Isahluko 13

INkathi Yezinguquko—Ukufuna Kwathatha Isimo Esisha

1, 2. (a) Enye incwadi ephathelene neNkathi Yezinguquko ilichaza kanjani iSonto lamaRoma Katolika lenkathi ephakathi? (b) Imiphi imibuzo ephakanyiswayo ngokuqondene nesimo seSonto laseRoma?

“INHLEKELELE yangempela yesonto lenkathi ephakathi iwukuthi lehluleka ukuhambisana nezikhathi. . . . Esikhundleni sokuba libe elithuthukayo, esikhundleni sokuba linikeze ukuhola okungokomoya, lalihlehlela emuva futhi liwohloka, wonke amalungu alo onakele.” Isho kanjalo incwadi ethi The Story of the Reformation ngeSonto lamaRoma Katolika elalinamandla, elalibuse ingxenye enkulu yeYurophu kusukela ekhulwini lesihlanu leminyaka kuya ekhulwini le-15 C.E.

² ISonto laseRoma lawa kanjani esikhundleni salo sokuba namandla onke kuya ekubeni ‘eliwohlokayo nelonakele’? Opapa, abazisholo ukuthi balandela abaphostoli esikhundleni, behluleka kanjani ukunikeza ngisho “ukuhola okungokomoya”? Futhi waba yini umphumela walokhu kwehluleka? Ukuze sithole izimpendulo, sidinga ukuhlola kafushane ukuthi eqinisweni lase libe luhlobo luni lwesonto nokuthi iyiphi indima elayifeza ekufuneni kwesintu uNkulunkulu weqiniso.

Isonto Lisesimweni Sokuwohloka

3. (a) Sasiyini isimo sezinto ezibonakalayo seSonto lamaRoma ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 leminyaka? (b) Isonto lazama kanjani ukulondoloza ubuhle balo?

³ Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 leminyaka, iSonto laseRoma, elalinezifunda zalo zababhishobhi, izigodlo zezindela nezezindelakazi kuwo wonke umbuso walo, lase lingumnikazi wamazwe omkhulu kunabo bonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kwabikwa ukuthi laliphethe cishe ingxenye yezwe laseFrance nelaseJalimane nezingxenye ezimbili kwezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu eSweden naseNgilandi. Waba yini umphumela? “Ubukhazikhazi beRoma bakhula ngokungenakulinganiswa phakathi neminyaka yokugcina yawo-1400 neyokuqala yawo-1500, nokubaluleka kwalo ngokwezombangazwe kwachuma okwesikhashana,” kusho incwadi ethi A History of Civilization. Nokho, bonke lobuhle, bahambisana nezindleko, futhi ukuze babulondoloze, kwadingeka ukuba opapa bathole imithombo emisha yemali. Sichaza izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezasetshenziswa, isazi-mlando uWill Durant sabhala:

“Wonke umuntu owayemiswe njengomfundisi kwakudingeka ukuba athumele imali eCuria kapapa—amahhovisi kapapa okuqondisa—ingxenye yomholo wesikhundla sakhe ngonyaka wokuqala (“kwabasaqala”), futhi ngemva kwalokho akhokhe okweshumi minyaka yonke. Umbhishobhi omkhulu omusha kwakudingeka akhokhele upapa isamba esikhulu semali yepallium—isikhafu esenziwe ngovolo omhlophe esasisebenza njengesiqinisekiso nophawu lwegunya lakhe. Lapho kufa noma yimuphi ukhadinali, umbhishobhi omkhulu, umbhishobhi ovamile, noma isikhulu sezindela, impahla yakhe yayiza kupapa. . . . Noma yisiphi isahlulelo noma umusa okwakutholakala kuvela eCuria kwakulindeleke ukuba kuhambisane nesipho esibonisa ukukwamukela, futhi isahlulelo ngezinye izikhathi sasinqunywa isipho.”

4. Ingcebo eyayingena esontweni yabathinta kanjani opapa?

⁴ Izamba ezinkulu zemali ezazigelezela emabhokisini enkongozelo kapapa unyaka ngamunye ekugcineni zaholela ekuxhaphazeni okuningi nasekonakaleni. Kuye kwathiwa ‘ngisho nopapa akanakukwazi ukuthinta insizi nokho angangcolisi izandla zakhe,’ futhi umlando wesonto walenkathi unalokho esinye isazi-mlando esakubiza ngokuthi “ukulandelana kopapa abathanda izwe kakhulu.” Laba bahlanganisa uSixtus IV (owayengupapa, kusukela ngo-1471-84), owachitha izamba ezinkulu zemali ukuba akhe iSistine Chapel, eyaqanjwa ngaye, nokuba acebise abashana nabashanakazi bakhe abaningi; uAlexander VI (owayengupapa, kusukela ngo-1492-1503), uRodrigo Borgia odume ngobubi, owabavuma obala futhi wabakhuphulela izikhundla abantwana bakhe besihlahla; noJulius II (owayengupapa, kusukela ngo-1503-13), umshana kaSixtus IV, owayezinikele kakhulu ezimpini, kwezombangazwe, nasekudwebeni kunasemisebenzini yakhe yobufundisi. Kwakufaneleka ngokugcwele ukuba isazi esingumKatolika oyiDashi uErasmus sibhale lokhu ngo-1518: “Ukungabi namahloni kweCuria yaseRoma sekufinyelele umvuthwandaba wakho.”

5. Imibhalo egciniwe yangalesosikhathi yabonisani ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwabefundisi?

⁵ Ukonakala nokuziphatha okubi kwakungekhona okopapa kuphela. Isisho esivamile sangalesosikhathi sasithi: “Uma ufuna ukona indodana yakho, yenze umpristi.” Lokhu kusekelwa imibhalo egciniwe yangalesosikhathi. NgokukaDurant, eNgilandi, phakathi “kwamacala okungazithibi [ngokobulili] amangalwa ngo-1499, . . . abamangalelwa abangabefundisi babefinyelela amaphesenti angaba ngu-23 engqikithi, nakuba abefundisi cishe babengaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili enani lomphakathi. Abanye abapristi okwakuvunywa kubo izono babecela ukuba nobuhlobo bobulili nabesifazane ababezovuma izono. Izinkulungwane zabapristi zazinezancinza; eJalimane cishe bonke.” (Qhathanisa neyoku-1 Korinte 6:9-11; Efesu 5:5.) Ukuwa ngokokuziphatha kwafinyelela nakwezinye izindawo. Umuntu waseSpain wangalesosikhathi kuthiwa wakhononda: “Ngiyabona ukuthi ngeke sithole lutho ezikhonzini zikaKristu uma singenayo imali; uyabhapathizwa imali . . . uyashada imali, uvuma izono imali—cha-bo ngisho nokugcotshwa komuntu osegulela ukufa [imicikilisho yokugcina] akwenziwa ngaphandle kwemali! Ngeke bakhalise-zinsimbi ngaphandle kwemali, ngeke bangcwabe esontweni ngaphandle kwemali; kangangokuba kubonakala sengathi iPharadesi livaliwe kulabo abangenayo imali.”—Qhathanisa neyoku-1 Thimothewu 6:10.

