Izifundo NgemiBhalo Ephefumlelwe Nesizinda Sayo

ISifundo Sesi-9—Isayensi Yemivubukulo Nombhalo Ophefumlelwe

Ukuhlolwa kwemivubukulo nemibhalo yasendulo yomlando wezwe eqinisekisa umbhalo weBhayibheli.

1. Kushiwoni (a) ngesayensi yemivubukulo yeBhayibheli? (b) ngemivubukulo?

ISAYENSI yemivubukulo yeBhayibheli iwukufunda ngabantu nangezenzakalo zangezikhathi zeBhayibheli ngokusebenzisa imibhalo, amathuluzi, izakhiwo, nezinye izinsalela ezitholakalayo emhlabeni. Ukufunwa kwezinsalela zasendulo, noma imivubukulo, ezindaweni zakudala zeBhayibheli kuye kwahilela ukuhlola okuningi nokususwa kwezigidi zamathani kadoti. Umvubukulo yinoma yini ebonisa ukuthi yenziwa umuntu nenikeza ubufakazi bomsebenzi womuntu nokuphila kwakhe. Imivubukulo ingahlanganisa izinto zobumba, amanxiwa, izibhebhe zobumba, imibhalo eqoshiwe, izincwadi, izinto eziyizikhumbuzo, nemilando yezenzakalo elotshwe etsheni.

2. Ibaluleke ngani isayensi yemivubukulo yeBhayibheli?

² Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, isayensi yemivubukulo yayisithuthukiswe yaba umkhakha wokuhlola ocophelelayo, kuthathwa uhambo lokuya emazweni eBhayibheli olwaluxhaswa amayunivesithi amakhulu neminyuziyamu yaseYurophu naseMelika. Ngenxa yalokho, abavubukuli baye bavubukula ingcebo yokwaziswa okusikhanyisela indlela izinto ezazingayo ngezikhathi zeBhayibheli. Ngezinye izikhathi okutholakale ngokuvubukula kuye kwafakazela ubuqiniso beBhayibheli, kubonisa ukunemba kwalo kuze kube ngisho nasemininingwaneni emincane kakhulu.

ISAYENSI YEMIVUBUKULO NEMIBHALO YESIHEBERU

3. Yimaphi amanxiwa nemibhalo egciniwe kwasendulo okuqinisekisa ukuthi kwakukhona imibhoshongo yokukhulekela eBabiloni lasendulo?

³ Umbhoshongo WaseBabele. NgokweBhayibheli, uMbhoshongo waseBabele wawuwumsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha. (Gen. 11:​1-⁠9) Ngokuthakazelisayo, abavubukuli baye bavubukula emanxiweni aseBabiloni lasendulo nasemaphethelweni alo iziza zemibhoshongo eminingi yokukhulekela, noma izinqaba zamathempeli ezicije phezulu, ezinezitezi ezimagwincigwinci, kuhlanganise nethempeli eliyincithakalo lase-Etemenanki, elaliphakathi kwezingange zaseBabiloni. Imibhalo egciniwe yasendulo ephathelene namathempeli anjalo ngokuvamile inamazwi athi, “Isiqongo salo sizofinyelela emazulwini.” Kubikwa ukuthi iNkosi uNebukadinesari yathi, “Ngenyusa isiqongo soMbhoshongo wezitezi ezimagwincigwinci e-Etemenanki kangangokuba isiqongo sawo saze sabangisa amazulu.” Olunye ucezu lulandisa ngokuwa kombhoshongo onjalo wokukhulekela ngalamazwi: “Ukwakhiwa kwalelithempeli kwabacasula onkulunkulu. Ngobusuku obubodwa bakudilizela phansi lokho okwakwakhiwe. Babahlakazela kude, futhi benza inkulumo yabo yaxaka. Bayivimbela inqubekela-phambili.”a

