Isayensi Nenkolo—Umsuka Wengxabano
ISAZI SEZINKANYEZI esineminyaka engu-70 ubudala sasisokhukhwini lwaso lokufa, sizama ukufunda. Sasiphethe amakhasi encwadi yaso esilungele ukunyatheliswa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sasazi noma cha, incwadi yaso yayiyoshintsha umbono wesintu ngokuma kwendawo yonke. Yayiyosusa nodweshu olukhulu phakathi kweLobukholwa, imiphumela yalo esezwakala nanamuhla.
Le ndoda eyayisiyalela yayinguNicolaus Copernicus, umKatolika wasePoland, futhi kwakungunyaka ka-1543. Le ncwadi kaCopernicus eyayinesihloko esithi, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, yathi akuwona umhlaba osenkabeni yesimiso sonozungezilanga, kodwa yilanga. Ngegalelo elilodwa nje, uCopernicus washintsha lokho abantu ababekukholelwa ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu somhlaba osenkabeni yesimiso sonozungezilanga wakwenza kwaba lula ngendlela emangalisayo.
Akuzange kusheshe kubonakale ukuthi kamuva kwakuyoba nodweshu. Esinye isizathu salokhu ukuthi uCopernicus wayenza ngokuhlakanipha lapho eveza imibono yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSonto LamaKatolika elalamukele umbono wokuthi umhlaba yiwona osenkabeni, lalibonakala liyibekezelela imibono eyayiqagulwa isayensi ngaleso sikhathi. Ngisho nopapa wamgqugquzela uCopernicus ukuba ayinyathelise le ncwadi. Lapho uCopernicus eyinyathelisa ekugcineni, umhleli owayenetwetwe wabhala isandulela sakhe kule ncwadi ethi lo mbono wokuthi yilanga eliyinkaba esimisweni sonozungezilanga, umane nje uwumbono ophathelene nezibalo, akukhona ukuthi uyiqiniso ngokwesayensi yezinkanyezi.
Impikiswano Iyashuba
Ngemva kwakhe kwalandela umNtaliyane owayeyisazi sezinkanyezi, eyisazi sezibalo, futhi eyisazi semithetho yemvelo, uGalileo Galilei (1564 kuya ku-1642), naye owayengumKatolika. Esebenzisa izibonakude ayezakhile ezazinama-lens ayesanda kuklanywa, uGalileo wabona imininingwane ethile ngamazulu eyayingakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Lokho akubona kwamqinisekisa ukuthi uCopernicus wayeqinisile. UGalileo wabona namachashaza elangeni, amachashaza elanga enza kungabazeke enye inkolelo engokwenkolo eyayithandwa kakhulu—inkolelo ethi ilanga alishintshi futhi aliwohloki.
Ngokungafani noCopernicus, uGalileo yena wayenesibindi futhi ekushisekela ukusabalalisa imibono yakhe. Wakwenza lokhu isimo simazonzo ngokwenkolo, ngoba iSonto LamaKatolika ngaleso sikhathi lase lisho obala ukuthi alihambisani nombono kaCopernicus. Ngakho, lapho uGalileo egomela ngokuthi umbono wokuthi yilanga elisenkabeni wawushaya emhloleni futhi wawuvumelana nemiBhalo, isonto lamsola ukuthi uyimbuka.a
UGalileo waya eRome eyoziphendulela kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ngo-1616 isonto lamtshela ukuthi makayeke ukusekela umbono kaCopernicus. UGalileo wavalwa umlomo isikhashana. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-1632 wanyathelisa enye incwadi esekela uCopernicus. Ngonyaka owalandela, iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yagweba uGalileo ukuba adilikelwe ijele. Nokho, icabangela ukuthi wayesekhulile, yabuye yasithambisa isigwebo sakhe, waboshelwa endlini.
Abaningi babheka ingxabano kaGalileo nesonto njengokudlondlobala kwesayensi ngaphezu kwenkolo, futhi empeleni nangaphezu kweBhayibheli ngokwalo. Nokho, njengoba sizobona esihlokweni esilandelayo, lesi siphetho esilula sintula amaqiniso amaningi.
[Umbhalo waphansi]
a UGalileo wazibangela amazinyo abushelelezi kungadingekile ngoba wayeshesha ukuziphendulela futhi ebhuqa ngendlela ehlabayo. Futhi ukusho kwakhe ukuthi umbono othi yilanga eliyinkaba esimisweni sonozungezilanga uvumelana nemiBhalo, kwanikezwa umuzwa wokuthi wayenezwi kwezenkolo, okuyinto eyalithukuthelisa nakakhulu isonto.
[Isithombe ekhasini 3]
UCopernicus
[Umthombo]
Taken from Giordano Bruno and Galilei (German edition)
[Isithombe ekhasini 3]
UGalileo uziphendulela phambi kweNkantolo YaseRoma Yamacala Ezihlubuki
[Umthombo]
From the book The Historian’s History of the World, Vol. IX, 1904
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 3]
Background: Chart depicting Copernicus’ concept of the solar system