6. UMachiavelli walichaza kanjani iSonto lamaRoma? (Roma 2:21-24)

⁶ Ukuze sifingqe isimo seSonto lamaRoma ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka, sicaphuna amazwi kaMachiavelli, isazi sefilosofi esingumNtaliyane esasidumile ngaleyonkathi:

“Ukuba inkolo yobuKristu yayilondolozwe ngokwezimiso zoMsunguli, isimo nenhlala-kahle yeLobukholwa kwakuyoba okubumbene nokujabulisayo kakhulu kunalokhu okuyikho manje. Futhi akunakuba khona obunye ubufakazi bokuwohloka kwayo kuneqiniso lokuthi lapho abantu beba seduze neSonto laseRoma, inhloko-dolobha yenkolo yabo, kulapho beba abangayithandi khona inkolo.”

Imizamo Yokuqala Ekwenzeni Izinguquko

7. Imiphi imizamo ebuthaka eyenziwa isonto ukuze likhulume ngokunye kokuxhaphaza kwalo?

⁷ Isimo esibucayi esontweni asizange nje kuphela siphawulwe amadoda anjengoErasmus noMachiavelli kodwa nesonto ngokwalo. Kwabizwa imikhandlu yesonto ukuba kukhulunywe ngezinye zezikhalo nokuxhaphaza kwalo, kodwa akubanga nemiphumela ehlala njalo. Opapa, bethamele isigcaki samandla omuntu siqu nodumo, babejivaza noma yimiphi imizamo engokoqobo yokwenza izinguquko.

8. Waba yini umphumela wokudebesela kwesonto okuqhubekayo?

⁸ Ukuba isonto lalikuthathe ngokungathi sína ukuhlanza indlu, mhlawumbe yayingeke ifike iNkathi Yezinguquko. Kodwa, njengoba kwenzeka, ukukhalela ukuba kube nezinguquko kwaqala ukuzwakala ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesonto. ESahlukweni 11 siphawulile kakade ngamaWaldenses nama-Albigenses. Nakuba ayelahlwe njengamambuka futhi agxekwa ngonya, ayevuse ukunganeliseki kubantu ngokuxhashazwa ngabefundisi bamaKatolika futhi ayephembe isifiso sokubuyela eBhayibhelini. Imizwelo enjalo yabonakaliswa aBenzi Bezinguquko abaningana bakuqala.

Ukuphikisa Okuvela Ngaphakathi ESontweni

9. Wayengubani uJohn Wycliffe, futhi washumayela ngokumelene nani?

⁹ UJohn Wycliffe (1330?-84) okubhekiselwa kuye ngokuvamile ngokuthi “ikhwezi leNkathi Yezinguquko,” wayengumpristi ongumKatolika noprofesa wemfundiso yenkolo eOxford, eNgilandi. Ekwazi kahle ukuxhaphaza kwesonto, wabhala futhi washumayela ngokumelene nezindaba ezinjengokonakala ezigabeni zezindela, izintela zopapa, nemfundiso yokushintsha isimo kwezifanekiselo zesidlo esingcwele (ukugomela kokuthi isinkwa newayini okusetshenziswayo ngeMisa kuyashintsha ngokoqobo kube umzimba negazi likaJesu Kristu), ukuvuma izono, nokuhileleka kwesonto ezindabeni zezwe.

10. UWycliffe wakubonisa kanjani ukuzinikela kwakhe eBhayibhelini?

¹⁰ UWycliffe ikakhulukazi wayengagunci uma kuziwa ekudebeseleleni kwesonto ukufundisa iBhayibheli. Ngesinye isikhathi wathi: “Bengingafisa kuNkulunkulu ukuba isonto ngalinye lesifunda kulelizwe libe neBhayibheli elihle nezincazelo ezinhle ngevangeli, nokuba abapristi bazifunde kahle, futhi bafundise ngeqiniso ivangeli nemiyalo kaNkulunkulu kubantu!” Ukuze afeze lokhu, uWycliffe, ngeminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, waqala umsebenzi wokuhumushela iBhayibheli leVulgate yesiLatin esiNgisini. Ngosizo lwabangane bakhe, ikakhulukazi uNicholas waseHereford, wakhipha iBhayibheli lokuqala eliphelele ngolimi lwesiNgisi. Ngokungangabazeki kwakuwumnikelo kaWycliffe omkhulu kunayo yonke ekufuneni kwesintu uNkulunkulu.

11. (a) Yini abalandeli bakaWycliffe abakwazi ukuyifeza? (b) Kwenzekani ngamaLollard?

¹¹ Izincwadi nezingxenye zeBhayibheli zikaWycliffe zasakazwa kulo lonke elaseNgilandi yindikimba yabashumayeli ngokuvamile ababebizwa ngokuthi “Abapristi Abampofu” ngoba babehamba begqoke izingubo ezivamile, bengafake-zicathulo, futhi bengenazo izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngendlela yokubabhinqa babebizwa futhi ngokuthi amaLollard, elivela egameni lesiDashi leNkathi Ephakathi elithi Lollaerd, noma “umuntu oshwashwaza imithandazo noma amaculo.” (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) “Ngeminyaka embalwa, amanani abo ayemakhulu kakhulu,” kusho incwadi ethi The Lollards. “Kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yesizwe yayithambekele ngempela kulemizwelo noma yayizisholo ukuba njalo.” Yebo, konke lokhu kwakungenzeki isonto lingakuboni. Ngenxa yokuqhama kwakhe phakathi kwezigaba ezibusayo nezezazi, uWycliffe wavunyelwa ukuba afe ngokuthula ngosuku lokugcina luka-1384. Abalandeli bakhe ababanga nenhlanhla efanayo. Phakathi nokubusa kukaHenry IV waseNgilandi, baphawulwa njengamambuka, futhi abaningi babo baboshwa, bahlushwa, noma bashiswa baze bafa.

12. Wayengubani uJan Hus, futhi washumayela ngokumelene nani?

¹² Owayethonywe uJohn Wycliffe ngokunamandla kwakunguJan Hus (1369?-1415) (umCzechoslovakia) waseBohemia, futhi owayengumpristi ongumKatolika nomphathi weYunivesithi yasePrague. NjengoWycliffe, uHus washumayela ngokumelene nokonakala kweSonto lamaRoma futhi wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokufunda iBhayibheli. Lokho ngokushesha kwamlethela intukuthelo yabapristi ngokulandelana kwabo. Ngo-1403 iziphathi-mandla zamyala ukuba ayeke ukushumayela imiqondo kaWycliffe elahla opapa, ozincwadi zakhe nazo babezishise obala. Nokho, uHus waqhubeka ebhala ezinye zezimemezelo ezintinyela kakhulu ngemikhuba yesonto, kuhlanganise nokuthengiswa kwentethelelo yezono.a Walahlwa ngecala futhi wanqunywa esontweni ngo-1410.