4. Yimiphi imivubukulo eyatholakala eGihoni, futhi lena ihlangana kanjani nombhalo weBhayibheli?

⁴ Imihume Yamanzi ESiphethwini SaseGihoni. Ngo-1867 endaweni yaseJerusalema, uCharles Warren wathola umsele wamanzi ageleza esuka eSiphethwini SaseGihoni abuyele egqumeni, ehamba ngomgodi ohamba ngaphansi oholela phezulu ngaseMzini kaDavide. Ngokusobala, lena kwakuyindlela amadoda kaDavide angena ngayo emzini okokuqala. (2 Sam. 5:​6-10) Kwakungo-1909-11 lapho sonke isimiso semihume eholela esiphethwini saseGihoni savulwa khona. Omunye umsele omkhulu kakhulu, onesilinganiso samamitha angu-1,8 ukuphakama, wambiwa edwaleni eliqinile waze waba amamitha angu-533 ubude. Wawusuka eGihoni uya eChibini laseSilowama esiGodini SaseTyropoeon (phakathi emzini) futhi ngokusobala yiwo owakhiwa uHezekiya. Umbhalo oqoshiwe wesiHeberu sakuqala watholakala odongeni lomhume ongumngcingo. Ngokwengxenye, uthi: “Futhi lena indlela owavulwa ngayo:​—⁠Lapho [ . . . ] (kwa-)kuseyiwo [ . . . ] i(ama)zembe, indoda ngayinye ibhekane nesebenza nayo, futhi lapho kusasele izingalo ezintathu ukuba zivulwe, [kwezwakala] izwi lendoda imemeza esebenza nayo, ngoba kwaba nokwelekana kwamadwala ngakwesokunene [nangakwesokhohlo]. Futhi lapho umhume uphumela ngalé, abaqophi bagweda (idwala), indoda ibhekene nesebenza nayo, izembe libhekene nezembe; futhi amanzi ageleza esuka esiphethwini eya echibini izingalo ezingu-⁠1 200, futhi ukuphakama kwedwala ngaphezu kwe(kwama)khanda lom(laba)qophi kwakuyizingalo ezingu-100.” Yeka umsebenzi omkhulu wobunjiniyela okwakuyiwo ngalezozikhathi!b​—⁠2 AmaKh. 20:​20; 2 IziKr. 32:​30.

5. Kunabuphi ubufakazi bemivubukulo eyatholakala eKarnak bokuhlasela kukaShishaki nobamagama ezindawo zeBhayibheli?

⁵ Umfanekiso Oqoshiwe Wokunqoba KukaShishaki. UShishaki, inkosi yaseGibithe, kukhulunywa ngaye izikhathi eziyisikhombisa eBhayibhelini. Ngenxa yokuthi iNkosi uRehobowamu yawushiya umthetho kaJehova, uJehova wavumela uShishaki ukuba ahlasele izwe lakwaJuda, ngo-993 B.C.E., kodwa angalichithi ngokuphelele. (1 AmaKh. 14:​25-28; 2 IziKr. 12:​1-12) Kuze kube seminyakeni yamuva nje, bekulokhu kubonakala sengathi umbhalo weBhayibheli kuphela okhuluma ngalokhu kuhlasela. Khona-ke kwase kuvela incwadi enkulu kaFaro iBhayibheli elimbiza ngokuthi uShishaki (uSheshonk I). Lena yayingesimo somfanekiso oqoshiwe ohlaba umxhwele owawubhalwe ngezithombe odongeni oluseningizimu lwethempeli elikhulu laseGibithe eKarnak (eThebes lasendulo). Kulomfanekiso omkhulu oqoshiwe, kuboniswe unkulunkulu waseGibithe uAmoni, ophethe inkemba emisé okwesikela esandleni sakhe sokudla. Uletha kuFaro Shishaki iziboshwa ezivela ePalestina ezingu-156 ezifakwe ozankosi, zaboshelwa ngezintambo esandleni sakhe sobunxele. Isiboshwa ngasinye simelela umuzi noma umuzana, ogama lawo liboniswe embhalweni wezithombe. Phakathi kwaleyo esengafundeka futhi yaziwe iRabiti (Josh. 19:​20); iThahanaki, iBeti-Sheyani, neMegido (Josh. 17:​11); iShunemi (Josh. 19:​18); iRehobe (Josh. 19:​28); iHafarayimi (Josh. 19:​19); iGibeyoni (Josh. 18:​25); iBeti-Horoni (Josh. 21:​22); iAjaloni (Josh. 21:​24); iSoko (Josh. 15:​35); neAradi (Josh. 12:​14). Lencwadi ibhekisela futhi ‘eNsimini ka-Abrama,’ futhi lokhu kuwukuthintwa kuka-Abrahama kokuqala impela emibhalweni yaseGibithe.c

6, 7. Uyini umlando weTshe LakwaMowabi, futhi yikuphi ukwaziswa elikunikezayo ngokuphathelene nempi phakathi kukaIsrayeli noMowabi?

⁶ ITshe LakwaMowabi. Ngo-1868 isithunywa sevangeli saseJalimane uF. A. Klein sathola umvubukulo ophawulekayo wombhalo oqoshiwe wasendulo eDhiban (Diboni). Lona uye waziwa ngokuthi iTshe LakwaMowabi. Kwathathwa isithombe sokulotshwe kulo, kodwa itshe ngokwalo laphihlizwa imiZulane Yasogwadule ngaphambi kokuba lithuthwe. Nokho, eziningi zezingcezu zatholakala, futhi lelitshe manje ligcinwe eLouvre, eParis, futhi kunekhophi yalo eMnyuziyamu waseBrithani, eLondon. Ekuqaleni lalimiswe eDiboni, kwaMowabi, futhi linikeza ukulandisa kweNkosi uMesha ngokuhlubuka kwayo kuIsrayeli. (2 AmaKh. 1:⁠1; 3:​4, 5) Ngokwengxenye, lifundeka kanje: “Mina (ngingu)Mesha, indodana kaKemoshi-[ . . . ], inkosi yakwaMowabi, umDiboni . . . Kepha uOmri, inkosi yakwaIsrayeli, wathobisa uMowabi iminyaka eminingi (ngokwezwi nezwi, izinsuku), ngoba uKemoshi [unkulunkulu wakwaMowabi] wayelithukuthelele izwe lakhe. Futhi indodana yakhe [kaOmri] yamlandela nayo futhi yathi, ‘Ngizomthobisa uMowabi.’ Yakhuluma (kanjalo) esikhathini sami, kodwa ngiyinqobile yona nendlu yayo, kuyilapho uIsrayeli yena ebhubhé kuze kube phakade! . . . Futhi uKemoshi wathi kimi, ‘Hamba, ulithathe iNebo kuIsrayeli!’ Ngakho ngahamba ebusuku futhi ngalwa nalo kusukela entathakusa kwaze kwaba semini, ngilithatha futhi ngibulala bonke . . . Futhi lapho ngathatha [izitsha] zikaYahweh, ngazihudulela phambi kukaKemoshi.”d Phawula ukuthintwa kwegama laphezulu emshweni wokugcina. Lokhu kungabonakala emfanekisweni ofakiwe weTshe LakwaMowabi. Lilotshwe ngeTetragrammaton, ngakwesokudla sombhalo, emgqeni 18.

⁷ ITshe LakwaMowabi likhuluma futhi ngezindawo ezilandelayo zeBhayibheli: iAtharoti neNebo (Num. 32:​34, 38); iArinoni, iAroweri, iMedeba, neDiboni (Josh. 13:⁠9); iBamoti-Bali, iBeti-Bali-Mehoni, iJahasi, neKiriyatayimi (Josh. 13:​17-19); iBeseri (Josh. 20:⁠8), iHoronayimi (Isaya 15:⁠5); neBeti-Dibilatayimi neKeriyote (Jer. 48:​22, 24). Ngaleyondlela lisekela ukuba ngokomlando kwalezindawo.

8. Yini iBhayibheli eliyilobayo ngokuphathelene noSaneheribi, futhi ukumbiwa kwesigodlo sakhe kuye kwembulani?

⁸ UNxantathu WeNkosi USaneheribi. IBhayibheli lilandisa ngokuningilizwe kakhulu ngokuhlasela kwama-Asiriya ngaphansi kweNkosi uSaneheribi ngonyaka ka-732 B.C.E. (2 AmaKh. 18:​13–19:​37; 2 IziKr. 32:​1-22; Isaya 36:⁠1–37:​38) Kwakuphakathi kuka-1847-51 lapho umvubukuli oyiNgisi uA. H. Layard amba khona amanxiwa esigodlo esikhulu sikaSaneheribi eNineve endaweni yaseAsiriya lasendulo. Lesigodlo satholakala sinamakamelo angaba ngu-70, nezindonga ezicishe zibe amamitha angaphezu kuka-⁠3 000 ezinanyekwe amakhekheba amatshe aqoshiwe. Imibiko yaminyaka yonke yezenzakalo, noma imilando, kaSaneheribi yayilotshwe emiphongolwaneni yobumba, noma konxantathu. Uhlelo lokugcina lwalemilando, ngokusobala olwenziwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, lubonakala kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi uNxantathu KaTaylor, okugcinwe eMnyuziyamu waseBrithani, kodwa iOriental Institute of the University of Chicago inekhophi engcono kakhulu ekunxantathu owatholakala ngasesizeni saseNineve, inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso waseAsiriya.

9. Yini uSaneheribi ayilobayo, ngokuvumelana nokulandisa kweBhayibheli, kodwa yini agwema ukuyisho, futhi ngani?

⁹ Kulemilando yokugcina, uSaneheribi unikeza ukulandisa kwakhe siqu kokuqhosha ngokuhlasela kwakhe uJuda: “Kepha uHezekiya, umJuda, akazange azithobe ejokeni lami, ngavimbezela engu-46 yemizi yakhe enamandla, izinqaba ezibiyelweyo nemizana emincane engenakubalwa eseduze nazo, nga(yi)nqoba ngokusebenzisa izindunduma (zenhlabathi) egxishwé kahle, nemishini yokungqubuza eyayisondezwe (kanjalo) (eduze kwezindonga) yahlasela (kanye) nemigundatshani, (isebenzisa) izindlela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba, imishini ejikijela izinguzunga zamatshe kanye namasu okwenza buthaka izindonga. Ngaxosha (kuyo) abantu abangu-200 150, abancane nabadala, abesilisa nabesifazane, amahhashi, iminyuzi, izimbongolo, amakamela, izinkomo ezinkulu nezincane okungenakubalwa, futhi nga(ku)bheka njengempango. Yena [uHezekiya] ngamenza isiboshwa eJerusalema, indawo yakhe yobukhosi, njengenyoni esendlwaneni yayo. . . . Imizana yakhe engangiyiphangile, ngayithatha ezweni lakhe ngayinika uMitinti, inkosi yaseAshidodi, uPadi, inkosi yase-Ekroni, noSillibel, inkosi yaseGaza. . . . UHezekiya ngokwakhe . . . kamuva, wangithumelela, eNineve, umuzi wami wobukhosi, amadodakazi akhe (siqu), izancinza, abahlabeleli besilisa nabesifazane, kanye namathalenta angu-30 egolide, amathalenta angu-800 esiliva, amatshe ayigugu, insimbi esasiliva, izingcezu ezinkulu zetshe elibomvu, imibhede (ehlotshiswe) ngophondo lwendlovu, izihlalo zenimedu (ezihlotshiswe) ngophondo lwendlovu, izikhumba zendlovu, amapulangwe anjengomsimbithi, amapulangwe omuthi oqinile nosindayo (nazo) zonke izinhlobo zengcebo eyigugu. Ukuze alethe lentela ayekhonza ngayo futhi akhuleke njengesigqila wathumela isithunywa (sakhe siqu).”e Ngalentela uSaneheribi ayikhokhisa uHezekiya, iBhayibheli liqinisekisa amathalenta angu-30 egolide kodwa likhuluma ngamathalenta angu-300 kuphela esiliva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, libonisa ukuthi lokhu kwakungaphambi kokuba uSaneheribi asongele iJerusalema ngokulivimbezela. Embikweni osontiwe kaSaneheribi womlando waseAsiriya, uyeka ngamabomu ukukhuluma ngokunqotshwa kwakhe okuthobisayo kwaJuda, lapho ngobusuku obubodwa ingelosi kaJehova yabhubhisa khona angu-185 000 amasosha akhe, ngaleyondlela imphoqelela ukuba abalekele emuva eNineve njengenja ishayiwe. Nokho, lombhalo olotshiwe wokuqhosha okuNxantathu KaSaneheribi ubonisa ukuhlaselwa okukhulu kukaJuda ngaphambi kokuba uJehova abuyisele ama-Asiriya emuva ngemva kokuba esongelé iJerusalema.​—⁠2 AmaKh. 18:​14; 19:​35, 36.

10, 11. (a) Ziyini iziNcwadi ZaseLakishi, futhi zibonisani? (b) Zizisekela kanjani izincwadi zikaJeremiya?

¹⁰ IziNcwadi ZaseLakishi. Umuzi odumile oyinqaba waseLakishi kukhulunywa ngawo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-20 eBhayibhelini. Wawungamakhilomitha angu-44 ukuya entshonalanga yeningizimu-ntshonalanga yeJerusalema. Amanxiwa aye ambiwa kakhulu. Ngo-1935, ekamelweni labalindi lendlu yasesangweni exhumanisa amasango amabili, kwatholakala izindengezi, noma izingcezu ezingu-18 zobumba ziqoshwe umbhalo (ezinye ezintathu zatholakala ngo-1938). Kwatholakala ukuthi lezi kwakuyizincwadi eziningana ezilotshwe ngezinhlamvu zamagama esiHeberu sakudala. Leliqoqo lezincwadi ezingu-21 manje laziwa ngokuthi iziNcwadi ZaseLakishi. ILakishi yayingenye yezinqaba zokugcina kwaJuda ukuba zimelane noNebukadinesari, njengoba yenziwa inqwaba yezincithakalo ezishile phakathi nenkathi yango-609-607 B.C.E. Lezincwadi zibonisa ukuphuthuma kwezikhathi. Kubonakala sengathi ziyizincwadi ezalotshwa ezikhumulweni zabalindi zangaphandle ezazisasele zamasosha aseJudiya ziya kuYaosh, umphathi wempi eLakishi. Enye yazo (eyesi-IV) ngokwengxenye ifundeka kanje: “Kwangathi uYHWH [iTetragrammaton yelithi, “Jehova”] angenza inkosi yami izwe manje izindaba zokuhle. . . . sibheké izimpawu zomlilo zaseLakishi, ngokwazo zonke izibonakaliso inkosi yami ezinikezayo, ngoba asiliboni iAzeka.” Lokhu ukuqinisekiswa okuhlaba umxhwele kukaJeremiya 34:⁠7, obala iLakishi neAzeka njengemizi ebiyelweyo emibili yokugcina esasele. Ngokusobala lencwadi ibonisa ukuthi iAzeka manje yayisiwile. Igama laphezulu, ngesimo seTetragrammaton, livela kaningi kulezincwadi, okubonisa ukuthi igama elithi Jehova lalisetshenziswa nsuku zonke phakathi kwamaJuda ngalesosikhathi.

¹¹ Enye incwadi (eyesi-III) iqala ngalendlela: “Kwangathi uYHWH [okungukuthi, uJehova] angabangela ukuba inkosi yami izwe izindaba zokuthula! . . . Futhi kuye kwabikwa encekwini yakho ukuthi, ‘Umphathi wempi, uKhoniya indodana kaElinathani, wehlile waya eGibithe futhi uthumelé kuHodaviya indodana ka-Ahiya namadoda akhe ukuba athole [izinto] kuye.’” Kubonakala sengathi lencwadi iqinisekisa ukuthi uJuda wehlela eGibithe eyofuna usizo, ephula umyalo kaJehova futhi kwaba ukubhujiswa kwakhe. (Isaya 31:⁠1; Jer. 46:​25, 26) Igama elithi Elinathani nelithi Hoshaya, avelayo embhalweni ophelele walencwadi, ayatholakala futhi kuJeremiya 36:​12 nakuJeremiya 42:⁠1. Amanye amagama amathathu okukhulunywe ngawo ezincwadini ayatholakala futhi encwadini yeBhayibheli kaJeremiya. AnguGemariya, uNeriya, noJahazaniya.​—⁠Jer. 32:​12; 35:⁠3; 36:​10.f

12, 13. Yini uMlando KaNabonidasi oyichazayo, futhi kungani ubaluleke ngokukhethekile?

¹² UMlando KaNabonidasi. Engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ukumba eduze naseBaghdad kwaveza amagugu ayizibhebhe nemiphongolwana eminingi yobumba eyawenza wakhanya kakhulu umlando waseBabiloni lasendulo. Esinye salezi kwakuyincwadi ebaluleke kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi uMlando KaNabonidasi, manje eseMnyuziyamu waseBrithani. Inkosi yaseBabiloni uNabonidasi yayinguyise wombusi owayekanye nayo, uBelishasari. Yaphila isikhathi esingaphezu kwesendondana yayo, eyabulawa ngobusuku amabutho kaKoresi umPheresiya athatha ngabo iBabiloni, ngo-October 5, 539 B.C.E. (Dan. 5:​30, 31) UMlando KaNabonidasi, umbhalo wokuwa kweBabiloni onezinsuku ezinembe ngokuphawulekayo, usiza ekutholeni ukuthi lesenzakalo senzeka ngaluphi usuku. Nakhu ukuhunyushwa kwengxenye encane yoMlando KaNabonidasi: “Ngenyanga kaTashritu [Tishri (September-October)], lapho uKoresi ehlasela impi yaseAkkad eOpis eTigris . . . ngosuku lwe-14, iSippar yathathwa ngaphandle kokulwa. UNabonidasi wabaleka. Ngosuku lwe-16 [ngo-October 11, 539 B.C.E., ngokwekhalenda kaJulius, noma uOctober 5, ngokwelikaGregory] uGobryas (u-Ugbaru), umbusi waseGutium nempi kaKoresi bangena eBabiloni ngaphandle kokulwa. Kamuva uNabonidasi waboshwa eBabiloni ngenkathi ephindela (khona). . . . Ngenyanga ka-Arahshamnu [Marchesvan (October-November)], ngosuku lwesithathu [October 28, kwelikaJulius], uKoresi wangena eBabiloni, kwendlalwa amagatsha aluhlaza phambi kwakhe​—⁠isimo ‘sokuThula’ (sulmu) samenyezelwa emzini. UKoresi wathumela imikhonzo kulo lonke elaseBabiloni. UGobryas, umbusi wakhe, wamisa ababusi (abangaphansi kwakhe) eBabiloni.”g

