U-Olivétan—“Umhumushi Othobekile” WeBhayibheli LesiFulentshi
Ngo-September 13, 1540, amaphoyisa afika emzini kaCollin Pellenc ezosesha. Egumbini eliyimfihlo athola amaphepha asolisayo, futhi phakathi kwawo kwakukhona incwadi enkulu. Ekhasini lesibili kwakubhalwe la mazwi: “P. Robert Olivetanus, umhumushi othobekile.” Leyo ncwadi yayiyiBhayibheli lamaWalden! UCollin Pellenc waboshwa, wabekwa icala lokuba yimbuka futhi washiswa ephila.
NGALESO sikhathi eFrance, njengoba kwakunjalo kuyo yonke iYurophu, iSonto LobuKatolika lalifuna ukubaqeda nya abaGqugquzeli Bezinguquko ukuze banqande izimfundiso zabo ababezibheka njengeziyingozi. Omunye umGqugquzeli Wezinguquko, isishoshovu esinguGuillaume Farel, wayezimisele ukwenza bonke abantu abakhuluma isiFulentshi bamukele imibono kaMartin Luther, umholi omkhulu weNguquko YamaProthestani. UFarel owayevela eSifundazweni saseDauphiné, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFrance, wayazi ukuthi indlela esebenza ngempela yokushintsha indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo iwukusebenzisa izincwadi. Ukuze afeze umgomo wakhe, wayezodinga amaphepha amaningi, kanye namaBhayibheli. Kodwa ubani owayengamxhasa kulo msebenzi? Wacabanga ngamaWalden, iqembu lenkolo elizimele elalizinikele ekufundiseni ngeBhayibheli.
Umhlangano Wesigungu Sabefundisi EChanforan
Phakathi no-September 1532, abefundisi bamaWalden baba nomhlangano wesigungu sabefundisi eChanforan, idolobha elincane eliseduze kwaseTurin, e-Italy. Kwase kuyiminyaka eminingana kunezingxoxo phakathi kwamaWalden nabaholi beziNguquko. Yingakho uFarel nabanye abaningana bamenywa ukuba beze emhlanganweni wesigungu. AmaWalden ayefuna ukwazi ukuthi izimfundiso zawo ziyavumelana yini nalezo ezazifundiswa uLuther nabafundi bakhe.a
EChanforan, ukukhuluma kukaFarel aqephuze kwakholisa ababekhona. Lapho abefundisi bamaWalden bembonisa amaBhayibheli abo amadala abhalwe ngesandla ngolimi lwabo lwesigodi, wakhuluma nabo wabenza babona ukuthi kufanele baxhase ngezimali ukunyatheliswa kweBhayibheli lesiFulentshi. Ngokungafani nohlelo lwango-1523 lukaLefèvre d’Étaples, olwalusekelwe enguqulweni yesiLatin, leli Bhayibheli lalizohunyushwa lisuselwa olimini lwesiHebheru nolwesiGreki. Kodwa ubani owayenekhono lokwenza lo msebenzi?
Kunendoda uFarel ayeyazi eyayingawenza kahle lo msebenzi. Igama layo kwakunguPierre Robert, kodwa wayaziwa nangokuthi u-Olivétan,b insizwa enguthisha eyazalwa esifundeni sasePicardy enyakatho yeFrance. U-Olivétan, umzala kaJohn Calvin, wayenguMgqugquzeli Wezinguquko wokuqala futhi eyindoda ethembekile. Wachitha neminyaka eminingana eStrasbourg etadisha izilimi zeBhayibheli ngokuzimisela.
NjengoFarel nabanye abaningi, u-Olivétan wayebhace eSwitzerland. Abangane bakhe bamncenga ukuba avume ukwenza lo msebenzi wokuhumusha. Ngemva kokwenqaba izikhathi eziningana, wagcina evumile ukuhumusha iBhayibheli “esusela olimini lwesiHebheru nesiGreki eyisa olimini lwesiFulentshi.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaWalden anikela ngezinhlamvu zegolide ezingu-500 kwezingu-800 ezazidingeka—imali eshisiwe!—ukuze kukhokhelwe izindleko zokunyathelisa.
