Ingabe Ikhambi Liyingxenye Yenkinga?

“Ukululaza iziboshwa nokuzehlisa isithunzi kuyindlela embi kunazo zonke yokuzilungiselela izwe elingaphandle.”—INGOSI YOMHLELI KUYI-ATLANTA CONSTITUTION.

EZIMWENI eziningi amajele amane asebenze njengesithiyo—okwesikhashana. Uma isiboshwa sidedelwa, ingabe ngempela sisuke sesikhokhile ngobugebengu baso?a Kuthiwani ngezisulu nabathandekayo bazo? “Ngingunina wengane eyabulawa,” kukhala uRita lapho umbulali wengane yakhe eneminyaka engu-16 ededelwa ngemva kokugwetshwa iminyaka emithathu. “Ake nime. Cabangani. Ningacabanga yini ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini?” Njengoba isimo sikaRita sibonisa, ubuhlungu buvame ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba izinkantolo seziwuqedile umsebenzi wazo futhi kungaseyona indaba esematheni.

Le ndaba ayithinti kuphela labo abakuphila kwabo kuye kwathinteka ngenxa yobugebengu kodwa ithinta nabo bonke abanye. Phela, ukuthi iziboshwa esezidedelwe zilungisiwe noma zimane zaba zimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokuvalelwa kukuthinta ngokuqondile ukuthula kwakho kwengqondo, uma kungekhona ukuthi kuthinta ngisho nokuphepha kwakho.

Izikole Zezigebengu

Amajele ngokuvamile awabuqedi ubugebengu. Kumagazini i-Time, uJill Smolowe wabhala: “Uma kuqulelwa imali ekwakheni amanye amajele kunokuba kwakhiwe ukuzethemba kwesiboshwa, ngokuvamile kuvele kuholele ebugebengwini obengeziwe—obubi nakakhulu.” UPeter,b osechithe iminyaka engu-14 ejele, uyavumelana nalawo mazwi. Uthi: “Abaningi engiboshwe nabo baqala ngezenzo zobugebengu ezincane, base beqhubekela ebugebengwini bempahla, futhi ekugcineni baba ngompetha bobugebengu obukhulu obuhilela abantu. Kubo amajele anjengezikole zokufundela amakhono. Bazophuma sebebabi kakhulu.”

Nakuba amajele engase azisuse okwesikhashana izigebengu emehlweni omphakathi, kubonakala sengathi kuncane kakhulu akwenzayo—uma kukhona—ekunqandeni ubugebengu isikhathi eside. Abafana nezinsizwa ezihlala emadolobheni zivame ukubheka amajele njengendawo yokuqeqeshelwa ubudoda. Ngokuvamile, bagcina sebeyizigebengu ezingontamo-lukhuni. “Ukuvalelwa ejele akunilungisi nakancane,” kusho uLarry, osechithe isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwakhe egqigqa ejele. “La madoda athi uma ephuma enze into efanayo.”

Lo mjikelezo ungase uchaze ukuthi kungani, ngokokunye ukuhlola e-United States, amaphesenti angu-50 azo zonke izenzo zobugebengu ezimbi enziwa cishe amaphesenti amahlanu ezigebengu. Umagazini i-Time uyaphawula: “Uma iziboshwa zingenayo indlela eyakhayo yokuchitha isikhathi sazo, zivame ukusebenzisa leso sikhathi zifukamele intukuthelo, ingasaphathwa eyokuqongelela amaqhinga obugebengu, . . . ezizophuma nawo.”

Lesi simo asigcini e-United States. UJohn Vatis, ongudokotela wasejele lezempi eGreece, uthi: “Amajele ethu ahamba phambili ekukhiqizeni abantu abawusongo, abanobudlova nababi. Uma zidedelwa, iziboshwa eziningi zifuna ‘ukuziphindiselela’ emphakathini.”

Izindleko Emphakathini

Inkinga yamajele ithinta nemali yakho. Ngokwesibonelo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi e-United States, isiboshwa ngasinye sidla imali yabakhokhi bentela engamaRandi angu-160 000 ngonyaka. Iziboshwa ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60 zingadla imali ephindwe kathathu kunaleyo. Emazweni amaningi kuyancipha ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sokujezisa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Ukhathazeka ngezigebengu ezidedelwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nezigebengu ezingaboshwa nhlobo ngenxa yezizathu zomthetho ezibekwa ummeli oyiqili. Ngokuvamile izisulu zizizwa zingavikelekile ngokwanele ekulinyazweni futhi, kanti zingase zingabi nazwi ezinqubweni zomthetho.

Ukukhathazeka Komphakathi Kuyakhula

Ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni samajele akuthuthukiswa yizimo ezimbi iziboshwa ezibhekana nazo, njengoba zichazwe ebhokisini elihambisana nalesi sihloko. Iziboshwa eziye zaphathwa kabi lapho zidonsa izigwebo zazo ngeke zilungiseke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amaningi alwela amalungelo abantu ayakhathazeka ngenani elikhulu labantu bemiphakathi empofu ababoshwayo. Ayazibuza ukuthi lokhu kuthuka kwenzeka yini noma kungenxa yokubandlululwa ngokohlanga.