¹³ Kungaphawulwa ukuthi akukhulunywa ngoDariyu umMede kulombhalo, futhi kuze kube manje, akukho ukuthintwa kwaloDariyu okuye kwatholakala kunoma yimuphi umbhalo ongewona ongokweBhayibheli, futhi akukhulunywa ngaye kunoma iyiphi incwadi yezwe yomlando yangaphambi kwesikhathi sikaJosephus (isazi-mlando esingumJuda sangekhulu lokuqala leminyaka C.E.). Ngakho-ke abanye baye basikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi unguGobryas okukhulunywe ngaye ekulandiseni okungenhla. Nakuba ukwaziswa okutholakalayo okuphathelene noGobryas kubonakala kufana nalokho okuphathelene noDariyu, ukufana okunjalo akunakubhekwa njengokuwujuqu.h Kunoma yikuphi, umlando wezwe uqinisekisa ngokuphelele ukuthi uKoresi wayengumuntu oyinhloko ekunqotshweni kweBabiloni nokuthi ngemva kwalokho wabusa njengenkosi.

14. Yini elotshwe emPhongolwaneni Wobumba KaKoresi?

¹⁴ Umphongolwana Wobumba KaKoresi. Esikhathini esithile ngemva kokuba eqale ukubusa njengenkosi yoMbuso Wezwe WasePheresiya, ukuthumba kukaKoresi iBabiloni ngo-539 B.C.E. kwalotshwa emphongolwaneni wobumba. Lombhalo ovelele nawo ugcinwe eMnyuziyamu waseBrithani. Nansi ingxenye yombhalo ohunyushiwe: “NginguKoresi, inkosi yomhlaba, inkosi enkulu, inkosi engokomthetho, inkosi yaseBabiloni, inkosi yaseSumer naseAkkad, inkosi yamaphethelo amane (omhlaba), . . . Ngabuyisela emizini engcwele [ethile eshiwo ngaphambili] ngaphesheya kweTigris, ezindawo zayo zokukhulekela okwase kuyisikhathi eside ziyincithakalo, izithombe (ezazivame) ukuhlala phakathi kwayo futhi ngazakhela izindawo zokukhulekela ezihlala njalo. Ngabutha (futhi) zonke izakhamuzi zayo (zangaphambili) futhi ngabuyisela (kuzo) izindlu zazo.”i

15. Yini umPhongolwana Wobumba KaKoresi oyembulayo ngoKoresi, futhi lokhu kuvumelana kanjani neBhayibheli?

¹⁵ Ngaleyondlela umPhongolwana Wobumba KaKoresi wenza waziwe umgomo wenkosi wokubuyisela abantu abathunjiwe ezindaweni zabo zangaphambili. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, uKoresi wakhipha isimemezelo sakhe kumaJuda sokuba abuyele eJerusalema futhi akhe kabusha indlu kaJehova lapho. Ngokuthakazelisayo, eminyakeni engu-200 ngaphambili, uJehova esiprofethweni wayemgagule ngegama uKoresi njengowayezothatha iBabiloni futhi enze ukuba abantu bakaJehova babuyiselwe.​—⁠Isaya 44:​28; 45:⁠1; 2 IziKr. 36:⁠23.

ISAYENSI YEMIVUBUKULO NEMIBHALO YAMAKRISTU YESIGREKI

16. Yini isayensi yemivubukulo eye yayiveza ngokuphathelene nemiBhalo yesiGreki?

¹⁶ Njengoba yenza ngemiBhalo yesiHeberu, isayensi yemivubukulo iye yaveza imivubukulo eminingi ethakazelisayo ekusekeleni umbhalo ogciniwe ophefumlelwe oqukethwe emiBhalweni YamaKristu YesiGreki.

17. Isayensi yemivubukulo iyisekela kanjani ingxoxo kaJesu yombuzo wentela?

¹⁷ Uhlamvu Lukadenariyu Nombhalo KaTiberiyu. IBhayibheli libonisa ngokukhanyayo ukuthi inkonzo kaJesu yenzeka phakathi nokubusa kukaTiberiyu Kesari. Abanye babaphikisi bakaJesu bazama ukumhila ngokubuza ngendaba yokukhokha intela yekhanda kuKesari. Umbhalo ogciniwe ufundeka kanje: “Kepha yena ekwazi ukuzenzisa kwabo wathi kubo: Ningilingelani na? Lethani kimi udenariyu, ngimbone. Bamletha. Wayesethi kubo: Ngokabani lomfanekiso nalombhalo na? Bathi kuye: NgokaKesari. UJesu wathi kubo: Nikani uKesari okukaKesari noNkulunkulu okukaNkulunkulu. Bamangala ngaye.” (Marku 12:​15-17) Abavubukuli baye bathola uhlamvu lwesiliva lukadenariyu olunekhanda likaTiberiyu Kesari! Lwalusetshenziswa cishe ngo-15 C.E. Lokhu kuyavumelana nenkathi yokubusa kukaTiberiyu njengombusi, eyaqala ngo-14 C.E., futhi kusekela ngokwengeziwe umbhalo othi inkonzo kaJohane uMbhapathizi yaqala ngonyaka we-15 kaTiberiyu, noma entwasahlobo (enhla nenkabazwe) ka-29 C.E.​—⁠Luka 3:​1, 2.

18. Yimuphi umvubukulo oye watholakala obhekisela kuPontiyu Pilatu?

¹⁸ Umbhalo KaPontiyu Pilatu. Kwakungo-1961 lapho kutholakala umvubukulo wokuqala obhekisela kuPontiyu Pilatu. Lona kwakuwucezu lwetshe elibaziwe olwatholwa eKesariya, olwalubhalwe igama likaPontiyu Pilatu ngesiLatini.

19. Yini esasele eAthene, eqinisekisa isimo esasizungeze izEnzo 17:​16-⁠34?

¹⁹ IAreyophagu. UPawulu wanikela enye yezinkulumo zakhe ezilotshiwe ezaziwa kakhulu eAthene, eGrisi, ngo-50 C.E. (IzE. 17:​16-34) Lokhu kwakungesikhathi abathile baseAthene bebamba uPawulu futhi bemyisa eAreyophagu. IAreyophagu, noma iGquma LaseAres (iMars’ Hill), yigama legquma eliwugwadule, elinamadwala, cishe elingamamitha angu-113 ukuphakama, ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga eduze neAcropolis yaseAthene. Zisengabonakala izitebhisi ezakhiwe edwaleni eziholela phezulu, lapho kunamabhentshi angalolongekile, asikwe emadwaleni, akha izinhlangothi ezintathu kwezine ezilinganayo. IAreyophagu isekhona, okuqinisekisa indawo elotshwe eBhayibhelini okwethulwa kuyo inkulumo kaPawulu engokomlando.