Inselele Yokuhumusha Ususela Kolunye Ulimi
Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1534, u-Olivétan wahamba wayohlala yedwa ezintabeni zase-Alps futhi waqala umsebenzi wakhe ezungezwe yizincwadi zakhe kuphela. Izazi zanamuhla zingafisa ukuba nomtapo wakhe wezincwadi. Kuwo kwakunezinguqulo zamaBhayibheli esiSiriya, isiGreki nesiLatin, izincwadi zorabi, izincwadi zolimi zamaKhaledi nezinye eziningi. Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi wayenenguqulo yeBhayibheli laseVenice lombhalo wesiHebheru wokuqala.
Lapho ehumusha, u-Olivétan wasekela ingxenye yeBhayibheli ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iTestamente Elisha embhalweni wesiFulentshi kaLefèvre d’Étaples, nakuba aphinde ahlola nombhalo wesiGreki wesazi esingumDashi u-Erasmus izikhathi eziningi. U-Olivétan wayekhetha indlela yokubhala engazisekeli izinkolelo zamaKatolika. Ngokwesibonelo, wakhetha igama elithi “umbonisi” kunelithi “umbhishobhi,” elithi “imfihlo” kunelithi “okungaqondakaliyo” nelithi “ibandla” kunelithi “isonto.”
Ngokuqondene neTestamente Elidala, u-Olivétan wayezimisele ukuhumusha isiHebheru sokuqala izwi nezwi. Entela, wathi kuyinselele ukuhumusha isiFulentshi ususela olimini lwesiHebheru, wathi kufana ‘nokufundisa inyoni ecula kamnandi ukuba icule njengegwababa’!
Embhalweni wesiHebheru, u-Olivétan wahlangana kaningi negama likaNkulunkulu libhalwe nge-Tetragrammaton (izinhlamvu ezine ezithi YHWH). Wakhetha ukulihumusha ngokuthi “OwaPhakade,” okuyigama elasetshenziswa kakhulu emaBhayibhelini esiFulentshi amaProthestani. Nokho ezindaweni ezithile, wasebenzisa elithi “Jehova,” njengaku-Eksodusi 6:3.
U-Olivétan waqopha umlando ngoba ngo-February 12, 1535, cishe ngemva nje konyaka, waqeda ukuhumusha iBhayibheli. Njengoba avuma ukuthi “kwase kuyisikhathi eside elithwele yedwa ijoka [lokuhumusha],” kusobala ukuthi unyaka ka-1534 no-1535 waba umvuthwandaba womsebenzi wakhe omkhulu onzima. Ngokuthobeka lo mhumushi wathi: “Ngenze konke okusemandleni.” Okwase kusele kwakuwukunyathelisa iBhayibheli lokuqala lesiFulentshi elalihunyushwe kucatshangwa ngezilimi zokuqala.
Ukunyathelisa Endaweni Yokunyathelisa KaPirot
UPierre de Wingle, owaziwa nangokuthi uPirot Picard, umngane kaFarel nomnyathelisi onguMgququzeli Wezinguquko naye waba nengxenye kulo msebenzi. Ngemva kokuxoshwa yiSonto LamaKatolika eLyon, wahlala eNeuchâtel, eSwitzerland, ngo-1533. Ngosizo lwemali yamaWalden, waqala ukunyathelisa izincwadi eziningi “ezazivukela.” Ngokwesibonelo, kwakuyimishini yakhe yokunyathelisa eyanyathelisa izingqwembe ezazilahla iMisa, futhi ezinye zalezo zingqwembe zafika eNkosini uFrancis I owayengumKatolika eFrance.
UPierre de Wingle waphinde wahlela imishini yakhe—kodwa kulokhu ukuze anyathelise iBhayibheli! Ukuze kusheshiswe umsebenzi, ithimba lezisebenzi ezine noma ezinhlanu lasebenza emishinini emibili, lihlela izinhlamvu ngesandla futhi linyathelisa. Ekugcineni, “ngonyaka ka-1535, ngomhla ka-4 June,” uPierre de Wingle wasayina ikhasi labanyathelisi leBhayibheli lika-Olivétan. Esethulweni sakhe, umhumushi wathi unikela leli Bhayibheli emakholweni “achobozekile nasindwa amasiko ayize.”
Leli Bhayibheli lalihunyushwe kahle kakhulu. Amagama esiFulentshi ayesetshenzisiwe ayelula futhi eqondakala. Kwasetshenziswa izinhlamvu ezinhle ezihlelwe ezinhlwini ezimbili zephepha futhi lahlukaniswa ngezahluko nangezigaba. Amagama abhalwe eceleni afakazela ukuthi umhumushi wayecophelela. Isethulo, izithasiselo, izinhlu, izinkondlo namahubo kwenza leli Bhayibheli laba lihle kakhulu. Ngemuva eBhayibhelini, kunamazwi asankondlo embula ukuthi “amaWalden ayeshumayela iVangeli, enza ukuba leli gugu litholwe yiwo wonke umuntu.”
IBhayibheli Elibhalwe Ngobuciko . . . Nokwehluleka Kwalo
Nakuba ekuqaleni lingazange lamukelwe ngesasasa, abantu abaningi namuhla babheka iBhayibheli lika-Olivétan njengomsebenzi wobuciko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBhayibheli lakhe laba yisisekelo sezinguqulo zeBhayibheli zamaProthestani phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amathathu.
Nakuba kwanyatheliswa amakhophi eBhayibheli lika-Olivétan angaba yinkulungwane, alizange lithengiswe kakhulu. Lokho kwabangelwa ukuthi sasingekho isimiso esikahle sokulisakaza nokuthi ulimi lwesiFulentshi lwalusenkathini yokuguquka. Ngaphandle nje kwalokho, leli Bhayibheli laliwumqulu oyisisindo esingamakhilogremu amahlanu okwakwenza kube nzima ngabashumayeli abahamba amabanga amade nalabo abalifunda ekusithekeni ukuba baliphathe.
Nakuba ikhophi yaleli Bhayibheli yafika emzini kaCollin Pellenc eFrance, njengoba kuboniswe ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, iBhayibheli lika-Olivétan alizange lidayiswe kangako. Ngo-1670, cishe sekudlule ikhulu leminyaka nengxenye, isitolo sezincwadi eGeneva sasisenayo ikhophi eyayisadayisa.
“Igama Elingakaze Libe Khona”
Ngemva kokuphothula umsebenzi wakhe, u-Olivétan wanyamalala waphila ukuphila okuzolile. Ezibiza ngamagama okungewona awakhe, wabukeza iTestamente Elisha nezingxenye ezithile zeTestamente Elidala. Wazinikela nakomunye umkhakha awuthanda kakhulu—ukufundisa. Njengoba ayewuthisha ohlale ecabanga, wahlela kabusha incwadi yakhe ethi Izifundo Zabantwana equkethe izifundo zokuziphatha kwezingane kanye nesethulo sokufunda isiFulentshi esasisekelwe ngokuphelele emiBhalweni. Elinye lamagama azetha wona lithi Belisem de Belimakom, okusho ukuthi “Igama Elingakaze Libe Khona.”
U-Olivétan washona ngo-1538 esanda kuhlanganisa iminyaka engu-30, cishe eseRoma. Bambalwa namuhla abantu abazi indima ebalulekile yale nsizwa yasePicardy ngokuqondene nokusakazwa kweBhayibheli lesiFulentshi. Kuyaqabukela igama lakhe livelile ezichazamazwini. Nokho, uLouys Robert, owayebizwa nangokuthi u-Olivétan, “umhumushi othobekile” kwakungeke kumkhathaze lokho!
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Ukuze uthole ukuthi amaWalden azithola kanjani esamukele imibono yabaGqugquzeli Bezinguquko, bheka INqabayokulinda ka-March 15, 2002, amakhasi 20-23.
b Abazali bakhe bametha ngokuthi uLouys Robert, kodwa yena wathanda ukusebenzisa elikaPierre. Igama lakhe eliyisidlaliso elithi Olivétan cishe walithola ngenxa yamafutha omnqumo amaningi okukhanyisa ayewasebenzisa njengoba ayesebenza ubusuku bonke.
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 18]
Archives de la Ville de Neuchâtel, Suisse /Photo: Stefano Iori
[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 19]
Left photo: Alain Leprince - La Piscine-musée, Roubaix / Courtesy of the former Bouchard Museum, Paris
Center and right: Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 20]
Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris