Ukufuna Umphakathi Ophelele
KUNGABA yinto enhle ukubona izwe elingcono, eligcwele abantu abangenazo izinhlungu, ukugula nokukhubazeka! Umphakathi wembulunga yonke ongenabo ubugebengu noma izingxabano. Umkhaya wesintu ongafi.
Kusobala ukuthi ukufinyelela imigomo enjalo kungadinga ukulungisa okukhulu esintwini ngokwaso. Imibono yokuthi uhlanga lwesintu lungathuthukiswa kanjani ayimisha. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 300 edlule, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uPlato sabhala: “Abadl’ ubhedu phakathi kwesilisa nesifazane kufanele babhangqwe nabanye abanjalo kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, bese kuthi abaphansi bangabhangqwa nabaphansi ngokwethukela ngangokunokwenzeka.” Nokho, imizamo yokuzimisela yokuthuthukisa umkhaya wesintu iqalé ezikhathini zamuva nje. Lo mkhakha waqanjwa ngokuthi ama-eugenics.
Igama elithi “eugenics” laqanjwa ngo-1883 uSir Francis Galton, usosayensi waseBrithani owayengumzala kaCharles Darwin. Leli gama lisuselwa emagameni esiGreki asho “owozalo lodumo” noma “owasebukhosini.” UGalton wayazi ukuthi izimbali nezilwane ezihlukahlukene zazingaba nezimfanelo ezithile ezifiselekayo uma zixutshwa noma zizalaniswa ngokukhetha. Ingabe isintu sasingenakuthuthukiswa ngezinqubo ezifanayo? UGalton wayekholelwa ukuthi kungenziwa. Waveza ukuthi uma ingxenyana ethile yezindleko nomzamo echithwa ekuzalaniseni amahhashi nezinkomo ingasetshenziselwa “ukuthuthukisa uhlanga lwesintu,” umphumela kwakuyoba “isixuku esikhulu sezinjula-buchopho.”
Ethonywe yizincwadi zikaDarwin, uGalton wathi kwase kuyisikhathi sokuba isintu silawule ukuziphendukela kwaso ngokwemvelo. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-20, imibono kaGalton yathandeka kakhulu phakathi kosombangazwe, ososayensi nezifundiswa, kokubili eYurophu nase-United States. Eveza umbono owawandile ngosuku lwakhe, umholi wesizwe esithile esinamandla wabhala: “Umphakathi akufanele uvumele abantu ababi bazale. . . . Noma yibaphi abafuyi abangavumela imfuyo yabo enhle ukuba ingazali, futhi umhlambi wandiswe yimfuyo embi, kungadingeka bavalelwe endaweni yabagula ngengqondo. . . . Ngolunye usuku siyoqaphela ukuthi umthwalo oyinhloko wesakhamuzi esihle uwukushiya inzalo emhlabeni, futhi akufanele sikhuthaze ukwanda kwezakhamuzi ezimbi.” La mazwi alotshwa umongameli wama-26 wase-United States, uTheodore Roosevelt.
Emibukisweni eBrithani naseMelika, kwabukiswa imithetho yofuzo, ngokuvamile ebhodini elinamaginipiki ahlukahlukene agxishiwe. Ayehlelwe ukuba abonise indlela umbala woboya odluliswa ngayo kusuka esizukulwaneni esisodwa kuya kwesilandelayo. Iphuzu lale mibukiso lacaciswa amagama ahambisana nayo. Elinye ishadi lalithi: “Izici zobuntu ezingezinhle ezinjengokungaphili engqondweni, isifo sokuwa, ubugebengu, ukusangana, ukuluthwa utshwala, ubumpofu nezinye eziningi zitholakala kulo lonke uhlu lozalo lwemikhaya futhi zizuzwa njengombala woboya bamaginipiki.” Elinye ibhodi lombukiso labuza: “Kuyoze kuze nini thina maMelika silondoloza uhlu lozalo lwezingulube nezinkukhu nezinkomo esizifuyile—bese sishiyela uzalo lwezingane zethu enhlanhleni?”