20. Yini iKhothamo LikaTitus eliqhubeka liyifakazela, futhi kanjani?

²⁰ IKhothamo LikaTitus. IJerusalema nethempeli lalo kwabhujiswa amaRoma ngaphansi kukaTitus, ngo-70 C.E. Ngonyaka olandelayo, eRoma, uTitus wagubha ukunqoba kwakhe, kanye noyise, uMbusi uVespasian. Iziboshwa zamaJuda ezazikhethiwe ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa zamashiswa odwendweni lokunqoba. Izinqwaba zempango yempi nazo zabukiswa, kuhlanganise nengcebo yasethempelini. UTitus ngokwakhe waba umbusi, ekhonza kulesosikhundla kusukela ngo-79 kuya ku-81 C.E., futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe isikhumbuzo esikhulu, iKhothamo LikaTitus, saqedwa futhi sanikezelwa divo Tito (kuTitus okhulekelwayo). Udwendwe lwakhe lokunqoba luboniswe ngomfanekiso ogwediwe, oqoshwe ohlangothini ngalunye lwephasishi elingena ekhothamweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuboniswe amasosha amaRoma, ephethe imikhonto engenazo izihloko futhi ethweswe imiqhele yeminyezane, ethwele impahla engcwele evela ethempelini laseJerusalema. Lena ihlanganisa isitsha sesibani esinezinti eziyisikhombisa netafula lezinkwa zokubukwa, okubonakala kuhlezi phezu kwalo amacilongo angcwele. Umfanekiso ongakolunye uhlangothi lwephasishi ubonisa uTitus onqobile emi enqoleni edonswa amahhashi amane futhi eshayelwa owesifazane omelela umuzi waseRoma.j Unyaka ngamunye izinkulungwane zezihambi zibuka leliKhothamo LikaTitus lokunqoba, elisekhona eRoma njengobufakazi obuthule bokugcwaliseka kwesiprofetho sikaJesu nokukhishwa okwesabekayo kwesahlulelo sikaJehova eJerusalema elihlubukayo.​—⁠Math. 23:​37–24:⁠2; Luka 19:​43, 44; 21:​20-⁠24.

21. (a) Iyiphi indlela isayensi yemivubukulo eye yavumelana ngayo nokutholakala kwemibhalo yesandla? (b) Yisiphi isimo sengqondo esifanele okumelwe sibe naso ngesayensi yemivubukulo?

²¹ Ngendlela efanayo naleyo ukutholakala kwemibhalo yesandla yasendulo okuye kwasiza ngayo ekubuyiseleni umbhalo weBhayibheli ohlanzekile, wokuqala, ukutholakala kwendathane yemivubukulo ngokuvamile kuye kwabonakalisa ukuthi izinto ezishiwo embhalweni weBhayibheli zithembekile ngokomlando, ngokokulandelana kwezenzakalo, nangokokuma kwezwe, kuze kube ngisho nasemininingwaneni emincane kakhulu. Nokho, kungaba yiphutha ukuphetha ngokuthi isayensi yemivubukulo ivumelana neBhayibheli kuzo zonke izimo. Kumelwe kukhunjulwe ukuthi isayensi yemivubukulo ayiwona umkhakha wokuhlola ongenaphutha. Izinto ezitholakala ngokuvubukula zichazwa abantu, futhi ezinye zalezincazelo ziye zashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngezinye izikhathi isayensi yemivubukulo iye yasekela ubuqiniso beZwi likaNkulunkulu ngokudingekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kwasho uSir Frederic Kenyon ongasekho, owayewumqondisi nomgcini zincwadi omkhulu eMnyuziyamu waseBrithani iminyaka eminingi, isayensi yemivubukulo iye yenza iBhayibheli laba “elinengqondo ngokwengeziwe ngosizo lolwazi olugcwele ngokwengeziwe lwesizinda salo nesimo esizungezile.”k Kodwa kumelwe sikholelwe eBhayibhelini, hhayi esayensini yemivubukulo.​—⁠Roma 10:⁠9; Heb. 11:⁠6.

22. Yibuphi ubufakazi obuzocatshangelwa esifundweni esilandelayo?

²² Kulo ngokwalo, iBhayibheli liqukethe ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa bokuthi ngempela ‘liyizwi eliyiqiniso likaNkulunkulu ophilayo nohlala njalo,’ njengoba sizobona esifundweni esilandelayo.​—⁠1 Pet. 1:⁠23.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Izithombe ekhasini 333]

ITshe LakwaMowabi

ITetragrammaton ekhulisiwe, evela ezincwadini zasendulo, emgqeni we-18, ngakwesokudla

[Isithombe ekhasini 334]

UNxantathu WeNkosi USaneheribi

[Isithombe ekhasini 335]

UMlando KaNabonidasi

[Isithombe ekhasini 336]

Uhlamvu lukadenariyu olunombhalo KaTiberiyu

[Isithombe ekhasini 337]

IKhothamo LikaTitus

[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 337]

Imithombo Yemifanekiso yeSifundo 9 ihlelwe ngokwamakhasi:

ikhasi 333, Musée du Louvre, Paris;

ikhasi 334, Courtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago;

ikhasi 335, Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum; ikhasi 336, Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum.