I-Domesday Book—Ucwaningo Olumangalisayo

UWilliam inkosana yaseNormandy, (eyisifundazwe saseFrance), yanqoba iNgilandi ngo-1066. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-19, wayala ukuba kwenziwe ucwaningo lwale ndawo ayesanda kuyinqoba. Umqulu walolu cwaningo wagcina usubizwa ngokuthi i-Domesday Book (iNcwadi Yosuku Lwenhlekelele). Kungani le ncwadi namanje isengenye yezincwadi zomlando ezibaluleke kakhulu?

NGO-SEPTEMBER 1066, uWilliam wafika eduze kwedolobha laseNgilandi okuthiwa iHastings. Yiyo le ndawo anqoba kuyo ibutho likaHarold, iNkosi yamaNgisi eyabulawa ngo-October 14. NgoKhisimusi ka-1066, uWilliam, owagcina esebizwa ngelithi uMnqobi, wagcotshwa njengenkosi eWestminster Abbey yaseLondon. Abantu baseNgilandi babezophila kanjani ngaphansi kwenkosi yabo entsha?

Ucwaningo Olukhulu

INkosi uWilliam I yachitha lonke izwe elisenyakatho yabangela ukuba indawo enkulu ingahlalwa muntu. “Ngisho noma sekuthiwa singamaqaba, ‘ukunqotshwa kwenyakatho’ (1086) kufanele kubhekwe njengobudlova obunyantisa ngokwedlulele,” kwasho uTrevor Rowley owayefundisa eNyuvesi yase-Oxford. Abantu babemvukela njalo uWilliam, ngakho ibutho lakhe elalibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi noma ngaphansi, laliphila phakathi kwabantu abalizondayo abangaba yizigidi ezimbili. Abomdabu baseNormandy bagcina sebakhe izinqaba izingaphezu kuka-500 kulo lonke izwe—eyaziwa kakhulu i-Tower of London.

Ngo-December 1085, ngemva kweminyaka engu-19 enqobe iNgilandi, uWilliam wachitha izinsuku ezinhlanu nezikhulu zasesigodlweni eGloucester, eNgilandi, behlela ucwaningo lwezwe, olwalungayihlanganisi iLondon neWinchester. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, kwathunyelwa izithunywa zasebukhosini kanye kanye zaya emanxuseni ezifunda ezingu-7 ezihlukahlukene ukuze ziwaphonse imibuzo futhi zihlole nomnotho wezwe.

Inkosi kwakudingeka ithole imali yokukhokhela ibutho layo. Kwakufanele ixazulule nemibango yezindawo. Ukufeza lokhu kwakuyoqinisekisa ukuthi abantu baseNormandy nabasezingxenyeni ezithile zeFrance bahlala kahle eNgilandi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela amaNorman ayezokuqhubeka ebusa.

“Usuku Lwenhlekelele”

Ngokushesha ngemva ngokunqoba amaNgisi, iNkosi uWilliam yanika izikhulu ezingamaNorman umhlaba wezikhulu ezingamaNgisi. Ukucwaninga kukaWilliam iNgilandi kwembula ukuthi ingxenye yonke yaleli zwe ngaleso sikhathi yayisezandleni zamadoda angaphansi kwangu-200, futhi mabili kuphela phakathi kwawo ayengamaNgisi. Kubantu abangaba ngu-6 000 ababeqashe umhlaba eNgilandi, abaningi baphoqeleka ukuba bawuqashe nakuba wawukade ungowabo ngaphambi kuka-1066, kuyilapho abampofu nababephucwe umhlaba bazama ukuphila ngalokho ababenakho.

Lolu cwaningo lwanika amaNorman umhlaba ngokusemthethweni. Lwabukeza nentela yomhlaba neyezindlu eziqashiwe, kuhlanganise izimfunda ezingamathafa nezindawo ezinamahlathi. Ngisho nesilwane ngasinye—inkabi, inkomo nengulube—sasihlanganiswa kulolu cwaningo. AmaNgisi acindezelwe ayekhathazekile ngalolu cwaningo, azi ukuthi ayikho into angayenza. Lolu cwaningo alufanisa “Nosuku Lokwahlulelwa,” noma “uSuku Lwenhlekelele.” Nokho, kamuva lolu cwaningo lwabizwa ngokuthi i-Domesday Book.

I-Domesday Book yakhiwa imiqulu emibili yesikhumba ebhalwe ngesiLatini. Umqulu onamakhasi amakhulu angu-413 ubizwa ngokuthi i-Great Domesday, kanti onamakhasi amancane angu-475 ubizwa ngokuthi i-Little Domesday.a Lo mqulu awubange usaqedwa ngemva kokufa kukaWilliam ngo-1087. Kwafezwa kanjani lokhu phakathi nonyaka owodwa nje vo?

AmaNorman athola amaphepha kahulumeni waseNgilandi anemininingwane yabanini zindawo nababeqashile, kuhlanganise namaphepha entela. Esebenzisa lesi siqalo, amaNorman abe esehlaziya kabusha intela okufanele ikhokhwe ngokuthumela izikhulu zawo esifundeni ngasinye ukuze zenze uphenyo.

Le Ncwadi Namuhla

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, i-Domesday Book yayivame ukugcinwa umkhaya wasebukhosini. Yayisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula imibango yezindawo, kodwa ngekhulu le-18, isazimthetho esiphakeme uSir William Blackstone, sabhekisela kuyo ukuze sinqume ukuthi abantu abaningi abaqashile banalo yini ilungelo lokuvota. Iye yagcinwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kodwa manje isigcinwe kuyi-National Archives e-United Kingdom.

Ngo-1986, lapho kugujwa iminyaka engu-900 ikhona, yahlanganiswa kabusha yaba yimiqulu eyisihlanu. Le miqulu ebukeziwe esihunyushelwe esiNgisini bayakwazi ukuyithola abayizinjula-buchopho kanye nezazi-mlando. I-BBC yabiza le ncwadi ngokuthi “isisekelo senqolobane yomlando . . . namanje esisebenza njengobufakazi bobunikazi bendawo.” Ngo-1958 yasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekwe ngelungelo ledolobha lasendulo lokuzimela.

Abavubukuli bayaqhubeka behlola le ncwadi ukuze bathole izindawo okwakuhlala kuzo amaNgisi namaNorman ngenkathi ephakathi. Isewumthombo oyingqayizivele wokwaziswa owabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwesizwe samaNgisi.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 23]

UMKHANKASO KAWILLIAM WEMPI YENKOLO

UWilliam wasikisela ukuthi upapa akamemezele ukuthi ukunqoba kwakhe iNgilandi kwakuwukunqoba okungokwenkolo, emthembisa ukuthi wayezoba negunya elengeziwe esontweni laseNgilandi elihlubukayo. Upapa wavuma ngaphandle kokunanaza. Lokhu “kwaba yisu eliwukuhlakanipha okukhulu” kuWilliam, kubhala uProfesa uDavid C. Douglas. Encwadini yaso ethi History of England, esinye isazimlando esihlonishwayo, uGeorge M. Trevelyan saphetha ngokuthi “umhizo kapapa nesibusiso sakhe kwakuyizinto eziwusizo kakhulu emkhankasweni kaWilliam owawubonakala uwukuphanga kuhlonyiwe kunokuba impi engokwenkolo.”

[Umthombo]

© The Bridgeman Art Library

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 22]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

INGILANDI

ILONDON

IHastings

I-English Channel

INORMANDY

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 22]

Book: Mary Evans/The National Archives, London, England