Lo Mbono Ungena EbuJudeni, KweLobukholwa NaseNkolweni YobuSulumane
“Phakathi kwezinye izinto inkolo iyindlela yokwenza abantu baqaphele iqiniso lokuthi ngelinye ilanga kumelwe bafe, kungaba ngesithembiso sokuphila okungcono ngalé kwethuna, ukuzalwa kabusha noma kokubili.”—GERHARD HERM, UMLOBI ONGUMJALIMANE.
1. Izinkolo eziningi zisisekele kuyiphi inkolelo eyisisekelo isithembiso sazo sokuphila ngemva kokufa?
LAPHO zenza isithembiso sokuphila ngemva kokufa, cishe zonke izinkolo zisuke zithembele enkolelweni yokuthi umuntu unomphefumulo ongafi nokuthi ngemva kokufa uya kwenye indawo noma uguqukela kwesinye isidalwa. Njengoba kuphawuliwe engxenyeni eyandulele, inkolelo yokungafi komphefumulo ibilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yezinkolo zaseMpumalanga selokhu zasungulwa. Kodwa kuthiwani ngobuJuda, eLobukholwa nobuSulumane? Le mfundiso yaba kanjani umgogodla walezi zinkolo?
UbuJuda Buncela Imibono YamaGreki
2, 3. Ngokwe-Encyclopaedia Judaica, ingabe imibhalo engcwele yesiHeberu yayikufundisa ukungafi komphefumulo?
2 UbuJuda busuka emuva eminyakeni engaba ngu-4 000 esikhathini sika-Abrahama. Imibhalo engcwele yesiHeberu yaqala ukulotshwa ngekhulu le-16 B.C.E. futhi yaqedwa ngesikhathi uSocrates noPlato bakha inkolelo-mbono yokungafi komphefumulo. Ingabe le miBhalo yayifundisa ukuthi umphefumulo awufi?
3 I-Encyclopaedia Judaica iyaphendula: “Ukukholelwa ekungafini komphefumulo okungafuniselwa nokuqinile kwenzeka kuphela ngemva kwenkathi yeBhayibheli . . . futhi kwaba esinye sezisekelo zenkolo yobuJuda neyobuKristu.” Ithi futhi: “Ngenkathi yeBhayibheli umuntu wayebhekwa njengophelele. Ngakho umphefumulo wawungahlukaniswa nomzimba.” AmaJuda akuqala ayekholelwa ekuvukeni kwabafileyo, futhi lokhu “kuhlukile enkolelweni . . . yokungafi komphefumulo,” kusho leyo encyclopedia.
4-6. Imfundiso yokungafi komphefumulo yaba kanjani “esinye sezisekelo” zobuJuda?
4 Le mfundiso yaba kanjani-ke “esinye sezisekelo” zobuJuda? Umlando uyaphendula. Ngo-332 B.C.E., u-Alexander Omkhulu wanqoba ingxenye enkulu yeMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokuphazima kweso. Lapho efika eJerusalema, amaJuda amamukela ngezandla ezimhlophe. Ngokwesazi-mlando esingumJuda sekhulu lokuqala uFlavius Josephus, aze ambonisa nesiprofetho sencwadi kaDaniyeli, esasilotshwe eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200 ngaphambili, esichaza ngokucacile ukunqoba kuka-Alexander ‘njengenkosi yaseGrisi.’ (Daniyeli 8:5-8, 21) Abalandela u-Alexander esikhundleni baqhubeka necebo lakhe lokuguqulela abantu ebuGrekini, zonke izindawo zombuso bezifunza ulimi lwesiGreki, amasiko nefilosofi yaso. Ukuxubana kwala masiko womabili—elamaGreki nelamaJuda—kwakungenakugwenywa.
5 Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesithathu B.C.E., kwaqalwa ukuba kuhunyushwe inguqulo yokuqala yemiBhalo YesiHeberu, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Septuagint, yayiswa esiGrekini. Ngayo, abeZizwe abaningi baqala ukuhlonipha nokujwayela inkolo yamaJuda, abanye baze baguquka nokuguquka. AmaJuda wona ayejwayelana nendlela yamaGreki yokucabanga, futhi amanye aba izazi zefilosofi, okwakuyinto ayeyiqabuka. UPhilo wase-Alexandria, wekhulu lokuqala C.E., wayeyisazi sefilosofi esingumJuda.
