Izici Eziningi ZeRoma

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! E-ITALY

“Kimina kubonakala sengathi kusukela ekuqaleni kumelwe ukuba uRomulus [umsunguli wasenganekwaneni weRoma ngo-753 B.C.E.] wayebikelwe ngokwaphezulu ukuthi ngolunye usuku leli dolobha laliyoba isizinda sombuso onamandla.”—UCICERO, ICIKO NELUNGU LESIGELE SASEROMA, EKHULWINI LOKUQALA B.C.E.

NJENGAMANYE amadolobha anomlando ohlanganisa izinkulungwane zeminyaka, iRoma inezici eziningi, futhi ngokudlula kwamakhulu eminyaka, lezi zici ziye zashiya umkhondo wazo. Ungathanda ukuzibona? Lesi isikhathi esifanele, ikakhulukazi uma umenywé komunye wemihlangano yoFakazi BakaJehova ezoqhutshwa ngo-August 10-12, 2001, eRoma, eBari, eTurin naseMilan.

Kodwa iyiphi ingxenye yeRoma ongathanda ukuyibona? Kunengxenye yeRoma yasendulo, iRoma eyayiwumbuso we-republic neRoma yabasebukhosini. Uma uza enkathini enganeno, kukhona iRoma yezakhiwo zenkathi ephakathi, iRoma yeNkathi Yezinguquko, iRoma yobuciko futhi ekugcineni kube neRoma yanamuhla. Ekugcineni, kunengxenye yeRoma yopapa, iRoma yabantu abavamile neRoma yezikhulu. Uhlangana nokuthile obungakulindele kunoma iliphi ijika kuleli dolobha elikhulu.

Idolobha Lasendulo

Imizana yasendulo yeNkathi Yamatshe kubonakala sengathi yavela esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwekhulu lesi-8 B.C.E., emagqumeni aseRoma ngasesigodini esasiyizibuko lasendulo lomfula iTiber. Njengoba ezinsukwini zasendulo kwakulula ukubona amagquma azungeze le ndawo, kwakuthiwa idolobha lakhiwe phezu kwamagquma ayisikhombisa—iQuirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine, Palatine neCapitoline. Kuze kube namuhla, ezinye izingxenye zaleli dolobha zisabizwa ngala magama.

Uma unquma ukuvakashela eRoma, ungakhohlwa ukuphatha incwadi enembile yeziqondiso nebalazwe. Ungase uthole umbono wokuthi umRoma wasendulo wayebonani eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 000 edlule.

Ake Sivakashele IForum

Incwadi ethile yeziqondiso ithi: “ERoma yasendulo, iForum yayiyisizinda sezombangazwe, sezentengiselwano nesokwahlulela.” Indawo eyinhloko yokungena lapha iseVia dei Fori Imperiali. Kunesitimela namabhasi amaningana angakuthatha ayokubeka khona.

Phakathi kwezakhiwo zodumo kule ndawo kukhona neColosseum, eyaziwa nangokuthi iNkundla Yaseshashalazini YamaFlavian, uphawu lwenkathi yamakhosi. Ingamamitha angu-48 ukuphakama, ilingana nesakhiwo sesimanje esinezitezi ezingu-16. Ubude bayo ingaba amamitha angu-190, kanti ububanzi ingaba amamitha angu-155. Njengoba ineminyango engu-80, inendawo yokuhlalisa izibukeli ezingu-55 000! UMbusi uVespasian nguyena owakhipha umyalo wokuba yakhiwe ngonyaka ka-72 C.E. Ucabange ngalokhu lapho umi eceleni kwayo. Ukube izindonga ziyakhuluma . . . 

Imivubukulo yamuva nje ibonisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwale nkundla kwaqedelwa ngempango amabutho aseRoma abuya nayo edolobheni ngemva kwemikhankaso yokunqoba iJudiya, eyaphumela ekubhujisweni kweJerusalema ngo-70 C.E. (Mathewu 24:1, 2; Luka 21:5, 6) Amakhulu amaningi eminyaka kwakubanjelwa imidlalo yokulwela ukufa nokuphila enesihluku kule nkundla. Kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho abaningi abakukholelwayo, akubonakali ukuthi kunamaKristu abulawelwa ukholo kule ndawo.a

Eduze kweColosseum kuneKhothamo LikaTitus, elamiswa lapho kugujwa ukunqoba okufanayo. Kuleli khothamo kunemifanekiso yodwendwe lokunqoba, kubukiswa ngabathunjwa abangamaJuda nempahla engcwele yethempeli. Ngokunokwenzeka amaJuda adlula khona kanye kule ndawo!