13. (a) UHus wafundisa ukuthi laliyini isonto leqiniso? (b) Waba yini umphumela wokungantengantengi kukaHus?

¹³ UHus wayengahlehli ekusekeleni kwakhe iBhayibheli. “Ukuhlubuka upapa ophambukayo kuwukulalela uKristu,” ebhala. Futhi wafundisa ukuthi isonto leqiniso, kunokuba libe upapa nesakhiwo esiseRoma, “liyinani labo bonke abakhethiweyo nomzimba kaKristu ongaqondakali, onhloko yawo inguKristu; nomlobokazi kaKristu, lowo ngenxa yothando lwakhe olukhulu amhlenga ngegazi lakhe siqu.” (Qhathanisa nabase-Efesu 1:22, 23; 5:25-27.) Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu, waquliswa eMkhandlwini waseConstance futhi walahlwa njengembuka. Ethi “kungcono ukufa kahle kunokuphila kabuhlungu,” wenqaba ukuhoxisa futhi washiswa waze wafa esigxotsheni ngo-1415. Wona lomkhandlu wayaleza ukuba amathambo kaWycliffe ambiwe futhi ashiswe ngisho nakuba ayeseneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 efile futhi wangcwatshwa!

14. (a) Wayengubani uGirolamo Savonarola? (b) USavonarola wazama ukwenzani, futhi waba yini umphumela?

¹⁴ Omunye uMenzi weziNguquko wakuqala kwakuyindela engumDominic uGirolamo Savonarola (1452-98) wasesigodlweni sezindela saseSan Marcos eFlorence, eNtaliyane. Ethathekile umoya weNkathi Yokushintsha yaseNtaliyane, uSavonarola wakhuluma ngokumelene nokonakala kokubili eSontweni naseMbusweni. Egomela ngokuthi wayezisekela ngemiBhalo, kanye nemibono, nezambulo athi wayezamukelile, wafuna ukumisa umbuso wobuKristu, noma uhlelo olungokwasezulwini. Ngo-1497 upapa wamnquma esontweni. Ngonyaka olandelayo, waboshwa, wahlushwa, wayeselengiswa. Amazwi akhe okugcina ayethi: “INkosi yami yafela izono zami; akumelwe yini ngijabulele ukunikela ngalokhu kuphila okungento-yalutho ngenxa yakhe?” Umzimba wakhe washiswa futhi umlotha waphonswa emfuleni iArno. USavonarola wayezibize ngokufanelekile ngokuthi “umhambeli-phambili nomhlatshelo.” Eminyakeni embalwa nje kamuva, iNkathi Yezinguquko yagqashuka ngamandla amakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Indlu Ehlukene

15. ELobukholwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu lahlukaniswa kanjani inhlangano yeziNguquko?

¹⁵ Lapho isiphepho seNkathi Yezinguquko sigqashuka ekugcineni, sayiphahlaza indlu engokwenkolo yeLobukholwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Njengoba ngaphambili yayingaphansi kokubusa okuphelele kweSonto lamaRoma Katolika, manje yaba indlu ehlukene. IYurophu eseningizimu—iNtaliyane, iSpain, iAustria, nezingxenye zeFrance—yasala isengamaKatolika ngobuningi. Yonke enye yawela ezigabeni ezintathu ezisemqoka: ubuLuthela eJalimane naseScandinavia; ubuCalvin (noma Okuguquliwe) eSwitzerland, eNetherlands, eScotland, nasezingxenyeni zeFrance; neSheshi eNgilandi. Ezazisakazeke phakathi kwalezi zazingamaqembu amancane kodwa ayegqugquzela izinguquko ngokubeleselayo, elokuqala kwakungama-Anabaptist futhi kamuva kwaba amaMennonite, amaHutterite, namaPuritan, lawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ayisa izinkolelo zawo eNyakatho Melika.

16. Ekugcineni, yini eyenzeka endlini yeLobukholwa? (Marku 3:25)

¹⁶ Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, lamaqembu asemqoka ahlukana ngokwengeziwe aba amahlelo angamakhulu anamuhla—abaseHabe, amaEpiscopal, amaWeseli, amaBaptist, amaCongregational, uma sibala nje ambalwa. ELobukholwa ngempela laba indlu ehlukene. Lokhu kwahlukana kwenzeka kanjani?

ULuther Neziphakamiso Zakhe

17. Bekungathiwa yisiphi isikhathi esingokomthetho sokuqalisa kweNkathi Yezinguquko yamaProthestani?

¹⁷ Uma bekungase kudingeke ukuba kunikezwe isikhathi esithé ngqo esiqalisa iNkathi Yezinguquko yamaProthestani, kungase kube uOctober 31, 1517, lapho indela engumAugustine uMartin Luther (1483-1546) enamathisela iziphakamiso zakhe ezingu-95 emnyango wesonto elisesigodlweni eWittenberg embusweni weJalimane waseSaxony. Nokho, yini eyabangela lesisenzakalo esivusa amadlingozi? Wayengubani uMartin Luther? Futhi yini ayeyiphikisa?

18. (a) Wayengubani uMartin Luther? (b) Yini eyashukumisela uLuther ukuba akhiphe iziphakamiso zakhe?

¹⁸ NjengoWycliffe noHus abamandulelayo, uMartin Luther wayeyisazi esiyindela. Futhi wayengudokotela kwezenkolo noprofesa wezifundo zeBhayibheli eYunivesithi yaseWittenberg. ULuther wazenzela igama elikhulu ngenxa yokuqonda kwakhe iBhayibheli. Nakuba ayenemibono eqinile ngodaba lwensindiso, noma ukuyifanelekela ngokholo kunangemisebenzi, noma ngokuzisola, akazange acabange ngokuhlukana neSonto laseRoma. Eqinisweni, ukukhishwa kwaleziphakamiso zakhe kwakuwukusabela kwakhe esenzweni esithile futhi kwakungekhona ukuvukela okuhleliwe. Wayemelene nokuthengiswa kwentethelelo yezono.

19. Ngesikhathi sikaLuther, izincwadi zokuxolelwa zikapapa zazixhashazwa kanjani?

¹⁹ Ngesikhathi sikaLuther, izincwadi zokuxolelwa ezivela kopapa zazingathengiswa obala ngenzuzo yabaphilayo kuphela kodwa neyabafileyo. Isisho esivamile sasithi “ngokushesha nje lapho uhlamvu lwemali lukhala ebhokisini lenkongozelo, umphefumulo uyagxuma esiHlanzweni.” Kubantu abavamile, incwadi yokuxolelwa izono cishe yaba umshuwalense oqinisekisa ukuthi abayikujeziswa nganoma yisiphi isono, futhi abakugqizanga qakala ukuphenduka. “Yonke indawo,” kubhala uErasmus, “kuthengiswa ukukhululwa ekuhlushweni kwasesihlanzweni; futhi akumane nje kuthengiswe kuphela, kodwa kuyaphoqelelwa kulabo abakwenqabayo.”

