Umoba—Utshani Obudlondlobele
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! E-AUSTRALIA
BESIYOBA yini ngaphandle kukashukela? Kungaba ihaba ukuthi izwe beliyokuma—kodwa ukudla okuningi esikudlayo bekuyodingeka kushintshwe kakhulu uma bekungaphela ushukela. Yebo, namuhla ezindaweni eziningi zezwe, ushukela uye waba yingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke, okwenza ukuba ukukhiqizwa kukashukela kube imboni yomhlaba wonke.
Izigidi zabantu, kusuka eCuba kuya eNdiya, kusuka eBrazil kuya e-Afrika, zitshala futhi zivune umoba. Eqinisweni, ukukhiqizwa kukashukela kwake kwahamba phambili njengemboni enkulu nengenisa izindodla zezimali kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kungashiwo ukuthi zimbalwa ezinye izitshalo eziye zalolonga izwe ngendlela umoba olilolonge ngayo.
Ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalesi sitshalo esivelele? Khona-ke hamba nathi siyovakashela esifundeni saseQueensland, e-Australia, lapho kutshalwa khona umoba. Nakuba kule ndawo kukhiqizwa umoba omncane ngesilinganiso, ukutshala okuphumelelayo nezindlela zokuwugaya kuye kwayenza yaba enye yezindawo ezihamba phambili ekuthumeleni ushukela ongakahluzwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuvakashela Izwe Likamoba
Umoya uyashisa futhi unomswakama. Ilanga elishisayo lishaya phezu kwamasimu kamoba osuvuthiwe. Umshini omkhulu ofana nowokuvuna ukolweni uhamba kancane phakathi kukamoba omude, unquma izingongolo zikamoba phakathi nenqubo yokuvuna futhi ufaka umoba ovuniwe enqoleni eseceleni kwawo. Ngokushesha kuvuza uju lukashukela kumoba onqunyiwe bese kugcwala iphunga elimnandi lenhlabathi emoyeni. Uju oluyigugu oluvela kulesi sitshalo esivelele luye lwaqala uhambo lwalo lusuka emasimini luya esitsheni sikashukela esisetafuleni lakho.
Ngaphambili, umoba ubugawulwa kanzima ngesandla lapha e-Australia njengoba kusenjalo kwamanye amazwe amaningi okuvunwa kuwo umoba. Sibone ngeso lengqondo isimo. Izisebenzi zigawula umoba ngesandla. Uhlu olujulukayo lwabagawuli bakamoba luza nayo kancane kancane insimu kamoba. Cishe ngokunemba okunjengokwempi, izisebenzi zihlanganisa izithungu zikamoba ezimile ngesandla esisodwa bese zizidonsa ngamandla zizidonsela kolunye uhlangothi ukuze kuvele iziqu. Hwasha, ga! Hwasha, ga! Zikhipha amandla azo, izisebenzi eziphethe ocelemba ziwugencela phansi umoba. Ziwuntshinga eceleni ezinhlwini esezihlutshiwe, ziqhubekele esixheni sikamoba esilandelayo. Lesi simo sesiyashintsha kancane kancane emhlabeni wonke njengoba anda manje amazwe asesebenzisa imishini.
Indawo kamoba yase-Australia ngokuyinhloko iyisiqephu esisogwini esingaba amakhilomitha angu-2 100 ubude, ingxenye enkulu yaso elinganisene neGreat Barrier Reef edumile. (Bheka isihloko esithi “Ukuvakashela IGreat Barrier Reef,” kuyi-Phaphama! ka-June 8, 1991.) Isimo sezulu esifudumala futhi sibe nomswakama unyaka wonke lapha, senza umoba uchume, futhi cishe abatshali abangaba ngu-6 500 bahlala ikakhulu emapulazini amancane emikhaya, asakazeke ogwini njengamahlukuzo ezithelo zomvini asesihlahleni.
Ngemva kokuhamba ngemoto ibanga elide, lapho sisekude sibona idolobha likamoba iBundaberg, ogwini oluphakathi lwaseQueensland. Njengoba sehla egqumeni elincane, sikhangwa indawo enhle—sibuka imfunda kamoba ophephezelayo kuze kuphele amehlo! Yeka ukuthi uyimibala ehlukahlukene kanjani! Amasimu ahlukahlukene kamoba asemazingeni okuvuthwa ahlukahlukene, ngakho ayashiyana ngemibala eluhlaza nesagolide, kukhona namabala amancane ansundu ezindaweni ezasala zingatshaliwe ngemva kokulinywa nonyaka noma ezisanda kuvunwa.