Ukusebenza Kwama-eugenics
Le mibono yayingekhona nje ukucabangela. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu “abangafiseleki” avalwa inzalo eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Yiqiniso, incazelo yokuthi ubani noma yini engafiseleki yayixhomeke ngokuyinhloko emibonweni yalabo abenza izinqumo zokuphoqelela ukuvalwa kwenzalo. Ngokwesibonelo, esifundazweni saseMissouri, e-U.S.A., kwahlongozwa isishaya-mthetho sokuvala inzalo kulabo “ababoshelwe ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukweba izinkukhu, ukuqhumisa amabhomu, noma ukweba izimoto.” Emzamweni walo wokuxhamazela wokufinyelela uhlanga olungcono phakathi nesizukulwane esisodwa, iJalimane lobuNazi ladlulela ngalé. Ngemva kokuvala inzalo kubantu abangaba ngu-225 000, izigidi zabanye—amaJuda, amaRomany (amaGypsy), abakhubazekile nabanye abantu “abangafiseleki”—zabulawa ngaphansi kwesigubuzelo sama-eugenics.
Ngenxa yobuqaba benkathi yamaNazi, ama-eugenics aqala ukubukwa kabi, futhi abaningi babenethemba lokuthi lo mkhakha wocwaningo wawusushabalele, uphele nezigidi ezafa ngenxa yawo. Nokho, ngawo-1970 kwasakazeka imibiko yentuthuko engokwesayensi emkhakheni owawusafufusa we-molecular biology. Abanye babenovalo lokuthi le ntuthuko ingase ibangele ukuthambekela kokubuyela emibonweni eyayiyenge elaseYurophu nelaseNyakatho Melika ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1977 isazi esidumile sezinto eziphilayo saxwayisa ozakwabo engqungqutheleni ye-National Academy of Science ngokuphathelene nokuklanywa kwe-DNA, sathi: “Lolu cwaningo luzosisondeza eduze kakhulu nekhono lokushintsha izakhi zofuzo kubantu. Ngaleyo ndlela siyokwazi ukuthola ukuthi singabathola kanjani abantwana abanezici esizithandayo. . . . Esikhathini esidlule abantwana abathandwayo babenezinwele ezimhloshana, amehlo aluhlaza nezakhi zofuzo zama-Aryan.”
Abaningi namuhla bangakubheka njengobuhlanya ukuqhathanisa intuthuko yokushintsha izakhi zofuzo nohlelo lukaHitler lwama-eugenics. Eminyakeni engu-60 edlule, kwakushisekelwa ukuhlanzeka kohlanga. Namuhla abantu bakhuluma ngokuthuthukisa impilo nezinga lokuphila. Ama-eugenics akuqala ayebangelwa ezombangazwe futhi eshoshozelwa ukuhaha nenzondo. Intuthuko entsha ekucwaningeni ngezakhi zofuzo ishoshozelwa ezentengiselwano nokufisela kwabantu ukuphila okungcono. Kodwa nakuba kunomehluko omkhulu, umgomo wokulolonga abantu ngokofuzo esilufunayo ungase uzwakale njengama-eugenics akuqala.
Ukushintsha Umphakathi Ngesayensi
Njengoba ufunda la mazwi, ama-computer anamandla amatasa ahlela izakhi zofuzo zabantu—iziyalezo eziphelele eziqukethwe yizakhi zethu zofuzo eziqondisa indlela esikhula ngayo nokuthi sizoba uhlobo olunjani lwabantu. La ma-computer ngokucophelela ahlola amashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo ezikuyi-DNA yomuntu. (Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Abacwaningi Be-DNA.”) Ososayensi babikezela ukuthi lapho lokhu kwaziswa sekuqoqiwe futhi kwagcinwa, kuyosetshenziswa nasesikhathini esikude esizayo njengomthombo oyinhloko wokuqonda ukwakheka komuntu nendlela yokumelapha. Futhi ososayensi bathemba ukuthi njengoba kusombululwa izimfihlakalo zofuzo lomuntu, kuyovuleka indlela yokwelapha okuyophulukisa noma kuqede izakhi zofuzo ezilimele.
