Athembeke Kangakanani AmaVangeli?

“Amavangeli sekufanele abhekwe njengomphumela wezinganekwane ezaqanjwa amaKristu okuqala.”—UBurton L. Mack, uprofesa osewathatha umhlalaphansi wezocwaningo lweTestamente Elisha.

AKUYENA uprofesa ocashunwe ngenhla kuphela onalo mbono. Izazi eziningi ziye zakungabaza ukuthembeka kweVangeli likaMathewu, uMarku, uLuka nelikaJohane—ayimilando yeBhayibheli yokuphila nenkonzo kaJesu. Kungani abanye bebheka amaVangeli njengezinganekwane? Ingabe imibono yabo kufanele ikwenze ungabaze ukuba yiqiniso kwamaVangeli? Ake sihlole obunye bobufakazi.

Ukuthembeka KwamaVangeli Angatshazwayo

Ekhulwini le-17 leSikhathi sethu Esivamile, kwakungangatshazwa neze ukuthembeka kwamaVangeli. Nokho, kusukela ekhulwini le-19 kuqhubeke, izazi eziningi azibheki amaVangeli njengaphefumulelwe uNkulunkulu, kodwa njengaqanjwe abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziye zaphika ukuthi abalobi bamaVangeli bazibonela mathupha izinto ezenziwa uJesu futhi ziphikelela ngokuthi la madoda ayengakwazi ukuloba umlando onokwethenjelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziye zaphetha ngokuthi ukufana okukhona kwendaba equkethwe amaVangeli okuqala amathathu kubonisa ukuthi abalobi bamaVangeli babekopisha kakhulu omunye komunye. Abagxeki baye benqaba nezimangaliso zikaJesu nokuvuswa kwakhe okuchazwe emaVangelini. Abanye baze bathi uJesu akayena umuntu owaphila ngokoqobo emlandweni!

Bona laba bantu baye baphetha ngokuthi uMarku kumelwe ukuba nguyena owabhala iVangeli lakhe kuqala, ngenxa yokuthi kubonakala kungekho akucaphuna kuMathewu noLuka. Abagxeki baye baveza nokuthi uMathewu noLuka basebenzisa incwadi kaMarku ekuhlanganiseni imininingwane yamaVangeli abo nokuthi bahlola umthombo oseceleni—incwadi izazi eziyibiza ngokuthi i-Q (ethathelwa kwelesiJalimane elithi Quelle, noma “umthombo”). Ngokwesazi seBhayibheli u-A. F. J. Klijn, lo mbono othandwayo “wénza abalobi bamaVangeli baba abaqongeleli nje bezindaba ezihlukahlukene.” Empeleni, umbono onjalo uveza abalobi bamaVangeli njengabantu ababekopela futhi beqamba izinganekwane. Lo mbono uye walulaza ukukholelwa ekutheni iBhayibheli laphefumulelwa uNkulunkulu.—2 Thimothewu 3:16.

Ingabe Abalobi BamaVangeli Babekopela?

Ingabe ukufana kwamaVangeli ngempela kubonisa ukuthi abalobi babekopela nje? Cha. Ngani? Phakathi kokunye, uJesu wathembisa abafundi bakhe ukuthi umoya ongcwele ‘wawuyobakhumbuza zonke izinto ayebatshele zona.’ (Johane 14:26) Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi abalobi bamaVangeli bakhumbula futhi baloba ezinye zezenzakalo ezifanayo. Kuyavunywa ukuthi abanye abalobi beBhayibheli kungenzeka bafunda futhi babhekisela ezincwadini zabanye abalobi beBhayibheli, kodwa isenzo esinjalo sibonisa ukuthi babecwaninga ngokucophelela, hhayi ukuthi babekopisha. (2 Petru 3:15) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Anchor Bible Dictionary ithi: “Ukuthembela ekudlulisweni kwendaba ngomlomo kungenzeka yikho okwabangela ukuba izinto ezashiwo uJesu zilandiswe ngendlela efanayo.”