20. (a) Kungani uJohn Tetzel aya eJüterbog? (b) Kwaba yini ukusabela kukaLuther ekuthengiseni kukaTetzel intethelelo yezono?

²⁰ Ngo-1517 uJohn Tetzel, oyindela engumDominic, waya eJüterbog, eduze naseWittenberg ukuyothengisa intethelelo yezono. Imali ayithola lapho ngokwengxenye yasetshenziswa ukukhokhela ukwakhiwa kabusha kweSonto Elidala Nelihlonishwayo laseSt. Peter eRoma. Kanti futhi yayizosiza uAlbert waseBrandenburg ukuba akhokhele imali ayeyibolekele ukukhokhela iCuria yaseRoma ngesikhundla sokuba umbhishobhi omkhulu waseMainz. UTetzel wasebenzisa wonke amakhono akhe okuthengisa, futhi abantu bathutheleka kuye. ULuther wacasuka, futhi wasebenzisa indlela eshesha kakhulu eyayitholakala yokubonisa obala umbono wakhe ngalesenzakalo esasinjengesekisi—ngokunamathisela amaphuzu akhe angu-95 okuphikisa emnyango wesonto.

21. Yimaphi amaphuzu uLuther awasebenzisa ngokumelene nokuthengiswa kwentethelelo yezono?

²¹ ULuther wabiza iziphakamiso zakhe ezingu-95 ngokuthi Impikiswano Yokucacisa Amandla Ezincwadi Zentethelelo. Injongo yakhe eyinhloko yayingekhona ukubekela igunya lesonto inselele kodwa yayiwukubonisa ukweqisa nokuxhaphaza ngokuphathelene nokuthengiswa kwezincwadi zentethelelo zikapapa. Lokhu kungase kubonakale kuleziphakamiso ezilandelayo:

“5. Upapa akanaso isinqumo noma amandla okuxolela noma yisiphi isijeziso, ngaphandle kwaleso asimise ngegunya lakhe siqu. . . .

20. Ngakho-ke upapa, lapho ekhuluma ngokukhululwa ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izijeziso, eqinisweni akasho kuzo zonke, kodwa kulezo ezimiswe nguye kuphela. . . .

36. Wonke umKristu onomuzwa wokukhathazeka kokungazenzisi ngobubi abenzile ngokufanelekile angakhululwa ngokugcwele ekujezisweni nasecaleni ngisho nangaphandle kwezincwadi zokuxolelwa.”

22. (a) Yini eyenzeka njengoba isigijimi sikaLuther sasisakazeka? (b) Kwenzekani ngo-1520 ehilela uLuther, futhi waba yini umphumela?

²² Isizwa indlela yokunyathelisa eyayisand’ ukusungulwa, lemiqondo enomfutho ayizange ithathe isikhathi eside ukuba ifinyelele kwezinye izingxenye zeJalimane—neRoma. Lokho okwaqala njengenkulumo-mpikiswano yezolwazi ngokuthengiswa kwezincwadi zentethelelo ngokushesha kwaba impikiswano ngezindaba zokholo negunya likapapa. Ekuqaleni, iSonto laseRoma lahilela uLuther empikiswaneni futhi lamyala ukuba ahoxise. Lapho uLuther enqaba, kokubili amandla abefundisi nawezombangazwe amhlala entanyeni. Ngo-1520 upapa wakhipha isimemezelo esasinqabela uLuther ukuba ashumayele futhi wayala ukuba izincwadi zakhe zishiswe. Ngokuphambene uLuther washisa lesimemezelo sikapapa obala. Upapa wamnquma esontweni ngo-1521.

23. (a) Yayiyini iMbizo yaseWorms? (b) ULuther wasichaza kanjani isimo sakhe eWorms, futhi waba yini umphumela?

²³ Kamuva ngalowonyaka, uLuther wabizelwa embizweni, noma umhlangano eWorms. Waquliswa umbusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, uCharles V, owayengumKatolika oqotho, kanye nayiziphathimandla eziyisithupha zemibuso yaseJalimane, nabanye abaholi nezikhulu, benkolo nabezwe. Lapho ephinda ecindezelwa ukuba ahoxise, uLuther washo lamazwi akhe adumile: “Ngaphandle kokuba ngiboniswe ukuthi nginecala ngomBhalo nangesizathu esisobala . . . , anginakukwazi futhi ngeke ngihoxise lutho, ngoba ukwenza ngokuphambene nonembeza akulungile futhi akuphephile. UNkulunkulu makangisize. Amen.” Ngenxa yalokho, umbusi wamahlulela njengomuntu okhishiwe esivikelweni somthetho. Nokho, umbusi wombuso wakubo waseJalimane, isiPhathimandla uFrederick waseSaxony, wamsiza futhi wamkhoselisa enqabeni yaseWartburg.

24. Yini uLuther ayifeza lapho esenqabeni yaseWartburg?

²⁴ Nokho, lezinyathelo zehluleka ukunqanda ukubhebhetheka kwemiqondo kaLuther. Ngezinyanga eziyishumi, engaphansi kokulondeka kwaseWartburg, uLuther wazinikela ekubhaleni nasekuhumusheni iBhayibheli. Wahumusha imiBhalo YesiGreki yaba isiJalimane esusela embhalweni wesiGreki kaErasmus. ImiBhalo YesiHeberu yalandela kamuva. IBhayibheli likaLuther laba yilokho kanye abantu abavamile ababekudinga. Kwabikwa ukuthi “amakhophi ayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu athengiswa ngezinyanga ezimbili, ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili ngeminyaka eyishumi nambili.” Ithonya lalo olimini nasempucukweni yaseJalimane ngokuvamile liqhathaniswa neleKing James Version kwabakhuluma isiNgisi.

25. (a) Laqanjwa kanjani igama elithi ubuProthestani? (b) Yayiyini iAugsburg Confession?

²⁵ Eminyakeni eyalandela iMbizo yaseWorms, inhlangano yeziNguquko yazuza ukusekelwa okukhulu kothando kangangokuba ngo-1526 umbusi wanikeza izwe ngalinye laseJalimane ilungelo lokukhetha uhlobo lwalo lwenkolo, ubuLuthela noma ubuRoma Katolika. Nokho, ngo-1529, lapho umbusi ehoxisa lesinqumo, ezinye zezikhulu zaseJalimane zaphikisa [ngesiNgisi, protest]; kungakho lenhlangano yeziNguquko yaqanjwa igama elithi amaProthestani (Protestant). Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1530, eMbizweni yaseAugsburg, umbusi wenza umzamo wokuqeda ukungezwani phakathi kwalamaqembu amabili. AmaLuthela ethula izinkolelo zawo zilotshwe encwadini, ayibiza ngokuthi iAugsburg Confession, eyalotshwa uPhilipp Melanchthon kodwa esekelwe ezimfundisweni zikaLuther. Nakuba lencwadi ikakhulukazi yayinomoya wokwenza uxolo, iSonto lamaRoma layenqaba, futhi ufa phakathi kobuProthestani nobuKatolika lwaba olungenakuvaleka. Imibuso eminingi yaseJalimane yavuna uLuther, nemibuso yaseScandinavia yalandela ngokushesha.