Odokotela banethemba lokuthi ukucwaninga ngofuzo kuyophumela ohlotsheni olusha lwemithi ephephile kodwa enamandla yokuvimbela nokwelapha izifo. Ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bungase buvule nethuba lokuba udokotela wakho ahlole izakhi zakho zofuzo ukuze anqume kusengaphambili ukuthi yimuphi umuthi oyoba usizo kakhulu kuwe.
Ngaphandle kwentuthuko enjalo yezokwelapha, abanye babheka isayensi yokushintsha izakhi zofuzo njengendlela yokuxazulula izinkinga zezenhlalo. Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izifundiswa zazithi izinkinga zezenhlalo zingancishiswa ngokushintsha isimo somnotho nezinhlangano kanye nokuthuthukisa indawo abantu abahlala kuyo. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinkinga zezenhlalo ziye zajula nakakhulu. Abantu abaningi sebekholelwa ukuthi isihluthulelo sezinkinga ezinjalo sitholakala ezakhini zofuzo. Futhi abanye manje bakholelwa ekutheni izakhi zofuzo zifeza indima ebalulekile kunemvelo ekuthonyeni ukuziphatha kwabantu kanye namaqembu.
Kuthiwani ngokufa? Ngokwabacwaningi, ngisho nekhambi laleyo nkinga lisekushintsheni i-DNA yethu. Kakade ososayensi baye basandisa ngokuphindwe kabili isikhathi sokuphila sezimpukane nezimpethu, besebenzisa izinqubo abathi ngolunye usuku zingase zisebenze kubantu. Umphathi we-Human Genome Sciences Inc. wathi: “Siyaqala ngqá ukucabanga ngokungafi komuntu.”
Abantwana Bokwenziwa?
Imibiko ebabazekayo yalokho okwenziwayo nalokho okungase kwenziwe eminyakeni ezayo ikwenza kube lula ukushalazelela ukulinganiselwa kwamanje nezinkinga ezingase zibe khona ezibangelwa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sibuyele endabeni yabantwana. Ukuhlola izakhi zofuzo sekuyinto evamile. Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi ihlehlela emuva eminyakeni yawo-1960. Udokotela ufaka umjovo esibelethweni sowesifazane okhulelwe adonse uketshenzi olusesibelethweni, oluzungeze umbungu. Khona-ke lolu ketshezi lungahlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi lowo mbungu awunazo yini izifo ezihlukahlukene zofuzo, kuhlanganise i-Down’s syndrome ne-spina bifida. Ngokuvamile le nqubo yenziwa ngemva kwamasonto angu-16 owesifazane ekhulelwe. Inqubo esanda kusungulwa muva nje yembula imininingwane yofuzo lombungu phakathi namasonto ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi umuntu ekhulelwe.
Lezi zinqubo zisiza odokotela ukuba bakwazi ukubona izifo eziningi, kodwa zingamaphesenti angu-15 kuphela kuzo ezingelapheka. Uma imiphumela ibonisa inkinga yofuzo noma ingaqondakali kahle, abazali abaningi babhekana nesinqumo esinzima—ingabe kufanele bakhiphe isisu noma kulindwe umntwana aze azalwe? I-UNESCO Courier ithi: “Nakuba kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlola i-DNA—ngayinye eqinisekisiwe futhi enemiphumela emihle—kuze kube manje isayensi yezakhi zofuzo ihlulekile ukufeza izithembiso zayo ezinkulu zokwelapha izici zofuzo. Odokotela baxilonga izimo nezifo abangenandlela yokuzelapha. Ngakho, ngokuvamile ukukhishwa kwesisu kuvezwa njengendlela yokwelapha isimo.”
Nokho, njengoba i-biotechnology ithuthuka, odokotela banethemba lokuthola amandla athé xaxa okuxilonga nokwelapha izinkinga zofuzo ezibangela noma ezenza abantu babe sengozini yezifo ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi banethemba lokuthi ekugcineni bayokwazi ukufakela ama-chromosome okwenziwa embungwini womuntu ukuze bawuvikele ezifweni ezinjenge-Parkinson, ingculaza, isifo sikashukela, nomdlavuza wesinye nowamabele. Ngaleyo ndlela umntwana angazalwa enesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni esiqinile. Futhi kunethemba lemithi yesikhathi esizayo “eyothuthukisa” umbungu okhulayo, mhlawumbe ngokwenza izakhi zofuzo zithuthukise izinga lokuhlakanipha noma inkumbulo.
Ngisho noma ososayensi abanethemba beqaphela ukuthi kusayodlula isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba abazali bakwazi ukukhetha uhlobo lomntwana abalufunayo encwadini, kubantu abaningi ithemba lokuthola umntwana abamfisayo liyakhanga ngempela. Abanye baveza ukuthi kuwubuwula ukungabusebenzisi ubuchwepheshe ukuze kuqedwe izifo ezibangelwa ufuzo. Bathi uma kungekho cala ekuthumeleni ingane yakho esikoleni esingcono nakodokotela abaphambili, kungani umuntu engenakuzama ukuthola umntwana ongcono?
Ukukhathazeka Ngekusasa
Nokho, abanye bakhathazekile. Ngokwesibonelo, incwadi ethi The Biotech Century ithi: “Uma isifo sikashukela, i-sickle-cell anemia nomdlavuza kungavinjelwa ngokushintsha izakhi zofuzo kubantu, kungani kungenakudlulelwa nakwezinye ‘izifo’ ezincane: ukubona eduze kuphela, ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala, i-dyslexia, ukukhuluphala nokuba yinxele? Empeleni, yini engavimbela umphakathi ukuba uphethe ngokuthi ibala elithile lesikhumba liyisifo?”
Izinkampani zomshuwalense ziyofuna ngenkani ukwazi ngofuzo lomuntu. Kuthiwani uma ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuba umuntu azalwe kwembula inkinga enkulu? Ingabe izinkampani zomshuwalense ziyophoqelela umama ukuba akhiphe isisu? Uma enqaba, ingabe ziyokwenqaba ukumnikeza umshuwalense?
Izinkampani zamakhemikhali, ezithaka imithi nezobuchwepheshe ziyancintisana ngokukhiqiza izakhi zofuzo zokwenziwa kanye nezindlela zokuzisebenzisa. Isisusa esikhulu yinzuzo yemali—ukwenza imali ngobuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo. Izazi eziningi zezimiso zobuchwepheshe zinovalo lokuthi lokhu kungase kuholele ekusebenziseni “inqubo yama-eugenics kubathengi,” lapho abazali bengase bacindezelwe ukuba bakhethe izingane “ezigunyaziwe ngokofuzo.” Kulula ukubona indlela ezokukhangisa ezingafeza ngayo indima eyinhloko kulesi simo.
Yiqiniso, lezi zinqubo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe cishe ngeke zitholakale kalula ezingxenyeni ezimpofu zomhlaba. Kakade izingxenye eziningi zomhlaba zintula izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ngisho nasemazweni athuthukile, ukwelapha izakhi zofuzo kungavulekela abacebile kuphela.
Umphakathi Ophelele
Ezincwadini eziningi ezikhuluma ngalokho okwenziwayo emkhakheni we-biotechnology, inkulumo ethi “ukuzenza uNkulunkulu” ivela kaningi. Njengoba uNkulunkulu enguMklami noMdali wokuphila, kuyafaneleka ukucabangela lokho akucabangayo ngokufuna ukuphelela. Incwadi yeBhayibheli kaGenesise ithi ngemva kokudala ukuphila emhlabeni, “uNkulunkulu wabona konke akwenzileyo; bheka, kwakukuhle kakhulu.” (Genesise 1:31) Umbhangqwana wokuqala ongabantu wawunofuzo oluphelele. Ukuhlubuka kuNkulunkulu yikona okwawenza wazilethela ukungapheleli nokufa wona nenzalo yawo.—Genesise 3:6, 16-19; Roma 5:12.
UJehova uNkulunkulu ufuna ukuqeda ukugula, ukuhlupheka nokufa. Endulo, wenza ilungiselelo lokutakula isintu kulezi zinkinga. Incwadi yeBhayibheli yesAmbulo ilandisa ngesikhathi lapho uNkulunkulu eyongenela khona ezindabeni zesintu. Ngokuphathelene naleso sikhathi, siyafunda: “[UNkulunkulu] uyosula zonke izinyembezi emehlweni aso, futhi ukufa ngeke kusaba khona, noma ukulila noma ukukhala noma ubuhlungu ngeke kusaba khona. Izinto zangaphambili zidlulile.” Lolu shintsho olubabazekayo ngeke lulethwe yintuthuko yabantu kwezesayensi, abaningi babo abangavumi ngisho nokuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, ingasaphathwa eyokumdumisa. Cha, lo mbhalo uyaqhubeka: “Lowo [uJehova uNkulunkulu] ohlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi wathi: ‘Bheka! Ngenza zonke izinto zibe zintsha.’”—IsAmbulo 21:4, 5.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 5]
Ngemva kokuvala ngenkani inzalo kubantu abangaba ngu-225 000 eJalimane lobuNazi, izigidi zabanye abantu “abangafiseleki” zabulawa ngaphansi kwesigubuzelo sama-eugenics
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 6]
Odokotela banethemba lokuthi ukucwaninga ngofuzo kuyophumela ohlotsheni olusha lwemithi ephephile kodwa enamandla yokuvimbela nokwelapha izifo
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 11]
Kusukela ngesikhathi sikaDolly, ososayensi baye bakhiqiza idlanzana lezilwane—kuzo zonke besebenzisa amangqamuzana asekhulile. Ingabe ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bungasetshenziswa ekwenzeni abantu ngezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo?
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 7]
Ingabe Abantu Bangakhiwa Ngezakhi Zofuzo Ezifanayo?
Ngo-1997 imvu okuthiwa uDolly yaba undabuzekwayo emhlabeni wonke. Yini eyayenza uDolly akhetheke? Wayeyisilwane sokuqala esincelisayo esakhiwa ngempumelelo ngengqamuzana elikhulile, elathathwa ebeleni lemvukazi ethile. Ngakho uDolly waba “iwele” elincane lemvu okwakuthathwe kuyo ingqamuzana. Ngaphambi kukaDolly, kwase kungamashumi eminyaka ososayensi bekhiqiza izilwane ngamangqamuzana ombungu. Abanye babecabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuhlela ingqamuzana lesilwane esesikhulile ukuba likhiqize esinye isilwane esisifuzile. Ukukhiqiza into ethile ngengqamuzana eselikhulile kukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona kusengaphambili ukuthi leyo nzalo iyoba njani.
Inhloso yososayensi abenza uDolly kwakuwukuthuthukisa izilwane ezifuywayo njengomthombo oyigugu wokukhiqiza imithi ethakwa ngobisi lwazo. Umbiko wempumelelo yososayensi wezwakala okokuqala ngo-February 1997, kumagazini wesayensi i-Nature, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Inzalo Ephilayo Etholakale Emangqamuzaneni Ombungu Nawesilwane Esesikhulile.” Ngokushesha imithombo yezindaba yawuthakazelela lo mbiko nencazelo yawo. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili isembozo sikamagazini i-Time sasinesithombe sikaDolly kanye nesihloko esikhulu esithi “Ingabe Kuyoke Kube Khona Omunye Onguwe?” Ngalo lelo sonto elifanayo, umagazini i-Newsweek waba nochungechunge oluthi “Singabenza Yini Abantu Ngezakhi Zofuzo Ezifanayo?”
Kusukela ngesikhathi sikaDolly, ososayensi baye bakhiqiza idlanzana lezilwane—kuzo zonke besebenzisa amangqamuzana asekhulile. Ingabe ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bungasetshenziswa ekwenzeni abantu ngezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo? Ezinye izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithi yebo. Ingabe kwake kwenziwa? Cha. U-Ian Wilmut, usosayensi waseBrithani owayehola iqembu elenza uDolly, uveza ukuthi okwamanje ukukhiqiza ukuphila ngezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo “kuyinqubo engaphumeleli neze,” kubangela ukufa kwemibungu okuphindwe cishe kayishumi kunendlela engokwemvelo yokuzala.
Abanye bayazibuza, ‘Kuthiwani uma othile ebengathuthukisa le nqubo abese mhlawumbe enza oHitler abaningi?’ Ezama ukudambisa ixhala, uWilmut ubonisa ukuthi nakuba ingane eyenziwe ngaleyo ndlela ingaba yiwele elifuze umuntu ethathwe kuye, umuntu owenziwe ngezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo ubeyothonywa yindawo akuyo futhi ubeyoba nobuntu obuhlukile njengoba kunjalo ngamawele emvelo.
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 8, 9]
Abacwaningi Be-DNA
Umzimba womuntu unamangqamuzana angaba yizigidigidi eziyikhulu. Amangqamuzana amaningi ane-nucleus. Ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus ngayinye kunamaqembu angu-46 ama-chromosome. I-chromosome ngayinye inengqamuzana eyodwa, esongene, enjengomucu okuthiwa yi-DNA. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-DNA inezakhi zofuzo ezilinganiselwa ku-100 000, ezihlelwe njengamadolobha eceleni komgwaqo omkhulu. Izakhi zethu zofuzo zinquma zonke izici zomzimba wethu—ukukhula kwethu esibelethweni, ubulili bethu nezici zomzimba, kanye nokukhulela kwethu ebudaleni. Ososayensi bakholelwa nawukuthi i-DNA yethu iqukethe “iwashi” elinquma ubude besikhathi esizosiphila.
I-DNA yezilwane neyabantu ifana ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhi zofuzo zemfene zihluke ngephesenti elilodwa nje kwezabantu. Noma kunjalo, lowo mehluko mkhulu ngokuphindwe kayishumi kunomehluko okhona phakathi kwe-DNA yabantu ababili. Kodwa-ke, yilowo mehluko omncane ngokungachazeki obangela izici eziningi ezenza ngamunye wethu abe umuntu ohlukile.
Eminyakeni engaphansana kweshumi edlule, ososayensi baqala umkhankaso oyinkimbinkimbi—ukuthola ncamashí ukuhlelwa kwamakhemikhali kuyi-DNA yomuntu. Lo msebenzi, owaziwa ngokuthi i-Human Genome Project, unezinhloso ezinkulu futhi mkhulu, kanti uyodla izindodla zamaRandi. Ukwaziswa okuyobe kuqoqiwe kuyogcwalisa imiqulu engaba ngu-200, ngamunye olingana nencwadi yocingo enamakhasi angu-1 000. Ukuze umuntu afunde konke lokhu kwaziswa, kuyodingeka ukuba afunde amahora angu-24 ngosuku iminyaka engu-26!
Imithombo yezindaba ayilinaki iqiniso lokuthi lapho lokhu kwaziswa sekuqoqiwe, kusayodingeka ukuba kuchazwe. Kuyodingeka amathuluzi amasha okuhlaziya lokho kwaziswa. Kungenye into ukuhlukanisa izakhi zofuzo; kuyinto ehluke ngokuphelele ukwazi ukuthi zenzani nokuthi zihlangana kanjani ukuze zakhe umuntu. Esinye isazi esivelele sezinto eziphilayo sabiza i-Human Genome Project ngokuthi “iSithebe Esingcwele Sesayensi Yezakhi Zofuzo.” Nokho, isazi sesayensi yezakhi zofuzo u-Eric Lander sasikisela incazelo ebonisa ukuthobeka, sathi: “Lo mkhankaso uwuhlu olwakha izingxenye ezihlukene. Uma ngikunikeza uhlu lwezingxenye zendiza i-Boeing 777 enezingxenye ezingu-100 000, ngicabanga ukuthi ubungeke ukwazi ukuyihlanganisa futhi ngokuqinisekile ubungeke uqonde ukuthi kungani indiza.”
[Umdwebo]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
INGQAMUZANA
I-“NUCLEUS”
AMA-“CHROMOSOME”
I-DNA
IBHANGQA ELIYISISEKELO