ULuka wathi wayekhulume nofakazi abaningi bokuzibonela futhi ‘wazilandela ngokunembile zonke izinto kusukela ekuqaleni.’ (Luka 1:1-4) Ingabe lokho kuzwakala sengathi wayekopela noma eqamba inganekwane? Lutho neze! Ngemva kokuhlaziya imibhalo kaLuka, isazi semivubukulo uWilliam Ramsay saphetha: “ULuka uyisazi-mlando esiseqophelweni eliphezulu: akukhona nje ukuthi akuloba kungamaqiniso anokwethenjelwa, kodwa unolwazi oluyiqiniso lwezenzakalo zomlando . . . Lo mlobi kufanele afakwe phakathi kwezazi-mlando eziphambili kakhulu.”

Ubufakazi boFata Besonto lokuqala, kuhlanganise nesazi senkolo sekhulu lesithathu u-Origen, nabo bubonisa ukuthi umphostoli uMathewu wayengowokuqala ukuloba iVangeli. U-Origen wabhala: “Elokuqala lilotshwe uMathewu, yena kanye owayeyisikhonzi somphakathi, kodwa kamuva owaba umphostoli kaJesu Kristu, owathi ngemva kokulilobela amaJuda ayeguqukile, walibhala ngesiHebheru.” Ngokusobala, kwakungenasidingo sokuba uMathewu, umphostoli nofakazi wokuzibonela, akopele emibhalweni kaMarku, owayengeyena ufakazi wokuzibonela. Khona-ke, ayini amaqiniso ngokuphathelene nombono wokuthi uMathewu noLuka bakopela kuMarku nasencwadini okuthiwa i-Q?

Ingabe IVangeli LikaMarku Lalotshwa Kuqala?

Umbono wokuthi iVangeli likaMarku lalotshwa kuqala futhi laba umthombo owasetshenziswa uMathewu noLuka awusekelwe “ezizathwini eziqinisekile,” kusho i-Anchor Bible Dictionary. Kodwa, izazi eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi uMarku waloba iVangeli lakhe ngaphambi kokuba uMathewu noLuka balobe awabo ngenxa yokuthi zithi uMarku unezela okuthile okungekho kulawa amanye amaVangeli. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi seBhayibheli sekhulu le-19 uJohannes Kuhn saphikelela ngokuthi kumelwe ukuba iVangeli likaMarku lalotshwa kuqala. UKuhn uthi uma kungenjalo, “umuntu angacabanga ukuthi uMarku wasika imiqulu emibili kaMathewu noLuka yaba yizicucu, wayihlanganisa embizeni, wabe esenza iVangeli lakhe esebenzisa le nhlanganisela.”

Njengoba iVangeli likaMarku lilifushane kunawo wonke, akumangalisi ukuthi liqukethe indaba encane kakhulu engatholakali kwamanye amaVangeli. Noma kunjalo, lokho akufakazeli ukuthi kumelwe ukuba lalotshwa kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akulona neze iqiniso ukuthi uMarku akanezeli lutho kulokho okushiwo uMathewu noLuka. Ekulandiseni kukaMarku ngomdlandla nangendlela esheshayo lokho okwenzeka enkonzweni kaJesu, empeleni kunezindima ezingaphezu kuka-180 nemininingwane ethakazelisayo engatholakali kuMathewu noLuka, okukwenza kube ukulandisa okuyingqayizivele ngempela kokuphila kukaJesu.—Bheka ibhokisi elisekhasini 13.

Kuthiwani Ngencwadi I-Q?

Kuthiwani ngencwadi i-Q, abanye abathi yayiwumthombo wendaba kaMathewu noLuka? UJames M. Robinson, uprofesa wezenkolo, uthi: “I-Q ngokuqinisekile iwumbhalo wamaKristu obaluleke kunayo yonke esinayo.” Lawo mazwi ayamangalisa ngoba incwadi i-Q ayisekho namuhla, empeleni, akekho ongafakazela ukuthi yake yaba khona! Ukunyamalala kwayo ngokuphelele kuyinto ephawulekayo ngoba izazi zithi kumelwe ukuba kwasakazwa amakhophi amaningana ayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oFata Besonto abayicaphuni nhlobo incwadi i-Q.

Cabanga ngalokhu. Incwadi i-Q bekufanele futhi ifakazele nombono ongaqinisekile wokuthi iVangeli likaMarku lalotshwa kuqala. Ingabe lowo akuwona umbono nje osekelwe komunye umbono ongaqinisekile? Uma kuziwa emibonweni enjengale, siyobe sihlakaniphile uma sikhumbula lesi saga: “Umuntu ovamile ukholelwa yiwo wonke amazwi awezwayo; umuntu ohlakaniphile uyasiqonda isidingo sobufakazi.”—IzAga 14:15, The New English Bible.