Esinye isakhiwo sasendulo esidumile, esikhulu futhi esisagcinwe kahle, iPantheon. Yayiyithempeli lamaqaba elalinikezelwe kubo bonke onkulunkulu; manje iyisonto lamaKatolika. UMbusi uHadrian (76-138 C.E.), owaziwa ngothango alwakha enyakatho yeNgilandi, waklama lesi sakhiwo sobunyoninco saseRoma phakathi kuka-118 kuya ku-128 C.E. Ukuphakama nobukhulu behholo eliyisiyingi kuyalingana—kungamamitha angu-43,4.

ICircus Maximus, iGquma lasePalatine nezinye izindawo nezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene kusikhumbuza emuva esikhathini sasendulo. Njengezikhumbuzo zamandla nokuvelela kombuso wezwe wesithupha emlandweni weBhayibheli, izinsika zamatshe asendulo aqoshiwe, njengalezo zikaTrajan noMarcus Aurelius, zisamile ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zedolobha.

IRoma Ngesikhathi Sabaphostoli

Nakuba ubuKristu babaphostoli bathathelwa indawo ngokushesha eLobukholwa eliyisihlubuki, kusengatholakala ezinye zezinto ezithintana nezenzakalo zamaKristu okuqala eRoma. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uvakashela iNdlela Ka-Aphiyu, ungakukhohlwa kanjani ukulandisa okuphathelene nomphostoli uPawulu ephelezelwa abafowabo abangamaKristu baze bayofika edolobheni? (IzEnzo 28:14-16) Kodwa kufanele siqaphele singalamukeli nje isiko elivamile ngokunganaki. Ngokwesibonelo, eduze kweForum, kunendawo okuthiwa iJele laseMamertine, indawo okuthiwa umphostoli uPetru wayeboshwe kuyo. Kodwa abukho ubufakazi beBhayibheli obubonisa ukuthi uPetru wake walubhada kuleli dolobha.

Njengoba ungaseNdleleni Ka-Aphiyu, ungase uthande ukuvakashela imigede edumile yokungcwaba—okuyimihume engamakhulu amakhilomitha eyayingamathuna. Imivubukulo ephathelene namahlelo abafile nabafel’ ukholo kanye nemibono ehlobene nokungafi komphefumulo ibonisa ukuthi ababesebenzisa la mathuna asendulo babengasebona abalandeli beqiniso bezimfundiso zokuqala zikaJesu.b

Indlela INkathi Yenguquko Eyashintsha Ngayo IRoma

Kusukela ngeNkathi Yenguquko (ekhulwini le-14 kuya kwele-16), iRoma yashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yamandla nethonya elikhulayo lopapa, phakathi kokunye. Izingcweti, abaklami nabenzi bezinto zobuciko babizwa ukuba bazosebenza emizini yopapa. Omunye owayedume kakhulu kwakunguMichelangelo. Eminye yemifanekiso yakhe isagciniwe eVatican City. Umfanekiso wakhe odumile unegama elithi “The Last Judgment” (Isahlulelo Sokugcina), eSistine Chapel, kanye nemidwebo yakhe ophahleni olungaphakathi, engabonakala uma ungena eVatican Museum. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umfanekiso othi “The Last Judgment” awuvezi isihlanzo.

Omunye wemisebenzi kaMichelangelo isithombe esiqoshiwe sikaMose, esitholakala eSontweni likaSt. Peter eChains eRoma. Ithonya lakhe lingabonakala nakweminye imifanekiso eminingana eSt. Peter’s Basilica. Leli sonto linezithombe eziningana zobuciko, kuhlanganise nesithombe esaqoshwa uMichelangelo okuthiwa i-“Pietà.” Sibonisa uKristu ofile esezandleni zikanina.

Okuthakazelisa oFakazi BakaJehova ukuthi leli sonto linezindlela ezimbalwa ezihumusha iTetragrammaton yesiHeberu, emelela igama laphezulu, elithi Jehova. Ulibheke etsheni lesikhumbuzo sokufa kukaClement XIII nakuyiChapel of the Presentation.