Izinguquko Noma Ukuvukela?

26. NgokukaLuther, ayeyini amaphuzu ayisisekelo ayehlukanisa ubuProthestani nobuKatolika?

²⁶ Ayeyini amaphuzu ayinhloko ehlukanisa amaProthestani kumaRoma Katolika? NgokukaLuther, ayemathathu. Elokuqala, uLuther wayekholelwa ukuthi insindiso itholakala “ngokuyifanelekela ngokholo kuphela” (ngesiLatin, sola fide)b futhi ayizi ngokukhululwa umpristi noma ngemisebenzi yokuzisola. Elesibili, wafundisa ukuthi intethelelo inikezwa kuphela ngenxa yomusa kaNkulunkulu (sola gratia) hhayi ngegunya labapristi noma opapa. Elokugcina, uLuther wagomela ukuthi zonke izindaba ezingokwezimfundiso kumelwe ziqinisekiswe ngomBhalo kuphela (sola scriptura) hhayi ngopapa noma imikhandlu yesonto.

27. (a) Yiziphi izimfundiso zobuKatolika nemikhuba okungekhona okungokomBhalo okwagcinwa amaProthestani? (b) Yiziphi izinguquko amaProthestani azifuna?

²⁷ Naphezu kwalokhu, uLuther, kusho iCatholic Encyclopedia, “wagcina eziningi zezimfundiso nezinkonzo zemithendeleko zasendulo ayengazenza zifanelane nemibono yakhe engandile ngesono nokufanelekela insindiso.” IAugsburg Confession iphawula lokhu ngokuphathelene nokholo lwamaLuthela, “akukho lutho olungavumelani nemiBhalo, noma neSonto eliseNdaweni Yonke, noma ngisho neSonto lamaRoma, ngokwendlela leloSonto elaziwa ngayo ababhali.” Eqinisweni, ukholo lwamaLuthela, njengoba luchazwe kuyiAugsburg Confession, lwahlanganisa izimfundiso ezingezona ezingokomBhalo ezinjengoZiqu-zintathu, umphefumulo ongafi, ukushushiswa kwaphakade, kanye neminye imikhuba enjengokubhapathizwa kwezinsana namaholide nemikhosi yesonto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaLuthela afuna ngenkani ukuba kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile, ezinjengokuba abantu bavunyelwe ukwamukela kokubili iwayini nesinkwa eSidlweni Esingcwele nokuthi ubumpohlo, izifungo zezindela, nokuvunyiswa izono ngempoqo kupheliswe.c

28. Yikuphi iNkathi Yezinguquko eyaphumelela kukho, futhi ikuphi eyahluleka kukho?

²⁸ Isiyonke, leNkathi Yezinguquko, eyayisekelwa uLuther nabalandeli bakhe, yaphumelela ekugqashuleni ejokeni likapapa. Nokho, njengoba uJesu asho kuJohane 4:24, “UNkulunkulu unguMoya; abakhuleka kuye bafanele ukukhuleka ngomoya nangeqiniso.” Kungase kushiwo ukuthi ngoMartin Luther, ukufuna kwesintu uNkulunkulu weqiniso kwamane nje kwathatha isimo esisha; indlela yeqiniso eyingcingo yayisekude kakhulu.—Mathewu 7:13, 14; Johane 8:31, 32.

INguquko KaZwingli ESwitzerland

29. (a) Wayengubani u-Ulrich Zwingli, futhi washumayela ngokumelene nani? (b) Izinguquko zikaZwingli zazihluke kanjani kwezikaLuther?

²⁹ Lapho uLuther ematasa elwisana nezithunywa zikapapa neziphathimandla zezwe eJalimane, umpristi ongumKatolika u-Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) waqalisa eyakhe inhlangano yezinguquko eZurich, eSwitzerland. Njengoba leyondawo yayinabantu abakhuluma isiJalimane, abantu kakade base bethintwe igagasi lezinguquko elivela enyakatho. Ngawo-1519, uZwingli waqala ukushumayela ngokumelene nokuthengiswa kwentethelelo yezono, ukuhlonishwa kweNcasakazi uMariya, ubumpohlo babefundisi, nangezinye izimfundiso zeSonto lamaKatolika. Nakuba uZwingli ayethi akancikile kuLuther, wayevumelana noLuther ezicini eziningi futhi wasakaza amapheshana kaLuther kulo lonke izwe. Nokho, ngokuphambene noLuther owayethanda ukugcina izimfundiso eziyisiko, uZwingli wasekela ukukhishwa kwayo yonke imikhondo yeSonto lamaRoma—imifanekiso, iziphambano, izembatho zabefundisi, ngisho nomculo wezinkonzo zemithendeleko.

30. Yayiyini impikiswano eyisihluthulelo eyayihlukanisa uZwingli noLuther?

³⁰ Nokho, impikiswano engathi sína kakhulu phakathi kwalaBenzi Bezinguquko ababili yayimayelana nodaba lwe-Eucharist, noma iMisa (iSidlo Esingcwele). ULuther, ephikelela ngokuthi amazwi kaJesu athi, ‘Lokhu kungumzimba wami,’ kwakumelwe achazwe njengoba enjalo, wakholelwa ukuthi umzimba negazi likaKristu kwakukhona ngokuyisimangaliso esinkweni nasewayinini elalinikezwa ngesikhathi seSidlo Esingcwele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uZwingli waphikisa encwadini yakhe ethi On the Lord’s Supper, ngokuthi amazwi kaJesu “kumelwe abhekwe ngendlela engokomfanekiso noma yokungathekisa; ukuthi ‘Lokhu kungumzimba wami,’ kusho ukuthi, ‘Isinkwa sifanekisela umzimba wami,’ noma ‘siyisithunzi somzimba wami.’” Ngenxa yalomehluko, laBenzi Bezinguquko bahlukana.