AmaVangeli—Aqinisile Futhi Anokwethenjelwa

Ngenxa yokuqagela kwazo nemibono engenasisekelo, izazi ezigxekayo ziye zaphazamisa abaningi ekuhloleni imilando yamaVangeli enokwethenjelwa ephathelene nokuphila nenkonzo kaJesu. Lokhu kulandisa kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi amaKristu okuqala ayengabheki izenzakalo zokuphila kukaJesu, inkonzo, ukufa nokuvuswa kwakhe njengenganekwane. Kwakunamakhulu ofakazi bokuzibonela abaqinisekisa ukuba yiqiniso kwalokhu kulandisa. La maKristu okuqala, ayekulungele ukubhekana noshushiso nokufa ukuze alandele uJesu, ayekuqaphela ngokuphelele ukuthi ukuba umKristu kwakungeke kube nengqondo ukube inkonzo nokuvuswa kukaJesu kwakuyinganekwane.—1 Korinte 15:3-8, 17, 19; 2 Thimothewu 2:2.

Ekhuluma ngokuphikisana kwemibono mayelana nokuthi iVangeli likaMarku lalotshwa kuqala kanye nokunyamalala ngokuyisimangaliso kwencwadi i-Q, uGeorge W. Buchanan, onguprofesa wezemfundiso yenkolo, uthi: “Ukugxila embonweni ongenasisekelo womsuka wendaba kuphazamisa umfundi weBhayibheli ekufundeni umbhalo ngokwawo.” Lowo mqondo uvumelana neseluleko umphostoli uPawulu asinika uThimothewu sokuba ‘anganaki izindaba ezingamanga nezinhlu zozalo, ezingafiki ndawo, kodwa ezibangela imibuzo yokucwaningwa kunokwabiwa kwanoma yini evela kuNkulunkulu ephathelene nokholo.’—1 Thimothewu 1:4.

AmaVangeli athembekile. Aqukethe umlando onokwethenjelwa wofakazi bokuzibonela. Asekelwe ekucwaningeni okunzulu. Asembulela amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngokuphila kukaJesu Kristu. Ngakho-ke, njengoThimothewu wasendulo, senza kahle uma silalela amazwi kaPawulu: “Qhubeka ezintweni owazifunda futhi wathonyelwa ukuba uzikholelwe.” Sinezizathu eziqinile zokwamukela ukuthi “yonke miBhalo iphefumulelwe uNkulunkulu”—kuhlanganise nala maVangeli amane.—2 Thimothewu 3:14-17.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]

Ukube IVangeli LikaMarku Lalingazange Lilotshwe, Sasingeke Sazi Ukuthi . . .

uJesu waqalaza ethukuthele, elusizi impela ngenxa yokungazweli kwezinhliziyo zabo (Marku 3:5)

uJohane noJakobe babengabakwaBowanergesi (Marku 3:17)

owesifazane owayenomopho wayesechithe yonke ingcebo yakhe (Marku 5:26)

uHerodiya wayembambele igqubu uJohane uMbhapathizi kanti uHerode wayemesaba uJohane futhi wamgcina ephephile (Marku 6:19, 20)

uJesu wamema abafundi bakhe ukuba bayophumula kancane (Marku 6:31)

abaFarisi babegeza izandla baze bafike endololwaneni (Marku 7:2-4)

uJesu wabasingatha abantwana (Marku 10:16)

uJesu wezwa emthanda umbusi osemusha (Marku 10:21)

uPetru, uJakobe, uJohane no-Andreya babuza uJesu ngasese (Marku 13:3)

insizwa ethile yashiya ingubo yayo yelineni ngemuva (Marku 14:51, 52)

Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye wemifanekiso kaJesu nezimangaliso zakhe ezimbili zitholakala kuphela encwadini kaMarku.—Marku 4:26-29; 7:32-37; 8:22-26.

IVangeli likaMarku lineminye imininingwane eminingi yofakazi bokuzibonela engatholakali kwamanye amaVangeli. Ukulazisa kwethu kuyokhula ngokuqinisekile uma sizinika isikhathi sokuzindla ngokugcwele ngokubaluleka kwayo yonke imininingwane enjalo ephawulekayo.