Ungaba Khona Yini Umklamo Engekho Umklami?
SEKUDLULE iminyaka engaba ngu-150 uCharles Darwin athi ubunkimbinkimbi nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kwabangelwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nokho, labo abakholelwa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezihleleke ngokuyisimangaliso zaklanywa ngenjongo baye bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezincazelo zayo ezihlukahlukene zamuva. Ngisho nososayensi abaningi abahlonishwayo abavumi ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo esizibona emhlabeni zaba khona ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Abanye balab’ ososayensi babeka esinye isizathu salokhu—lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlakanipha okubonakala emklamweni—begomela ngokuthi iqiniso lokuthi indalo yaklanywa lisekelwa ngokuqinile isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, isayensi yezibalo kanye nokusebenzisa ingqondo. Bafuna ukuba le mfundiso ifakwe ezifundweni zesikole. Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo zishisa phansi ikakhulu e-United States, kodwa kubikwa okufanayo naseNetherlands, eNgilandi, ePakistan, eSerbia naseTurkey.
Kukhona Okuxakayo Okungashiwo Lutho Ngakho
Nokho, kunokuthile okuxakayo okusobala ukuthi akushiwo kuleli phuzu elibekwe kahle lokuthi umklamo obonakala endalweni ubonisa ukuhlakanipha. Akukhulunywa lutho ngomklami. Ucabanga ukuthi ungaba khona yini umklamo engekho umklami? I-New York Times Magazine ithi abakhuthaza le nkolelo yokuthi umklamo wendalo ubonisa ukuhlakanipha “abasho ukuthi umklami angase abe ubani noma yini.” Umlobi uClaudia Wallis wathi abakhuthaza inkolelo yomklamo wendalo obonisa ukuhlakanipha “bayaqikelela ukuthi abamphathi uNkulunkulu kule ndaba.” Kanti umagazini i-Newsweek wona wathi “inkolelo yokuhlakanipha okubonakala emklamweni ayisho lutho ngokuba khona komklami nokuthi ungubani.”
Nokho, cishe uyavuma ukuthi akusizi ukugwema indaba yomklami. Nempela nje singazithola kanjani izincazelo eziphelele zomklamo wendawo yonke nokuphila ngokwakho uma ukuba khona komklami nokuthi ungubani kufihlwa noma kungacatshangelwa nokucatshangelwa?
Ngokwezinga elithile, impikiswano yokuvuma ukuthi umklami ukhona noma akekho ihlobene nale mibuzo: Ingabe ukuvuma ukuthi ukhona umklami ongaphezu komuntu kungakhinyabeza inqubekela-phambili yesayensi nokuhlakanipha kwabantu? Ingabe kufanele siphethe ngokuthi ukhona umklami ohlakaniphile kuphela uma ingekho enye incazelo? Kunengqondo yini futhi ukuphetha ngokuthi ukhona umklami ngoba nje kukhona umklamo? Isihloko esilandelayo sizodingida le mibuzo neminye ehlobene nayo.
[Izithombe ekhasini 3]
UCharles Darwin wayekholelwa ukuthi ubunkimbinkimbi bezinto eziphilayo babangelwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
[Umthombo]
Darwin: From a Photograph by Mrs. J. M. Cameron/U.S. National Archives photo