IKamchatka—Izwe LaseRussia Elimangalisayo ElisePacific
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ERUSSIA
EMINYAKENI engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu edlule, abahloli bamazwe baseRussia ababenqamula i-Asia belibangise empumalanga bazithela enhlonhlweni enezintaba eyayingenela ngaseningizimu yePacific Ocean, ihlukanisa uLwandle lwase-Okhotsk neBering Sea. Abantu bakwamanye amazwe abakayazi le ndawo enobuhle bekhethelo, engaphezudlwana nje kwe-Italy ngobukhulu.
Ubusika baseKamchatka bungcono kakhulu ogwini kunasezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezwe, kodwa kwezinye zazo kuba neqhwa elingaphezu kwamamitha ayisithupha, kanti ngezinye izikhathi licishe libe amamitha angu-12! Ehlobo, le nhlonhlo ivame ukusitshekelwa yinkungu, futhi iheleza imimoya enamandla. Imvula eningi ena endaweni yaseKamchatka enezintaba-mlilo iveza izimila ezinhle, kuhlanganise nezihlahlana zamajikijolo, utshani obungangomuntu ngobude nezimbali ezinhle zasendle, njengembali ye-rose eyaziwa ngokuthi i-queen of the meadow.
Izihlahla ze-birch zohlobo lwe-Stone noma i-Erman zisibekele cishe ingxenye yesithathu yale nhlonhlo, futhi zineziqu namagatsha agobe aze asonteka ngenxa yemimoya enamandla nokusindwa yiqhwa. Njengoba zomelele futhi zikhula kancane, lezi zihlahla ziqine ngendlela engavamile, futhi zinezimpande ezibambelelayo, okwenza zikhule cishe noma kuphi—ngisho naphezu kwamawa! Amahlamvu azo aqhakaza ngo-June, ngokuvamile kusekhona iqhwa, bese ephenduka abe phuzi ngo-August, ebikezela ukungena kobusika.
Izintaba-mlilo Neziphethu Ezishisayo
Njengoba isendaweni okuthiwa iRing of Fire—isiyingi sezintaba-mlilo esizamazamayo esizungeze iPacific Ocean—iKamchatka inezintaba-mlilo ezingaba ngu-30 ezisaqhuma. Intaba-mlilo yaseKlyuchevskaya, echazwa ngokuthi “inesiqongo esihle kakhulu,” ingamamitha angu-4 750 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, okuyenza ibe yintaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke ezisaqhuma eYurophu nase-Asia. Kusukela ngo-1697—unyaka abahloli bamazwe baseRussia abafika ngawo eKamchatka—kuye kwabikwa ngezintaba-mlilo ezaqhuma izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-600 kule nhlonhlo.
Ngo-1975/76, ukuqhekeka noma umfantu ongaphansi komhlaba endaweni yaseTolbachik wabangela “ithoshi” lelangabi elingaphezu kwamamitha angu-2 500 ukuphakama! Kwakubaneka ngisho nombani kulawo mafu omlotha. Ngenxa yokuqhuma cishe unyaka nesigamu unganqamuki, lo mfantu waveza izintaba-mlilo ezine ezintsha. Kwanyamalala amachibi nemifula, futhi umlotha oshisayo waqothula wonke amahlathi, ngisho nezimpande zezihlahla. Indawo enkulu yaphenduka ugwadule.
Ngenhlanhla, ukuqhuma okuningi kwezintaba-mlilo kuye kwenzeka kude nezindawo okuhlalwa kuzo, futhi bambalwa abantu abaye bafa. Kodwa kunezinye izizathu zokuba izivakashi ziqaphe, ikakhulukazi lapho ziya eValley of Death, engaphansi kwentaba-mlilo yaseKichpinych. Lapho umoya ungekho, ikakhulukazi uma kuncibilika iqhwa entwasahlobo, kugcwala amagesi ezintaba-mlilo anobuthi kulesi sigodi, okusenza sibe ugibe olubulalayo ezilwaneni. Ngesinye isikhathi, lesi sigodi sagcwala izidumbu zamabhere ayishumi kanye nezilwane eziningana ezincane.
Umgodi omkhulu okuthiwa i-Uzon unamachibi odaka olubilayo kanye namachibi akhipha isisi agcwele ulele olunemibalabala. Endaweni efanayo kuneziphethu okuthiwa iValley of Geysers, ezatholakala ngo-1941. Ezinye iziphethu ziqhuma njalo ngemva kwemizuzu emibili kuya kwemithathu, kanti ezinye ngemva kwezinsukwana. Izivakashi zilethwa ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane kulezi zindawo ezimangalisayo, ezingaba amakhilomitha angu-180 enyakatho yedolobha lasePetropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. Nokho, inani lezivakashi lilinganiselwa kakhulu ukuze kungaphazanyiswa imvelo entekenteke. Ngenxa yalokho, kunezindawo eziyisithupha eKamchatka ezivikelwe njengezindawo eziyiNgcebo Yomhlaba.
EKamchatka kuneziphethu eziningi ezishisayo, eziningi zazo ezinezinga elingu-30-40°C., ezijatshulelwa yizivakashi futhi eziba usizo phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo zasebusika obude. Ukushisa okuvela ngaphansi komhlaba kuye kwasetshenziselwa nokuphehla ugesi. Empeleni, isikhungo sokuqala saseRussia sokuphehla ugesi ngokushisa okungaphansi komhlaba sakhiwa kule nhlonhlo.
Amabhere, Izinhlanzi Ama-salmon Nezinkozi
Kunamabhere ansundu angaba ngu-10 000 asatholakala eKamchatka. Isisindo sawo silinganiselwa kumakhilogremu angu-150 kuya kwangu-200, nakuba engase akhule aze aphinde leso sisindo kathathu uma engaphazanyiswa. Izinganekwane zabomdabu abangama-Itelmen zithi ibhere “lalingumfowabo,” futhi babezihlonipha lezi zilwane. Lobu buhlobo baphela lapho kufika izibhamu. Manje abalondolozi bemvelo banovalo ngekusasa lalezi zilwane.
Amabhere anamahloni futhi awavamile ukubonakala obala. Kodwa ngo-June, lapho ama-salmon eqala ukuswebezela emifuleni, aphuma ngobuningi ezozitika ngalezi zinhlanzi, futhi ibhere ngalinye lingadla izinhlanzi ezingamadazini amabili! Kungani eyizidlakudla ngale ndlela? Ehlobo, amabhere kufanele abe namafutha anele emzimbeni ukuze akwazi ukuphila phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo zasebusika lapho kungenakudla, ngoba achitha leso sikhathi elele emihumeni evikelekile ukuze onge amandla.
Esinye isilwane esithanda ama-salmon ukhozi i-Steller, inyoni enhle enamaphiko angamamitha angu-2,5 ubude uma iwavulile. Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yomzimba wayo imnyama, inebala elimhlophe emahlombe nesisila esimhlophe esiphakeme. Njengoba manje sezingaba ngu-5 000 ngesibalo futhi ziya zincipha, lezi zinkozi zitholakala kule ndawo kuphela emhlabeni, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ziyatholakala naseziqhingini zase-Aleutian nasePribilof, e-Alaska. Lezi zinyoni zisebenzisa izidleke ezifanayo unyaka nonyaka, zizilungisa kahle futhi zizandise. Esinye isidleke saze saba amamitha amathathu ubukhulu, futhi sasisinda kangangokuba isihlahla se-birch esasikuso saqala ukuklayeka!
Izakhamuzi ZaseKamchatka
Iningi lezakhamuzi zanamuhla zaseKamchatka amaRashiya, kodwa kusekhona izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zabantu bomdabu, kanti iqembu elikhulu kubo elamaKoryak, ahlala enyakatho. Amanye amaqembu ahlanganisa amaChukchi nama-Itelmen, ngalinye elinolimi lwalo. Eziningi zezakhamuzi zaseKamchatka zihlala ePetropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, idolobha elinesishaya-mthetho. Ababaningi abantu kwezinye izindawo zale nhlonhlo, kanti izindawo eziningi ezingasogwini nezingasemfuleni zifinyeleleka ngesikebhe noma ngendiza kuphela.
Ukudoba izinhlanzi nezinkalankala yikona okuwumgogodla wezomnotho. Izinkalankala ezinkulu ezibomvu zaseKamchatka yizona ezithandwa kakhulu. Njengoba zingaba amamitha angu-1,7 ubude lapho zelule imilenze futhi zinemibala egqamile, zenza amatafula abathengisi athakazelise.
Kusukela ngo-1989, oFakazi BakaJehova bavakashela eKamchatka ngenhloso yokudoba okuhlukile. ‘Njengabadobi babantu,’ baletha izindaba ezinhle zoMbuso kaNkulunkulu kubantu baseKamchatka abasemajukujukwini. (Mathewu 4:19; 24:14) Abanye bayasabela futhi manje sebesiza abanye ukuba bazi futhi bakhulekele uMdali, uJehova uNkulunkulu, kunokukhulekela indalo yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi bendawo bayakhululwa emkhubeni ovamile wokwesaba imimoya emibi. (Jakobe 4:7) Bafunda nangekusasa lapho wonke umhlaba, oyobe ususwe bonke ububi nabenzi bobubi, “uyogcwala ulwazi ngoJehova njengoba nje amanzi esibekela ulwandle.”—Isaya 11:9.
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 18]
UMGODI WENTABA-MLILO OWUMBUKWANE
Umgodi wentaba-mlilo yase-Uzon, eyisigodi sentaba-mlilo yasendulo, ungaba amakhilomitha ayishumi ububanzi. Incwadi ethile ithi izindonga zawo eziphakeme “zinenhlanganisela yazo zonke izinto iKamchatka edume ngazo.” Lo mgodi uneziphethu ezishisayo nezibandayo, udaka olubilayo, izintaba-mlilo ezikhafula udaka, amachibi ahlanzekile agcwele izinhlanzi namahansi, kanye nohlaza oluningi.
Incwadi ethi Miracles of Kamchatka Land ithi “ayikho enye indawo eMhlabeni” enekwindla enhle kangaka nakuba imfushane. Umbala obomvu wethafa lalapha uxubana kahle nemibala egqamile yezihlahla ze-birch eziphuzi nokusagolide, kanti lapha nalaphaya udaka olubilayo lukhipha izishomo zesisi esimhlophe esibonakala kahle uma usiqhathanisa nesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza. Ekuseni, leli hlathi “liyacula” njengoba kuwohloka izigidigidi zamahlamvu ambozwe yiqhwa abanga umsindo, abonisa ukuthi ubusika sebusondele.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 19]
ICHIBI ELIBULALAYO!
Ngo-1996 kwaqhuma intaba-mlilo okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngeke isaqhuma ngaphansi kweChibi laseKarymsky, yenza amagagasi angamamitha ayishumi ukuphakama aqothula amahlathi azungezile. Ngemizuzu embalwa nje leli chibi laba ne-asidi eningi kangangokuba akukho okuphilayo okwakungasinda kulo. Noma kunjalo, umcwaningi u-Andrew Logan uthi akuzange kutholakale zilwane ezifile eduze kwechibi, naphezu kodaka lwentaba-mlilo namagagasi aqothula ugu. Uthi: “Ngaphambi kokuba le ntaba-mlilo iqhume, kwakwaziwa ukuthi kunezigidi ezimbalwa zezinhlanzi (ngokuyinhloko ama-salmon nama-trout) ezitholakala eChibini laseKarymsky. Ngemva kokuqhuma kwakungenalutho oluphilayo kuleli chibi. Kodwa kungenzeka kunezinhlanzi ezithile ezasinda.” Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi kunophawu oluthile—mhlawumbe ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali emanzini—olwaxwayisa izinhlanzi, zabe sezibalekela eMfuleni oseduze iKarymsky.
[Ibalazwe ekhasini 16]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
RUSSIA
KAMCHATKA