31. Waba yini umphumela womsebenzi kaZwingli eSwitzerland?

³¹ UZwingli waqhubeka eshumayela izimfundiso zakhe zezinguquko eZurich futhi wenza izinguquko eziningi lapho. Amanye amadolobha ngokushesha alandela ukuhola kwakhe, kodwa abantu abaningi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, bethambekele ekugcineni izimfundiso eziyisiko, banamathela ebuKatolikeni. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalamaqembu amabili kwaba kukhulu kangangokuba kwagqashuka impi yangaphakathi phakathi kwamaProthestani namaRoma Katolika eSwitzerland. UZwingli, ekhonza njengomfundisi wamabutho ezempi, wabulawa empini yaseKappel, eduze neChibi laseZug, ngo-1531. Lapho ekugcineni kuba nokuthula, isifunda ngasinye sanikezwa ilungelo lokuzinqumela uhlobo lwaso lwenkolo, ubuProthestani noma ubuKatolika.

Ama-Anabaptist, AmaMennonite, NamaHutterite

32. Ayengobani ama-Anabaptist, futhi alizuza kanjani lelogama?

³² Nokho, amanye amaProthestani, aba nomuzwa wokuthi laBenzi Bezinguquko abenzanga okwanele ekulahleni ukushiyeka kwesonto lamaKatolika labalandeli bopapa. Akholelwa ukuthi isonto lobuKristu kufanele libe nabantu abathembekile kuphela abaye babhapathizwa, kunokuba libe nabo bonke abantu emphakathini noma esizweni. Ngakho-ke, akulahla ukubhapathizwa kwezinsana futhi aphikelela ukuba kwahlukaniswe iSonto noMbuso. Abuye awabhapathiza ngasese amakholwa ayekanye nawo futhi kanjalo azuza igama elithi ama-Anabaptist (elithi ana lisho ukuthi “futhi” ngesiGreki). Njengoba enqaba ukuhloma izikhali, ukwenza izifungo, noma ukwamukela izikhundla emphakathini, abhekwa njengosongo emphakathini futhi ashushiswa amaKatolika namaProthestani ngokufanayo.

33. (a) Yini eyavusa isinyathelo sobudlova ngokumelene nama-Anabaptist? (b) Ithonya lama-Anabaptist lasakazeka kanjani?

³³ Ekuqaleni ama-Anabaptist ayehlala ngamaqembu amancane ayesakazekele ezingxenyeni ezithile zeSwitzerland, iJalimane, neNetherlands. Njengoba ayeshumayela lokho ayekukholelwa yonke indawo ayeya kuyo, amanani awo anda ngokushesha. Iqembu elithile lama-Anabaptist, elalingenwe ugqozi lwawo olungokwenkolo, lakushiya ukulwela kwawo uxolo futhi lathumba idolobha laseMünster ngo-1534 futhi lazama ukulimisa njengeJerusalema Elisha lawo wonke umuntu, elivumela isithembu. Lenhlangano yapheliswa ngokushesha ngobudlova obukhulu. Kwanikeza ama-Anabaptist igama elibi, futhi apheliswa nyá. Eqinisweni, ama-Anabaptist amaningi ayengabantu benkolo abavamile ababezama ukuphila ukuphila okuhlukile nokunokuthula. Phakathi kwenzalo yama-Anabaptist eyayihleleke kangconywana kwakunamaMennonite, abalandeli boMenzi Wezinguquko ongumDashi uMenno Simons, namaHutterite, ngaphansi kukaJacob Hutter waseTyrol. Ukuze abalekele ukushushiswa, amanye awo athuthela eMpumalanga Yurophu—ePoland, eHungary, ngisho naseRussia—amanye aya eNyakatho Melika, lapho ekugcineni avela khona njengemiphakathi yamaHutterite nama-Amish.

Ukuvela KobuCalvin

34. (a) Wayengubani uJohn Calvin? (b) Iyiphi incwadi ebalulekile ayibhala?

³⁴ Umsebenzi wezinguquko eSwitzerland waqhubekela phambili ngaphansi kobuholi bomuntu waseFrance okuthiwa uJean Cauvin, noma uJohn Calvin (1509-64), owaxhumana nezimfundiso zamaProthestani ngenkathi esengumfundi eFrance. Ngo-1534 uCalvin washiya iParis ngenxa yokushushiswa ngokwenkolo futhi wahlala eBasel, eSwitzerland. Evikela amaProthestani, wakhipha incwadi ethi Institutes of the Christian Religion, kuyona ahlaziya imiqondo yobaba besonto bokuqala nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo zenkathi ephakathi, kuhlanganise nekaLuther noZwingli. Lencwadi yabhekwa njengesisekelo esingokwezimfundiso sawo wonke amasonto ayeGuquliwe amiswa kamuva eYurophu naseMelika.

35. (a) Yayiyini incazelo kaCalvin ngemfundiso yakhe yokumiselwa kusengaphambili? (b) Ukungathi sína kwalemfundiso kwaboniswa kanjani kwezinye izici zemfundiso kaCalvin?

³⁵ KuleInstitutes, wachaza imfundiso yakhe yenkolo. KuCalvin, uNkulunkulu ungumbusi ophelele, ontando yakhe inquma futhi ibuse phezu kwakho konke. Ngokuphambene, umuntu wenyama unesono futhi akukho lutho alufanelekelayo ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, insindiso ayixhomekile emisebenzini yomuntu emihle kodwa kuNkulunkulu—kungakho kwaba nemfundiso kaCalvin yokumiselwa kusengaphambili, abhala lokhu ngayo:

“Siyavuma, ukuthi ngenjongo ephakade nengenakuguquka, uNkulunkulu, uye wanquma, kanye, futhi engenakubuye aguquke, kokubili labo azobavumela ukuba basindiswe, nalabo azobalahlela ekubhujisweni. Siyavuma ukuthi lenjongo, ngokuqondene nabakhethiweyo, isekelwe emseni waKhe awunikeza ngesihle, kungakhathaliseki nakancane ukuwufanelekela kwabantu; kodwa nokuthi kulabo abanikela ekulahlweni, isango lokuphila livalwe ngenxa yesahlulelo sokulunga nesingenakusolwa, kodwa esingaqondakali.”

Ukungathi sína kwemfundiso enjalo kuyaboniswa futhi nakwezinye izici. UCalvin waphikelela ukuthi amaKristu kumelwe aphile ukuphila okungcwele nokuhle, engagwemi isono nje kuphela kodwa nenjabulo nokuzitika. Ngokuqhubekayo, wathi isonto, elenziwa abakhethiweyo, kumelwe likhululeke kuyo yonke imigoqo yezwe nokuthi umphakathi owesaba uNkulunkulu ngempela ungamiswa kuphela ngesonto.

36. (a) UCalvin noFarel bazama ukwenzani eGeneva? (b) Imiphi imithetho eqinile eyamiswa? (c) Yimuphi omunye umphumela omubi wezinyathelo zikaCalvin ezeqisayo, futhi wazithethelela kanjani izenzo zakhe?

³⁶ Ngokushesha ngemva kokunyathelisa i-Institutes, uCalvin wancengwa uWilliam Farel, omunye uMenzi Wezinguquko waseFrance, ukuba ayohlala eGeneva. Bobabili basebenzela ukwenza ukuba ubuCalvin busebenze. Umgomo wabo wawuwukuguqula iGeneva ibe umuzi kaNkulunkulu, umbuso ongokwasezulwini wokubusa kukaNkulunkulu ohlanganisa imisebenzi yeSonto neyoMbuso. Bamisa imithetho eqinile, eyayihambisana nezijeziso, ehlanganisa konke kusukela emfundweni engokwenkolo nasezinkonzweni zesonto kuya emithethweni yokuziphatha yomphakathi ngisho nasezindabeni ezinjengokuhlanzeka nokuvimbela imililo. Incwadi ethile yomlando ibika ukuthi “ngokwesibonelo, umlungisi wezinwele waboshwa izinsuku ezimbili ngenxa yokuba eye walungisa izinwele zikamakoti othile ngendlela eyayibonakala ingafanele; futhi unina, nabanye abangane ababili besifazane, ababeye basiza kulenqubo, bathola izijeziso ezifanayo. Ukusina nokudlala amakhadi nakho futhi kwakujeziswa imantshi.” Labo ababehluka kuCalvin ngemfundiso yenkolo babephathwa ngokhahlo, icala elibi kakhulu kwakuyilelo lokushiswa kukaMiguel Serveto, noma uMichael Servetus waseSpain.—Bheka ibhokisi, ekhasini 322.

37. Ithonya likaCalvin lasakazekela kanjani ngalé kwemingcele yaseSwitzerland?

³⁷ UCalvin waqhubeka esebenzisa uhlobo lwakhe lwezinguquko eGeneva kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1564, futhi isonto eliGuquliwe lamiswa ngokuqinile. Abenzi bezinguquko abangamaProthestani, ababebalekela ukushushiswa kwamanye amazwe, bathutheleka eGeneva, bamukela imiqondo kaCalvin, futhi baba usizo ekuqaliseni izinhlangano zezinguquko emazweni akubo. UbuCalvin ngokushesha basakazekela eFrance, lapho amaHuguenot (njengoba amaProthestani angabalandeli bakaCalvin aseFrance ayebizwa kanjalo) abhekana khona noshushiso olungathi sína ezandleni zamaKatolika. ENetherlands, abalandeli bakaCalvin basiza ekumiseni iSonto laseDashi. EScotland, ngaphansi kokuhola ngentshiseko kowayekade engumpristi wamaKatolika uJohn Knox, kwamiswa iSonto laseHabe laseScotland ngendlela evumelana nobuCalvin. UbuCalvin baba nengxenye futhi eNkathini Yezinguquko eNgilandi, futhi ukusuka lapho bahamba namaPuritan ukuya eNyakatho Melika. Ngalomqondo, nakuba uLuther aqalisa iNkathi Yezinguquko yamaProthestani, uCalvin waba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu ekukhuleni kwayo.

INkathi Yezinguquko ENgilandi

38. Umoya wobuProthestani eNgilandi wasungulwa kanjani umsebenzi kaJohn Wycliffe?

³⁸ Ngokuhluke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zezinguquko eJalimane naseSwitzerland, iNkathi Yezinguquko yamaNgisi ingakwazi ukuthungatha imisuka yayo ihlehlele emuva ezinsukwini zikaJohn Wycliffe, lowo okushumayela kwakhe ngokumelene nabefundisi nokugcizelela kwakhe iBhayibheli kwasungula umoya wobuProthestani eNgilandi. Umzamo wakhe wokuhumushela iBhayibheli esiNgisini walandelwa abanye. UWilliam Tyndale, okwadingeka ukuba abaleke eNgilandi, wakhipha iTestamente lakhe Elisha ngo-1526. Kamuva wakhashelwa eAntwerp futhi waklinywa esigxotsheni, umzimba wakhe washiswa. UMiles Coverdale waqedela umsebenzi kaTyndale wokuhumusha, futhi iBhayibheli eliphelele lavela ngo-1535. Ukunyatheliswa kweBhayibheli ngolimi lwabantu ngokungangabazeki kwakuyisici esisodwa esinamandla kakhulu esaba nesandla eNkathini Yezinguquko eNgilandi.

39. Iyiphi indima uHenry VIII aba nayo eNkathini Yezinguquko eNgilandi?

³⁹ Ukuqembuka ngokomthetho ebuKatolikeni bamaRoma kwenzeka lapho uHenry VIII (1491-1547), upapa ambiza ngokuthi uMvikeli Wokholo, ekhipha uMthetho Wegunya Eliphakeme ngo-1534, ezibeka ngokwakhe njengenhloko yeSonto laseNgilandi. UHenry futhi wavala izigodlo zezindela wayesehlukanisa indawo yazo phakathi kwesigaba esibusayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayaleza ukuba kubekwe ikhophi yeBhayibheli lesiNgisi kuwo wonke amasonto. Nokho, isenzo sikaHenry sasithambekele kakhulu kwezombangazwe kunasenkolweni. Lokho ayekufuna kwakuwukukhululeka egunyeni likapapa, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zakhe eziphathelene nomshado.d Ngokwenkolo wayesengumKatolika ophelele ngaphandle nje kwegama.

40. (a) Yiziphi izinguquko ezenzeka eSontweni laseNgilandi phakathi nokubusa kukaElizabeth I? (b) Yimaphi amaqembu ayenganelisekile ekugcineni akhula eNgilandi, eNetherlands, naseNyakatho Melika?

⁴⁰ Kwakuphakathi nokubusa kwesikhathi eside (1558-1603) kukaElizabeth I lapho iSonto laseNgilandi laba khona ubuProthestani ngokoqobo nakuba ngokwengxenye enkulu lalisenesimo sobuKatolika. Lakuphelisa ukuzinikela kwamakholwa kopapa, ubumpohlo babefundisi, ukuvunywa kwezono, neminye imikhuba yobuKatolika, nokho lasigcina isimo samaepiscopate sokwakheka kwesonto ezigabeni zalo zababhishobhi abakhulu nababhishobhi abavamile kuhlanganise nezigaba zezindela nezindelakazi.e Lokhu kunamathela ezintweni eziyisiko kwabangela ukunganeliseki okukhulu, futhi kwavela amaqembu ahlukahlukene ayenemibono ehlukile. AmaPuritan afuna inguquko ephelele ngokwengeziwe ukuze kuhlanzwe isonto kuyo yonke imikhuba yamaRoma Katolika; amaSeparatist namaIndependent agcizelela ukuthi izindaba zesonto kufanele zilawulwe amalunga (amapresbyter) ebandla lakuleyondawo. Abaningi balabantu ababenganelisekile babalekela eNetherlands noma eNyakatho Melika, lapho bafike bathuthukisa khona ngokwengeziwe amasonto abo elobuCongregational nelamaBaptist. ENgilandi kwavela futhi iNhlangano Yabangane (Quakers) eyayingaphansi kukaGeorge Fox (1624-91) namaWeseli ngaphansi kukaJohn Wesley (1703-91).—Bheka ishadi ngaphesheya.

Yaba Yini Imiphumela?

41. (a) Ngokombono wezazi ezithile, iNkathi Yezinguquko yaba naliphi ithonya emlandweni womuntu? (b) Imiphi imibuzo edinga ukucatshangelwa ngokungathi sína?

⁴¹ Njengoba sesicabangele imikhakha emikhulu emithathu yeNkathi Yenguquko—ubuLuthela, ubuCalvin, neSheshi—kumelwe sime ukuze sahlulele lokho okwafezwa iNkathi Yezinguquko. Ngokungenakuphikwa, yashintsha inkambo yomlando wezwe laseNtshonalanga. “Umphumela weNkathi Yezinguquko wawuwukuphakamisela abantu ekomeleni inkululeko nokuba nezakhamuzi eziphakeme futhi ezihlanzeke kakhudlwana. Nomaphi lapho uhlangothi lwamaProthestani lwalunwebekela khona, lwenza izixuku zaba ezizethemba ngokwengeziwe,” kubhala uJohn F. Hurst encwadini yakhe ethi Short History of the Reformation. Izazi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi impucuko yaseNtshonalanga njengoba siyazi namuhla yayingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweNkathi Yezinguquko. Nakuba lokho kungase kube njalo, kumelwe sibuze: INkathi Yezinguquko yafezani ngokwenkolo? Yini eye yakwenzela ukufuna kwesintu uNkulunkulu weqiniso?

42. (a) Ngokungangabazeki yikuphi okuwubuhle obukhulu kunabo bonke okwafinyelelwa iNkathi Yezinguquko? (b) Yimuphi umbuzo okumelwe ubuzwe ngokuphathelene nezinto zangempela ezafezwa iNkathi Yezinguquko?

⁴² Ngokungangabazeki, ubuhle obukhulu kunabo bonke iNkathi Yezinguquko eyabufinyelela, kwakuwukwenza iBhayibheli litholakale kubantu abavamile ngolimi lwabo siqu. Ngokokuqala ngqá, abantu babenalo lonke iZwi likaNkulunkulu phambi kwabo ukuba balifunde, ukuze bondleke ngokomoya. Yebo, kodwa kudingeka okwengeziwe kunokumane nje ufunde iBhayibheli. Ingabe iNkathi Yezinguquko yalethela abantu inkululeko hhayi egunyeni lopapa kuphela kodwa futhi nasezinkolelweni nasezimfundisweni ezingenakuphikwa ezinamaphutha ababengaphansi kwazo amakhulu eminyaka?—Johane 8:32.

43. (a) Yiziphi izivumo zokholo amaningi amasonto obuProthestani anamuhla avumelana nazo, ezivuma ziphi izinkolelo? (b) Umoya wokukhululeka nokwehlukahlukana ongumphumela weNkathi Yezinguquko uye wakwenzelani ukufuna kwesintu uNkulunkulu weqiniso?

⁴³ Cishe wonke amasonto obuProthestani anezivumo zokholo ezifanayo—isivumo saseNicaea, esika-Athanasius, nesabaPhostoli—futhi lezi zivuma ezinye zazo kanye izimfundiso ubuKatolika osebunamakhulu eminyaka buzifundisa, njengoZiqu-zintathu, umphefumulo ongafi, nomlilo wesihogo. Izimfundiso ezinjalo ezingezona ezingokombhalo zanikeza abantu umfanekiso ophendukezelwe ngoNkulunkulu nenjongo yakhe. Kunokubasiza ekufuneni kwabo uNkulunkulu weqiniso, amahlelo amaningi namabandla aba khona njengomphumela womoya wenkululeko yeNkathi Yezinguquko yobuProthestani aye aqondisa abantu ezinhlangothini ezihlukahlukene kuphela. Eqinisweni, ukwehlukahlukana nokudideka kuye kwabangela abaningi ukuba bangabaze khona kanye ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Waba yini umphumela? Ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka kuye kwavela igagasi elikhulayo lokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu nelokuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa. Lokho kuzoba indaba esizoxoxa ngayo esahlukweni esilandelayo.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 322]

“Amaphutha KaZiqu-zintathu”

Eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala, uMichael Servetus (1511-53), umuntu waseSpain oqeqeshwe kwezomthetho nakwezokwelapha, wanyathelisa iTrinitatis erroribus (Amaphutha KaZiqu-zintathu), kuyona achaza ukuthi ‘akayikusebenzisa igama elithi Ziqu-zintathu, elingatholakali emiBhalweni, futhi okubonakala liqhubekisela phambili iphutha elingokwefilosofi.” Wagxeka uZiqu-zintathu njengemfundiso “engenakuqondakala, engenakwenzeka ngokwezimo zezinto, nengase ibhekwe njengehlambalazayo!”

Ngenxa yokungagunci kwakhe, uServetus walahlwa ngecala iSonto lamaKatolika. Kodwa kwakungabalandeli bakaCalvin abambopha, bamqulisa, futhi bambulala ngokumshisa kancane kancane. UCalvin wathethelela izenzo zakhe ngalamazwi: “Uma abalandeli bopapa benonya nobudlova kangaka ekuvikeleni izinkolelo-ze zabo kangangokuba babhoka ngonya ukuba bachithe igazi elingenacala, azihlazeki yini izimantshi ezingamaKristu uma zizibonakalisa zingakushisekeli ukuvikela iqiniso okuyilo?” Ukushisekela inkolo kobuhlanya kukaCalvin nenzondo yomuntu siqu kwaphuphuthekisa isahlulelo sakhe futhi kwagqiba izimiso zobuKristu.—Qhathanisa noMathewu 5:44.

[Izithombe]

UJohn Calvin, ngakwesobunxele, wayala ukuba uMichael Servetus, ngakwesokudla, ashiswe aze afe njengembuka

[Ishadi ekhasini 327]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Uhlaka Olwenziwe Lula Lwezinkolo Ezinkulu ZeLobukholwa

Ukuqala Kokuhlubuka - Ikhulu Lesibili Leminyaka

ISonto LamaRoma Katolika

Ikhulu Lesine Leminyaka (UConstantine)

1054 C.E. UbuOrthodox baseMpumalanga

UbuLuthela

IEpiscopal

YaseSheshi

ICongregational

UbuCalvin

[Izithombe ekhasini 307]

Lemifanekiso eqoshwe ngokhuni yekhulu le-16 leminyaka ibonisa umehluko phakathi kokwenqaba kukaKristu abashintshi bemali nokuthengisa intethelelo yezono kukapapa

[Izithombe ekhasini 311]

UJan Hus esesigxotsheni

UMenzi Wezinguquko oyiNgisi nomhumushi weBhayibheli uJohn Wycliffe

[Izithombe ekhasini 314]

UMartin Luther, ngakwesokudla, wamelana nokuthengiswa kwentethelelo yezono okwakwenziwa indela uJohn Tetzel