
Ngakho, namuhla abazali abaqotho bancintisana nemithombo yezindaba ngokuthi ubani oyoba nethonya futhi akhulise izingane zabo. Kodwa kuthiwani ngemikhaya enabazali abanganaki? “Ezimweni ezinjalo,” kusho uLieberman, “akukho okuthiya leli siko ekubekeni indinganiso, futhi umuzwa womntwana wokuhle nokubi nemigomo yakhe ekuphileni kulolongwa ngokuyinhloko yilokho akufunda kuyithelevishini, ezithombeni zamabhayisikobho nasemishinini yokudlala ama-CD.” Futhi muva nje, i-Internet ingahlanganiswa kulolu hlu.
Ukubuyela “Enkathini Yobuqaba Ngokokuziphatha”
Iyini imiphumela yala mathonya alimazayo entsheni? Phakathi kokunye, eminyakeni yamuva nje izingane eziningi nentsha ziye zenza izenzo zobudlova ezinesihluku kwezinye izingane ngisho nakubantu abadala.
Kwenzeka isenzakalo esishaqisayo eSweden ngo-1998. Abafana ababili, abaneminyaka engu-5 nengu-7 ubudala, baklinya enye ingane ababedlala nayo eyayineminyaka emine ubudala yaze yafa! Abaningi babuza lo mbuzo: Ingabe izingane azinawo unembeza ozitshela ukuthi ziyeke uma sezenza izinto ezeqisayo? Udokotela wezingane wezifo zengqondo wathi: “Umuzwa okwenqabela ukuba weqise ungokuthile okufanele kufundwe. Kungenzeka kuxhomeke ekutheni . . . obani abayizibonelo ezinganeni futhi zifundani kubantu abadala abazizungezile.”
Umkhuba ofanayo uyaphawuleka nasezigebengwini ezinobudlova. NgokukaSten Levander, uprofesa wezifo zengqondo eSweden, namuhla zingamaphesenti aphakathi kuka-15 nangu-20 iziboshwa eziphazamisekile engqondweni—abantu abanobugovu ngokweqile, abantula uzwela, futhi abangakwazi noma abangazimisele ukuqonda isimiso sokuhle nokubi. Ngisho naphakathi kwezingane nentsha ebonakala iphile sáka, izingqapheli ziye zaphawula ukuwohloka kwesimilo. “Sesibuyele emuva enkathini yobuqaba ngokokuziphatha,” kusho uChristina Hoff Sommers, uprofesa wefilosofi. Waphawula ukuthi lapho abafundi bakhe abasebancane bebhekene nombuzo wokuthi yini elungile nengalungile, iningi labo lisabela ngemizwa yokuthandabuza. Khona-ke baphendula ngokuthi ayikho into engachazwa njengelungile noma engalungile. Bakholelwa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye kufanele azicabangele ukuthi yikuphi okungcono kuye.
Muva nje, abafundi bakhe abaningi baye basiphikisa isimiso sokuthi ukuphila komuntu kunesithunzi nokubaluleka. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho bebuzwa ukuthi bangenzenjani uma kufanele bakhethe phakathi kokusindisa ukuphila kwesilwane sabo noma komuntu abangamazi, abaningi bathi babengakhetha ukusindisa isilwane.
UProfesa Sommers uthi: “Inkinga akukhona ukuthi intsha intula ulwazi, ayibethembi abanye, inesihluku, noma iyakhohlisa. Uma silibeka ngembaba nje, ayazi lutho ngezimiso zokuhle nokubi.” Uthi empeleni intsha eningi namuhla iyangabaza ukuthi kukhona okuhle nokubi, futhi unomuzwa wokuthi lesi simo sengqondo siwusongo olukhulu emphakathini.
Ngakho-ke ukubukelwa phansi kwesimilo esikhathini sethu kuyinto engokoqobo. Abaningi besaba ukuthi kungase kube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele. Isihloko se-Zeit okubhekiselwe kuso ekuqaleni sithi isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile sanamuhla kancane kancane “singase siwohloke futhi mhlawumbe ngelinye ilanga siwe njengoba kuye kwenzeka esimisweni sokusebenzela uhulumeni muva nje.”
Konke lokhu kusho ukuthini ngempela? Futhi linjani ikusasa esibheke phambili kulo?
[Izithombe ekhasini 6, 7]
“Abenzi bezinhlelo zethelevishini, izikhulu zamabhayisikobho, abakhangisi bemfashini, abaculi be-‘rap’ enolimi olungahlanzekile . . . yibona abasakaza izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezintsha”