Inkundla Yemidlalo Yeshashalazi Yase-Epidaurus—Isenjengoba Yayinjalo Emakhulwini Eminyaka
Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! eGrece
UYATHANDA ukuya enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini? Uyathanda ukuhleka lapho ubukele umdlalo ohlekisayo? Ingabe uyaqabuleka lapho ubukele umdlalo waseshashalazini othinta inhliziyo noma okufundisa ngesimo somuntu? Khona-ke ungase ukujabulele ukufunda ngenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yase-Epidaurus. Ihlobene ngokuseduze nemisuka yemidlalo yaseshashalazini eGreece yasendulo.
Isazi sesayensi yokuma komhlaba saseGreece, uPausanias, wekhulu lesibili C.E., wabhala ukuthi e-Epidaurus ‘kunenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enhle kakhulu yasendulo. Nakuba izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zaseRoma zizinhle kakhulu futhi zinkulu, akekho umakhi ongancintisana nobuhle nokuvumelana kwezici zenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yase-Epidaurus.’
Ilondolozwe Kahle Kakhulu
Endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-60 eningizimu yedolobha laseGreece iKorinte kunedolobhana elincane i-Epidaurus. Emakhulwini eminyaka angu-25 adlule, laliyisikhungo esibalulekile sezentengiselwano nesezenkolo.
Kamuva, amagquma ehlelayo, izimfunda ezilinywayo namahlathi ezihlahla zomnqumo kwavele kwenza waphika ukuthi kwakuke kwaba khona inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enkulu lapho. Nokho, uPanagís Kavadías, isazi sezemivubukulo esasidumile eGreece ngekhulu le-19, sasiqiniseka ukuthi wonke lawo magquma ayethule nemfihlo egcinwe kahle. Incazelo kaPausanias oke wacashunwa ngaphambili yamfaka ugqozi wafuna ukwazi, futhi wayeqiniseka ukuthi kule ndawo evamile, uzothola inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enhle ngokubabazekayo. Nangempela, entwasahlobo ka-1881 wayithola.
Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha yokuzikhandla, uKavadías wavubukula inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enkulu ecishe ibe njengoba yayinjalo. Ngokwezazi zemivubukulo, le nkundla yakhiwa cishe ngo-330 B.C.E. nguPolyclitus Omncane, umqophi wemifanekiso nomakhi odumile wasedolobheni lase-Argos eliseduze. Umakhi wanamuhla uMános Perrákis uveza umbono ovamile wabacwaningi lapho ebiza inkundla yase-Epidaurus ngokuthi “yinkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini edumile nelondolozwe kahle kakhulu eGreece.”
Ukutholakala kwenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yase-Epidaurus kuye kwaba okubalulekile kwezemivubukulo nakwezokwakha. Nakuba eziningi zezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zasendulo zinezingxenye ezicekeleké phansi noma ziphindé zakhiwa kabusha, inkundla yase-Epidaurus isenjengoba yayinjalo emakhulwini eminyaka ngoba yayimbozwe kahle inhlabathi engaphezu kwamamitha ayisithupha.
Isivakashi sanamuhla singazikhomba kahle izingxenye eziyinhloko zale nkundla. I-orchestra, indawo ephansi eyisiyingi yabadansi nabaculi, ibiyelwe ngemabula. Phansi kugandayiwe, futhi kukhona i-altare phakathi nendawo. Ngemva kwe-orchestra kukhona isiteji, osekusele isisekelo kuphela. Kuqala, abadlali babedlalela kuyi-orchestra, futhi isiteji sasinamapulangwe apendiwe akhelwe emabhodini angonxantathu azungezile. Kamuva abadlali baqala ukudlalela enkundleni ngokwayo, bayeka i-orchestra, ukuba isetshenziswe abaculi nabadansi, futhi isiteji sahlehliselwa emuva ngasezindongeni.
Ekuqaleni, inkundla yase-Epidaurus yayihlalisa abantu abangu-6 000. Ekhulwini lesibili B.C.E., ingxenye engaphezulu yanwetshwa kwanezelwa ezinye izinhlu ezingu-21 zezihlalo, okwenza ukuba le nkundla ikwazi ukuhlalisa abantu abangaphezu kuka-13 000. Izihlalo ezisohlwini oluphambili, ezazihlala izicukuthwane, zazihlukile kwezinye ngokuthi zazakhiwe ngetshe elibomvu futhi zinendawo yokuncika.
Isimangaliso Sesayensi Yomsindo
Inkundla yase-Epidaurus idume ngokukwazi ukudlulisa umsindo okumangalisayo. Uprofesa wezemivubukulo uS. E. E. Iakovídis uthi: “Umsindo omncane—ukudonsa umoya noma ukudabula iphepha—ungazwakala ngokucacile kuze kufike ohlwini lokugcina lwezihlalo.”
Lapho zivakashele le nkundla, izivakashi eziningi zithanda ukuma phakathi kwe-orchestra bese zihaya izinkondlo, zicule amaculo noma zihlebezele abangane bazo abahlezi ezinhlwini eziphezulu. Zichazwa yindlela emangalisayo umsindo ohamba ngayo uye kuwo wonke amagumbi aleli hholo elikhulu.
Indlela eme ngayo le nkundla yase-Epidaurus, ingxenye yayo eyisiyingi enezihlalo ezikhuphukayo, yiyona eyenza ikwazi ukudlulisa umsindo kahle kangaka. Lokhu kusikhumbuza uJesu lapho enikeza izintshumayelo ezixukwini ezinkulu zabantu ezinkundleni zemvelo—ngokuvamile emagqumeni—ukuze bonke bamuzwe kahle.—Mathewu 5:1, 2; 13:1, 2.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izinhlu zezihlalo zikhuphuka e-Epidaurus, lokho kunciphisa ibanga elisuka esiteji liye ohlwini lokugcina phezulu. Amaza omsindo awanciphi uma efika kulezo zinhlu eziphezulu.
Enye into eyenza udluliseleke kahle kangaka umsindo ukushiyana kahle kwezinhlu zezihlalo. Lokhu kuvumela umsindo ukuba udlulele kuyo yonke indawo ngezinga elifanayo nelizwakalayo. Ezinye izici zihilela ukwenaneleka komsindo lapho ushaya kanzima, indawo ye-orchestra egxishiwe nezinhlu zezihlalo, imabula esezingeni eliphezulu eyasetshenziswa, indawo engenamsindo, kanye nomoya opholile olokhu uheleza usuka kuyi-orchestra uya ezibukelini.
Inkundla—Indawo Efanelekela Imidlalo Yaseshashalazini
Ngenxa yokuthi amaGreki ayecophelela kakhulu futhi enekhono lapho akha izinkundla ezinjengale yase-Epidaurus, izibukeli zaziyibona futhi ziyizwe kahle imidlalo yaseshashalazini. Imidlalo yaseshashalazini yaqala ngamadili okuchuma kwezivuno okugubha isivuno nokuvuthwa kwamagilebhisi kanye nemiqondo yokufa nokuvuselelwa kokuphila. Amadili anjalo ayedumisa uDionysus wasenganekwaneni, unkulunkulu wewayini nokuchuma. Le mibuthano yayingadumisi nje kuphela onkulunkulu basezinganekwaneni kodwa yayivame ukulandisa indaba. Kwaqalwa ukulandiswa kwezinhlobo ezintathu zezindaba: indaba ephela ngobuhlungu, ehlekisayo newumbhinqo. Abaphathi bedolobha, beqaphela ukuthandwa kwalezo zenzakalo, bazisekela ukuze nabo basekelwe kakhulu kwezombangazwe.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lancipha ithonya lemikhosi kaDionysus emidlalweni yaseshashalazini kanye nokudlondlobala kwemicimbi yakhe ewumbukwane. Befuna izihloko ezintsha zemidlalo yabo, ababhali bemidlalo abadumile bekhulu lesihlanu B.C.E., abanjengo-Aeschylus, oSophocles no-Euripides, baphendukela emlandweni nasezinganekwaneni zamaGreki. Ukwanda nokuthandeka kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini kwenza ukuba kudingeke izinkundla ezinkulu, njengale yase-Epidaurus. Futhi isidingo sokuba izilaleli zizwe yonke into emdlalweni—ngokuvamile ehlanganisa nenkulumo ecashile nobuciko bokuphendulana ngamazwi—senza ukuba baqaphelisise kakhulu futhi basebenzise ikhono ekwakheni lezi zinkundla.
Umdlalo waseshashalazini ngamunye wawudinga abaculi nabadansi (ngokuvamile abantu abangu-10 kuya kwabangu-15) kanye nabadlali (abangengaphezu kwabalingiswa abakhulumayo abathathu esigcawini ngasinye). Abadlali babebizwa ngokuthi hy·po·kri·taiʹ, abalandela abaculi nabadansi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli gama kwaqala ukungathekiswa ngalo kuchazwa umuntu odlala indima yokumbuluza noma yokuzenzisa. IVangeli likaMathewu lasebenzisa leli gama lapho lichaza ababhali nabaFarisi abakhohlisayo bosuku lukaJesu.—Mathewu 23:13.
I-Epidaurus Nomdlalo Waseshashalazini Wasendulo Namuhla
Ukudlalwa kwemidlalo yasendulo kuye kwavuselelwa e-Epidaurus, eGreece, nakwezinye izindawo. Kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imidlalo yamaGreki yasendulo, ikakhulukazi ephela ngobuhlungu, kwakufundwa ngayo ezikoleni kuphela. Kodwa kusukela ngo-1932 kuqhubeke, lapho kusungulwa i-National Theater of Greece, imidlalo yababhali bemidlalo basendulo iye yahunyushelwa esiGrekini sanamuhla.
Kusukela ngo-1954, imikhosi yemidlalo yase-Epidaurus iye yaba isenzakalo saminyaka yonke. Ihlobo ngalinye, inkundla yase-Epidaurus yamukela izinkampani eziningi zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zaseGreece nezakwamanye amazwe, ezidlala imidlalo yasendulo. Izinkulungwane zezivakashi nabathandi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini zivakashela le nkundla ukuze zizobuka imidlalo edlalwa namuhla eyabhalwa cishe eminyakeni engu-2 500 edlule.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuzayo lapho uvakashela eGreece, uyamenywa ukuba uze e-Epidaurus. Ngemva kokubona inkundla yayo enhle, ungase unanele isiphetho sikaPausanias: ‘Akekho umakhi ongancintisana nobuhle nokuvumelana kwezici zenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yase-Epidaurus.’
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Inkundla Yemidlalo Yaseshashalazini NamaKristu Ekhulu Lokuqala
Umphostoli uPawulu wabhalela amaKristu aseKorinte ayehlala eduze nase-Epidaurus, wathi: “Siye saba umbukwane wasenkundleni yemidlalo ezweni, nasezingelosini, nakubantu.” (1 Korinte 4:9; Heberu 10:33) Wayesho ukuthi ngenxa yokuhlanjalazwa nokushushiswa, kwakusengathi babekwe enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini bebukwa yizwe lonke. Ezinsukwini zikaPawulu, imidlalo yaseshashalazini yayiyindlela evamile yokuzilibazisa. Nokho, amaKristu ekhulu lokuqala axwayiswa ngokuziphatha okubi nobudlova obunonya, obabuvame ukubonakaliswa emidlalweni yaseshashalazini ngaleso sikhathi. (Efesu 5:3-5) Ngezinye izikhathi amaKristu qobo lwawo ayephoqwa ngenkani ayiswe ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini noma ezigcawini zoMbuso waseRoma njengezinto zokuzijabulisa, aqhathwe ngisho nanezilo zasendle.
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USophocles
U-Aeschylus
U-Euripides
[Umthombo]
Greek dramatists: Musei Capitolini, Roma
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Courtesy GNTO