6 UPhilo wayemhlonipha uPlato futhi wazama ukuchaza ubuJuda ngefilosofi yamaGreki. Incwadi ethi Heaven—A History ithi: “Ngokwenza inhlanganisela engavamile yefilosofi kaPlato nemfundiso yeBhayibheli, uPhilo wacaba indlela yezihlakaniphi zakamuva ezingamaKristu [nezingamaJuda].” Yini uPhilo ayeyikholelwa ngokuqondene nomphefumulo? Le ncwadi iyaqhubeka: “Kuye, ukufa kubuyisela umphefumulo esimweni sawo sokuqala, sangaphambi kokuzalwa. Njengoba umphefumulo ungowasezweni lomoya, ukuphila okusenyameni kumane nje kuyisenzakalo esifushane ngokuvamile esinamashwa.” Ezinye izihlakaniphi ezingamaJuda ezazikholelwa ekungafini komphefumulo zihlanganisa u-Isaac Israeli, udokotela owaziwayo ongumJuda wekhulu leshumi noMoses Mendelssohn, isazi sefilosofi esingumJuda saseJalimane sekhulu le-18.
7, 8. (a) ITalmud iwuchaza kanjani umphefumulo? (b) Incwadi eyindida yamuva yamaJuda ithini ngomphefumulo?
7 Incwadi eye yathonya kakhulu indlela yokucabanga nokuphila kwamaJuda yiTalmud—umbhalo ofushanisiwe walokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho owadluliselwa ngomlomo, onokukhulunyelwa nezincazelo zakamuva zalowo mthetho, owalotshwa orabi kusukela ngekhulu lesibili C.E. kuya eNkathini Ephakathi. I-Encyclopaedia Judaica ithi: “Orabi beTalmud babekholelwa ukuthi umphefumulo uyaqhubeka uphila ngemva kokufa.” ITalmud ize ikhulume nangabafileyo abaxhumana nabaphilayo. I-Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics ithi: “Cishe ngenxa yethonya lemfundiso kaPlato, [orabi] babekholelwa ekuphileni kwangaphambili kwemiphefumulo.”
8 Imibhalo yakamuva yamaJuda eyindida, i-Cabala, ize ifundise ngisho nangokuphind’ ukuzalwa. Mayelana nale nkolelo, i-New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia ithi: “Kubonakala sengathi lo mbono wavela eNdiya. . . . KuyiKabbalah uqale uvele encwadini ethi Bahir, bese uvela kuyiZohar kuqhubeke, wawamukelwa kakhulu abantu bezimfihlakalo, waba nendima ebalulekile ezinkolelweni nasezincwadini zamaHasid.” Kwa-Israel namuhla imfundiso yokuphind’ ukuzalwa yamukelwa kabanzi njengeyimfundiso yamaJuda.
9. Amahlelo amaningi obuJuda banamuhla amiphi ngokuqondene nokungafi komphefumulo?
9 Ngakho-ke umbono wokungafi komphefumulo wangena ebuJudeni ngethonya lefilosofi yamaGreki, futhi namuhla le mfundiso yamukelwa yiningi lamaqembu abo. Yangena kanjani le mfundiso kweLobukholwa?
ELobukholwa Lamukela Imicabango KaPlato
10. Isazi esivelele saseSpain saphetha ngokuthini maqondana nenkolelo kaJesu yokungafi komphefumulo?
10 UbuKristu bangempela baqala ngoKristu Jesu. Ngokuphathelene noJesu, uMiguel de Unamuno, isazi saseSpain esivelele sekhulu lama-20, wabhala: “Wayekholelwa ekuvukeni komzimba, ngokwendlela yamaJuda, hhayi ekungafini komphefumulo, ngokwendlela [yamaGreki] kaPlato. . . . Ubufakazi balokhu bungabonakala kunoma iyiphi incwadi yezincazelo ethembekile.” Waphetha: “Ukungafi komphefumulo . . . kuyimfundiso yefilosofi yobuqaba.”
11. Ifilosofi yamaGreki yaqala nini ukungena ebuKristwini?
11 Le “mfundiso yefilosofi yobuqaba” yangena kanjani futhi nini ebuKristwini? I-New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesibili AD amaKristu ayefundele ifilosofi yamaGreki aqala ukuzwa isidingo sokuchaza ukholo lwawo ngayo, ukuze anelise izingqondo zawo futhi aguqule amaqaba afundile. Ifilosofi eyawalungela kangcono kunamanye kwakungekaPlato.”
12-14. U-Origen no-Augustine baba nayiphi indima ekuhlanganiseni ifilosofi kaPlato nobuKristu?
12 Zimbili izazi zefilosofi ezaba nethonya elikhulu ezimfundisweni zeLobukholwa. Esinye kwakungu-Origen wase-Alexandria (c. 185-254 C.E.), esinye kungu-Augustine waseHippo (354-430 C.E.). Ngokuqondene nabo, i-New Catholic Encyclopedia ithi: “Ngu-Origen eMpumalanga noSt. Augustine eNtshonalanga abenza umphefumulo wabhekwa njengento ethile ewumoya futhi kwakhiwa umbono wefilosofi ngesimo sawo.” U-Origen no-Augustine babeyisekelaphi imibono yabo ngomphefumulo?
13 U-Origen wayengumfundi kaClement wase-Alexandria, ‘owayengowokuqala koBaba abathekela ingcaca emfundisweni yamaGreki yomphefumulo,’ kusho i-New Catholic Encyclopedia. Imibono kaPlato ngomphefumulo kumelwe ukuba yamthonya kakhulu u-Origen. “[U-Origen] wafaka ezimfundisweni zobuKristu uxhaxha lwezimfundiso zomphefumulo ayezithathe kuPlato,” kusho isazi sezenkolo uWerner Jaeger kuyi-Harvard Theological Review.
14 Abanye kweLobukholwa babheka u-Augustine njengesihlakaniphi sasendulo esikhulu kunazo zonke. Ngaphambi kokuguqukela “ebuKristwini” lapho eneminyaka engu-33, u-Augustine wayeyithanda kakhulu ifilosofi futhi waba umlandeli wefilosofi kaPlato. Lapho eseguqukile, wayelokhu ecabanga njengomlandeli wefilosofi kaPlato. I-New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Kusengqondweni yakhe lapho kwahlangana khona izimfundiso zeTestamente Elisha nesiko likaPlato lefilosofi yamaGreki.” I-New Catholic Encyclopedia iyavuma ukuthi “imfundiso” ka-Augustine “[yomphefumulo], eyaba yinhloko eNtshonalanga kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-12, . . . ivela emfundisweni kaPlato.”
15, 16. Ingabe isithakazelo sekhulu le-13 ezimfundisweni zika-Aristotle sakushintsha ukuma kwesonto emfundisweni yokungafi komphefumulo?
15 Ngekhulu le-13, izimfundiso zika-Aristotle zaziya zithandwa eYurophu, ikakhulu ngenxa yokutholakala kwezincwadi zesiLatini zezazi zama-Arabhu ezaziphawula kabanzi ngemibhalo ka-Aristotle. Isazi esingumKatolika okuthiwa uThomas Aquinas sayithanda kakhulu indlela yokucabanga ka-Aristotle. Ngenxa yezincwadi zika-Aquinas, imibono ka-Aristotle yaba nethonya elikhudlwana kunekaPlato emfundisweni yesonto. Nokho, leli thonya alizange liyishintshe imfundiso yokungafi komphefumulo.
16 U-Aristotle wayefundisa ukuthi umphefumulo uhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomzimba futhi awuqhubeki uziphilela wodwa ngemva kokufa nokuthi uma kukhona into engafi ngaphakathi kumuntu, iyinto ecatshangelwayo, ayiphili. Le ndlela yokuchaza umphefumulo yayingavumelani nenkolelo yesonto yemiphefumulo esindayo ekufeni. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Aquinas wawushintsha umbono ka-Aristotle ngomphefumulo, egomela ngokuthi zikhona izizathu ezingafakazela ukuthi umphefumulo awufi. Ngale ndlela, inkolelo yesonto yokuthi umphefumulo awufi yahlala injalo.
17, 18. (a) Ingabe iNkathi Yenguquko yekhulu le-16 yayiguqula imfundiso emayelana nomphefumulo? (b) Izinkolo eziningi zeLobukholwa zimiphi ngokuqondene nokungafi komphefumulo?
17 Phakathi nekhulu le-14 nele-15, ngasekuqaleni kweNkathi Yempucuko, saphinda savuka isithakazelo kuPlato. Umkhaya odumile wakwaMedici e-Italy waze wasiza nasekuvulweni kwesikole eFlorence ukuze ugqugquzele ukufundwa kwefilosofi kaPlato. Phakathi kwekhulu le-16 nele-17, sancipha isithakazelo ku-Aristotle. Kanti neNkathi Yenguquko ngekhulu le-16 ayilethanga zinguquko emfundisweni yomphefumulo. Nakuba abaShisekeli Bezinguquko abangamaProthestani babesaphikisana nemfundiso yesihlanzo, bawamukela umbono wokuhlushwa noma ukuvuzwa kwaphakade.
18 Imfundiso yokungafi komphefumulo ibe ngevelele kanjalo-ke ezinkolweni eziningi zeLobukholwa. Siphawula lokhu, isazi saseMelika sabhala: “Eqinisweni, eningini labantu bakithi inkolo isho ukungafi, hhayi okunye. UNkulunkulu uyena oveza ukungafi.”
Ukungafi Komphefumulo NeNkolo YamaSulumane
19. INkolo YamaSulumane yasungulwa nini, futhi ubani?
19 UbuSulumane baqala ngokubizwa kukaMuḥammad ukuba abe umprofethi lapho eneminyaka engu-40. AmaSulumane akholelwa ukuthi wafikelwa izambulo phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka engu-20 kuya kwengu-23, cishe kusukela ngo-610 C.E. kuya ekufeni kwakhe ngo-632 C.E. Lezi zambulo zilotshwe kuyiKoran, incwadi engcwele yamaSulumane. Ngesikhathi iNkolo YamaSulumane iqala, ubuJuda neLobukholwa babugcwele imfundiso kaPlato ngomphefumulo.
20, 21. Yini amaSulumane ayikholelwayo ngokuqondene nokuPhila Ngemva Kokufa?
20 AmaSulumane akholelwa ukuthi ukholo lwawo luwumphumela wezambulo ezanikezwa amaHeberu namaKristu akudala. IKoran icaphuna imiBhalo YesiHeberu neYesiGreki. Kodwa ngokuqondene nemfundiso yokungafi komphefumulo, iKoran iyahluka kule mibhalo. IKoran ifundisa ukuthi umuntu unomphefumulo oqhubeka uphila ngemva kokufa. Ikhuluma nangokuvuka kwabafileyo, usuku lokwahlulela nesiphetho somphefumulo—singaba ukuphila engadini eyipharadesi yasezulwini noma isijeziso esihogweni esivuthayo.
21 AmaSulumane akholelwa ukuthi umphefumulo womuntu ofile uya kuyi-Barzakh, noma “Ukwahlukaniswa,” “indawo noma isimo abantu abayoba kuso ngemva kokufa kodwa ngaphambi koKwahlulelwa.” (Surah 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, umbhalo waphansi) Umphefumulo uyaphila, kuleyo ndawo uzwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “Ukuhlushwa Ithuna” uma umuntu ayemubi, noma uyajabula uma ayethembekile. Kodwa abathembekileyo kumelwe bezwe ukuhlupheka okuthile ngenxa yezono zabo ezimbalwa abazenze besaphila. Ngosuku lokwahlulela, ngamunye ubhekana nesiphetho sakhe saphakade, esinqamula leso simo sokuba phakathi naphakathi.
22. Yiziphi izinkolelo-mbono ezingefani eziphathelene nesiphetho somphefumulo ezavezwa izazi zefilosofi ezingama-Arabhu?
22 Umbono wokungafi komphefumulo ebuJudeni nakweLobukholwa waba khona ngenxa yethonya likaPlato, kodwa le mfundiso yafakwa enkolweni yobuSulumane kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi izazi ezingama-Arabhu azizange zizame ukuxuba izimfundiso zobuSulumane nefilosofi yamaGreki. Eqinisweni izwe lama-Arabhu lathonywa kakhulu imisebenzi ka-Aristotle. Futhi izazi ezaziwayo ezingama-Arabhu, njengo-Avicenna no-Averroës zachasisa futhi zathuthukisa indlela ka-Aristotle yokucabanga. Nokho, emzamweni wazo wokuvumelanisa umbono wamaGreki nemfundiso yamaSulumane yomphefumulo, zaphuma nezinkolelo-mbono ezingefani. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Avicenna wathi umphefumulo womuntu awufi. Kanti u-Averroës yena wawuphikisa lowo mbono. Naphezu kwale mibono, amaSulumane asalokhu ekholelwa ukuthi umphefumulo awufi.
23. UbuJuda, eLobukholwa neNkolo YamaSulumane kumiphi endabeni yokungafi komphefumulo?
23 Kuyacaca-ke ukuthi ubuJuda, eLobukholwa neNkolo YamaSulumane bonke bafundisa imfundiso yokungafi komphefumulo.
[Isithombe ekhasini 14]
Ukunqoba kuka-Alexander Omkhulu kwaholela ekuxutshweni kwamasiko amaGreki nawamaJuda
[Izithombe ekhasini 15]
U-Origen, ngenhla, no-Augustine bazama ukuhla-nganisa ifilosofi kaPlato nobuKristu
[Izithombe ekhasini 16]
U-Avicenna, ngenhla, wathi umphefumulo womuntu uyafa. U-Averroës wawuphikisa lowo mbono