Umbiko wango-1998 we-Associated Press wadonsela ukunakekela osizini lwababeyiziboshwa eJele LaseHolmesburg, ePennsylvania, e-U.S.A., ababefuna isinxephezelo ngoba bethi babesetshenziswa njengamaginipiki okuhlola amakhemikhali ngesikhathi beboshiwe. Futhi kuthiwani ngokubuya kokuboshelwa ndawonye ngamaketanga kweziboshwa e-United States? I-Amnesty International iyabika: “Labo abasebenza emaqenjini aboshelwe ndawonye ngamaketanga basebenza amahora ayishumi kuya kwangu-12 ngokuvamile elangeni elikhiph’ umkhovu etsheni, bethola amakhefu amafushane okuphuza amanzi, nehora lokudla. . . . Okuwukuphela kwendlu yangasese yalezi ziboshwa yisikigi esingemva kwesihenqo esibekiwe. Iziboshwa zihlala ziboshelwe ndawonye ngesikhathi zizikhulula. Uma isikigi sikude, iziboshwa ziphoqelelwa ukuba zizikhululele enhlabathini obala.” Kuyavunywa, akuwona wonke amajele asebenza ngaleyo ndlela. Noma kunjalo, ukuphathwa ngonya kuyazehlisa iziboshwa kanye nalabo abakhipha leso sijeziso.

Ingabe Umphakathi Uyazuza?

Ngokuvamile, imiphakathi eminingi izizwa ivikelekile uma izigebengu eziyingozi ziboshiwe. Eminye imiphakathi iwathandela izizathu ezihlukene amajele. Ngesikhathi kuzovalwa ijele elisedolobhaneni laseCooma, e-Australia, abantu benqaba. Ngani? Ngoba leli jele laliqasha umphakathi ohluphekayo.

Muva nje abanye ohulumeni baye bawadayisela izinkampani ezizimele amajele ukuze bonge imali. Ngokudabukisayo, iziboshwa eziningi nokudonsa isigwebo isikhathi eside kuyinzuzo ebhizinisini. Ngakho-ke, ubulungisa buhlanganiswa nezentengiselwano.

Kukho konke lokhu, umbuzo obalulekile uyasala: Ingabe amajele ayazilungisa iziboshwa? Nakuba ngokuvamile impendulo ingucha, ungase umangale ukuthola ukuthi ezinye iziboshwa ziye zasizwa ukuba zishintshe. Ake sibone ukuthi kanjani.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 6, 7]

Ukuhlola Amajele

UKUMINYANA: Iziboshwa eBrithani zinenkinga yokuminyana kakhulu, kube kufanele! Lelo zwe lingelesibili emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu aneziboshwa eziningi kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso sabantu bakhona, njengoba kuneziboshwa ezingu-125 kubantu abangu-100 000 emphakathini. EBrazil, ijele elikhulu kunawo wonke eSão Paulo lakhelwe ukuvalela iziboshwa ezingu-500. Kunalokho livalela ezingu-6 000. ERussia, izitokisi okufanele kuvalelwe kuzo iziboshwa ezingu-28 kuvalelwe ezingu-90 kuya kwezingu-110. Le nkinga inkulu kakhulu kangangokuthi iziboshwa kufanele zilale ngokushintshana. Kwelinye izwe lase-Asia, iziboshwa ezingu-13 noma ezingu-14 ziminyaniswe esitokisini esingamamitha-skwele amathathu. Kanti, eNtshonalanga Australia, izikhulu ziye zabhekana nokusweleka kwendawo ngokusebenzisa amabhokisi okuthutha izimpahla ukuze zihlalise iziboshwa.

UBUDLOVA: Umagazini waseJalimane i-Spiegel ubika ukuthi emajele aseJalimane iziboshwa ezinonya ziyabulala futhi zihluphe ngenxa “yempi yamaqembu ancintisanayo adayisa ngokungemthetho utshwala nezidakamizwa, ubulili, aqhube nebhizinisi lomashonisa.” Izingxabano zobuzwe zivame ukugqugquzela ubudlova basejele. “Kuneziboshwa zezinhlanga ezingu-72,” kuphawula i-Spiegel. “Nakanjani kuba khona ukuhilizisana nezingxabano ezibangela ubudlova.” Ejele elithile laseNingizimu Melika, izikhulu zathi ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubulawa iziboshwa ezingu-12 njalo ngenyanga. I-Financial Times yaseLondon yabika ukuthi iziboshwa zathi inani langempela liphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili kunalokho.”

UKUNUKUBEZWA NGOKOBULILI: Isihloko se-New York Times esithi “Inkinga Yokudlwengula Emajele” sithi kulinganiselwa ukuthi e-United States, “bangaphezu kuka-290 000 abesilisa abanukubezwa ngokobulili emajele minyaka yonke.” Lo mbiko uyaqhubeka: “Inkinga yobudlova bobulili ayibi isenzakalo esenzeka kanye nje kuphela, ivame ukuba ukuhlukunyezwa kwansuku zonke.” Enye inhlangano ilinganisela ukuthi emajele ase-United States, kwenzeka izenzo zobulili ezingafunwa ezingu-60 000 nsuku zonke.

IMPILO NENHLANZEKO: Ukusakazeka kwezifo ezithathelwana ngobulili eziboshweni kuyinto eyaziwayo. Isifo sofuba phakathi kweziboshwa eRussia nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika singundabuzekwayo emhlabeni, kanjalo nokunganakwa kwezempilo, ukuhlanzeka nokondleka emajele amaningi emhlabeni.

[Isithombe]

Ijele eliminyene eSão Paulo, eBrazil

[Umthombo]

AP Photo/Dario Lopez-Mills

[Isithombe ekhasini 4, 5]

Ijele LaseLa Santé elinesimiso sokulondeka esiphakeme eParis, eFrance

[Umthombo]

AP Photo/Francois Mori

[Isithombe ekhasini 6]

Abesifazane ejele laseManagua, eNicaragua

[Umthombo]

AP Photo/Javier Galeano