IRoma Yobuciko Ephawulekayo

Isici esivelele kakhulu seRoma mhlawumbe sitholakala engxenyeni yedolobha yezobuciko. I-encyclopedia ethile ithi imiklamo yobuciko “yandile futhi igcwele imininingwane ephawulekayo.” Yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, futhi ngekhulu le-18 yase iyindlela yokuhlobisa eyinkimbinkimbi. Isakhiwo esidumile sobuciko yitshe lesikhumbuzo uBernini alenzela uPapa Alexander VII eSt. Peter’s. UBernini wayeyingcweti kapapa ephuma phambili. Washintsha ukubukeka kwamasonto, izigodlo, izithombe eziqoshiwe nemithombo yamanzi eRoma. Ake ubheke i-piazza (imakethe) ephambi kweSt. Peter’s Basilica, ezungezwe izinsika ezisekele umpheme omuhle kaBernini, noma ePiazza del Popolo, “eyakha igumbi elikhulu elinezinhlangothi ezilinganayo enkabeni yeRoma.” Ubuciko nekhono likaBernini kukuyo yonke indawo! Qiniseka ukuthi ubona ubuhle boMthombo waseTrevi noma imithombo yasePiazza Navona, njengeFontana dei Fiumi (uMthombo Wemifula Emine) neFontana del Moro (uMthombo Wasenkangala) eyakhiwa uBernini.

Idolobha Lanamuhla

Namuhla aziziningi izinto ezintsha ekuhlelweni kwaleli dolobha. Ukwakha kokugcina okukhulu kwenziwa ngawo-1930, lapho kwakhiwa i-Esposizione Universale di Roma (E.U.R.). Yayihloselwe ukuphakamisa ubuFascist phakathi nokubusa kukaMussolini.

Manje abaphathi bedolobha bazimisele ukulondoloza nokuphakamisa ifa eliyigugu lobuciko baseRoma, elingatholakali nje kuphela emigwaqweni nasezimakethe zomphakathi kodwa futhi naseminyuziyamu engaphezu kwekhulu ekuleli dolobha. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba uvakashele iminyuziyamu, amatshe ezikhumbuzo nezindawo zemivubukulo, kungase kube ukuhlakanipha ukuthola ukwaziswa kokuthi kuvulwa nini ngokubheka izingosi ezifanele kuyi-Internet noma incwadi ekahle yeziqondiso.

Nakuba iRoma yaziwa ngeVatican, inezinye izinkolo ezihlukahlukene. OFakazi BakaJehova banehhovisi labo legatsha neHholo LoMhlangano lapha. Phakathi edolobheni, kunoFakazi abangaba ngu-10-000, abahlanganyela emabandleni nasemaqenjini angaba ngu-130. Baqhuba imihlangano yabo ngezilimi ezingu-12 ngaphandle kwesiNtaliyane. Uyokwamukelwa kunoma yiliphi i-Sala del Regno (iHholo LoMbuso).

Ngakho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yeRoma ofisa ukuyibona kwezikhona, sikumema ukuba uze, ngoba njengoba umlobi ongumJalimane uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe abhala, “umuntu angafunda ngeRoma uma eseRoma kuphela.”

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 18, 19]

IBARI—Inhloko-dolobha Yase-Apulia Ephithizelayo

I-APULIA yisifundazwe esakha “isithende sewudlu” le-Italy. (Bheka ibalazwe ekhasini 14.) Idume ngowoyela wesundu newayini. Inhloko-dolobha yayo iBari, futhi inezakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-350 000. Kucatshangwa ukuthi leli dolobha lalikhona ngisho nangaphambi kwezikhathi zeRoma. Lake laba ngaphansi kwethonya lamaGreki. AmaRoma, afohla angena kule ndawo ngekhulu lesine B.C.E., abiza leli dolobha ngokuthi iBarium futhi alenza i-municipium, okuwukuthi, idolobhana okwakuhlala kulo amaRoma kodwa elalizibusa.

Kusukela ngesikhathi seMpi Yenkolo yokuqala (ngo-1096 C.E.), iBari yaqala ukuvelela ngemizila elibangisa emazweni aseMpumalanga. Futhi yaba yisikhumulo semikhumbi eminingi eyayilibangise eziMpini Zenkolo.

Idolobha “LikaFata Khisimusi”?

Izakhiwo zodumo ezibaluleke kakhulu eBari zihlobene nezenzakalo zomlando. Isakhiwo esihlobene ngokukhethekile nomlando weBari iBasilica di San Nicola. Lo Nicola okubhekiselwe kuye kuthiwa wayengumbhishobhi waseMyra, idolobha lase-Asia Minor, ngekhulu lesine C.E. Endulo, imininingwane yokuphila kwakhe yaphambaniswa neyomunye umfundisi owayenegama elifanayo, owayephila ekhulwini lesithupha. Ngakho kunemilando ehlukahlukene ephathelene nalo muntu. Phakathi kokunye, omunye wabiza lo Nicola ngokuthi umvikeli wezingane ngoba kwakuthiwa wavusa izingane ezintathu ezazicwiywe zaba yizicucu zase zifakwa emanzini ngumgcini wendlu yezihambi omubi! Yingakho-ke ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwasakazeka ukudunyiswa kwalo muntu okungqubuzana nemiBhalo futhi izinsalela zezinto zakhe zazifunwa kakhulu.

Ngokwencwadi ethi Puglia-Dal Gargano al Salento, uNicola, owayaziwa ngesiLatini ngokuthi Sanctus Nicolaus, “waba uSanta Claus emazweni asenyakatho yezintaba zase-Alps futhi kamuva eNyakatho Melika; ingubo yakhe yobubhishobhi yashintshwa yaba isivunulo esinemichilo yoboya, umnqwazo wakhe waba yisigqoko, lo santa waba yikhehla elinomusa, elinentshebe emhlophe nesikhwama esigcwele izipho. Wavela kanjalo-ke uFata Khisimusi!c

Kunezinye izakhiwo ezithakazelisayo kuleli dolobha, kodwa koFakazi BakaJehova, isakhiwo esithakazelisa kakhulu iSonto LikaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele nawoSanta uCosma noDamiano, elakhiwa ngawo-1960. Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba esibonisa iTetragrammaton.

Wake Wayibona I-trullo?

Akudingeki ukuba uphume uye kude kakhulu neBari ukuze uthole izindawo eziningi ezithakazelisayo ongazivakashela. E-Alberobello, amakhilomitha angaba ngu-55 eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBari, kunama-trullo adumile. Lezi yizakhiwo ezimhlophe ezingavamile ezinophahla oluyindilinga. Zibizwa ngokuthi amatende aqinile nemizana yokuphumula ephakathi kwezihlahla. Zakhiwa ngamatshe ngaphandle kukasimende. Indlela akhiwe ngayo ama-trullo abukeka engaqinile, engaphephile, kodwa aye ahlala isikhathi eside. Amaningi asenamakhulu eminyaka ekhona. Futhi avaleke ngcí, okuwenza aphole ehlobo futhi afudumale ebusika.

Uma uthanda ukuthwebula izithombe, ungase uthande ukuthatha izithombe zenqaba enkulu iCastel del Monte, esebangeni elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-40 entshonalanga yeBari. NguFrederick II owathi mayakhiwe ekhulwini le-13. Njengoba enye incwadi yeziqondiso isho, lo mbhoshongo “mkhulu kunayo yonke eminye ehlobene noFrederick II. Futhi ungesinye sezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezivamile zangeNkathi Ephakathi.” Le ncwadi iwuchaza ngokuthi “isakhiwo esihle esivumelanayo esinezitezi ezimbili ngasinye esingamagumbi angu-8.” Umklamo wawo onezinhlangothi ezingu-8 unemibhoshongo engu-8 yeziphuphutheki. Ngeke uzisole ngokuwuvakashela.

EBari kunoFakazi BakaJehova abangaba ngu-1 600 nabangane babo abaningi abahlanganyela emabandleni angu-18. Bonke balinde ngokulangazela ukwamukela izihambeli eziningi eMhlanganweni Wesigodi ‘Wabafundisi Bezwi LikaNkulunkulu’ Ka-2001 oyoqhutshelwa eSan Nicola Stadium kuleli dolobha.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Izithombe]

ITetragrammaton eSontweni LikaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele nawoSanta uCosma noDamiano

Ibhuloho

ICastel del Monte

Ama-“trullo” e-Alberobello

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 14]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

ROME

BARI

[Umthombo]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Isithombe ekhasini 14]

IKhothamo LikaTitus, elinomfanekiso obonisa ukuphangwa kwethempeli laseJerusalema

[Isithombe ekhasini 14]

IColosseum

[Isithombe ekhasini 15]

Insika kaMarcus Aurelius

[Isithombe ekhasini 15]

INdlela Ka-Aphiyu

[Isithombe ekhasini 15]

IPantheon, eyayiyithempeli lamaqaba elinikezelwe kubo bonke onkulunkulu, manje eyisonto lamaKatolika

[Isithombe ekhasini 16]

Ingxenye yomfanekiso kaMichelangelo othi “Last Judgment,” kuyiSistine Chapel

[Isithombe ekhasini 16, 17]

UMthombo Wemifula Emine owakhiwa uBernini

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Ihhovisi legatsha loFakazi BakaJehova

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

UMthombo waseTrevi

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Ukulandisa kuthi uRomulus noRemus, abasunguli beRoma basenganekwaneni, babenceliswa yimpisi yensikazi