U-July inyanga ebanda kunazo zonke onyakeni, futhi inkathi yokuvuna nokugaya isanda kuqala. Lokhu kuzoqhubeka kuze kube u-December njengoba lesi sitshalo sivuthwa ngokushiyana. Manje sesimagange ukuvakashela umshini wokugaya umoba ukuze sibone ukuthi kwenzekani emobeni osuvuniwe. Kodwa kusikiselwa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba senze lokho, kuhle sifunde okuthile ngomoba ngokwawo. Ngakho sinquma ukuqala ukuma esiteshini sokuhlola ushukela esikule ndawo. Lapha ososayensi benza izinhlobo ezintsha zikamoba futhi benze ucwaningo lokuthuthukisa ukutshalwa nokukhiqizwa kukamoba.
Umsuka Nokutshalwa Kwawo
Esikhungweni sokucwaninga ngoshukela, isazi sezolimo esinobungane siyajabula ukusifundisa okuthile ngomoba ngokwawo futhi sichaze nokuthi utshalwa kanjani. Njengoba waqala ukutholakala emahlathini emvula aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia naseNew Guinea, umoba yiwona odlondlobele ezinhlotsheni zotshani, ezihlanganisa ungwengwe, okusanhlamvu noqalo. Zonke lezi zitshalo zikhiqiza ushukela emaqabungeni azo ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Nokho, umoba uyahluka ngokuthi lokho ukwenza ngamazinga amakhulu bese ugcina ushukela njengoju olumnandi ezingongolweni zawo.
Ukukhiqizwa kukamoba kwakwaziwa kabanzi eNdiya yasendulo. Lapho, ngo-327 B.C.E., ababhali emabuthweni ka-Alexander Omkhulu ayehlasela, baphawula ukuthi izakhamuzi “zazihlafuna umhlanga oyinqaba, owawukhiqiza uhlobo oluthile loju ngaphandle kosizo lwezinyosi.” Njengoba ukuhlola izwe nentuthuko kwakuba nomfutho phakathi nekhulu le-15, ukukhiqizwa kukamoba kwasakazeka njengomlilo wequbula. Namuhla izinhlobo zikamoba zibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni, futhi angaphezu kwangu-80 amazwe aba nengxenye kumoba otshalwa minyaka yonke ongaba amathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ukutshala kuwumsebenzi odinga izisebenzi eziningi. Izingongolo zikamoba esezivuthiwe zinqunywa ngobude obungaba amasentimitha angu-40 futhi zitshalwa emigqeni egqagqene ngamamitha angu-1,5. Umoba otshaliwe ngamunye ukhipha izingongolo ezingu-8 kuya kwezingu-12, ezivuthwa esikhathini esiphakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-16. Ukuhamba phakathi kwensimu eminyene kamoba osuvuthiwe kungaba okuhlangenwe nakho okwesabisayo. Izingongolo zikamoba namahlamvu azo ahlangene kuba kude kufinyelele emamitheni amane. Ingabe leyo nto ehwashaza lapho kungaba umoya, noma mhlawumbe inyoka noma igundane? Ukuze siphephe, mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuba siphumele endaweni ephephile ekhanyayo!
Kwenziwa ucwaningo lokuthola izindlela zokulwa nezilokazane nezifo zikamoba. Eminingi yale mizamo iye yaphumelela, nakuba kungeyona yonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1935, kwazanywa ukuqeda inhlava kamoba, izikhulu zathatha isinana sikamoba saseHawaii zasiyisa enyakatho yeQueensland. Ngeshwa, lesi sinana sikamoba sasithanda okunye ukudla kunenhlava kamoba futhi sizala kakhulu, sona ngokwaso sajika saba isilokazane esiwuhlupho kakhulu kulo lonke elasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Australia.
Uyawushisa Ngaphambi Kokuwuvuna?
Kamuva ebusuku sabuka ngokumangala lapho umlimi wendawo ethungela ngomlilo umoba wakhe osuvuthiwe. Emizuzwaneni emibalwa insimu encane yayisinamalangabi ashona phezulu esibhakabhakeni. Ukushisa umoba kusiza ekususeni amahlamvu angafuneki nezinye izinto ezingase zithiye inqubo yokuvuna nokugaya. Kodwa, ezikhathini zamuva, sekunokuthambekela okwandayo kokuvuna ngaphandle kombukwane wokuqala ngokushisa. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuvuna umoba oluhlaza. Ayithuthukisi nje kuphela ushukela okhiqizwayo kodwa ishiya izibi eziyisivikelo enhlabathini, ezisiza ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokhula.
Nakuba namuhla emazweni amaningi atshala umoba, lesi sitshalo sisavunwa ngesandla, maningi manje amazwe asevuna ngemishini emikhulu yokusika umoba. Le mishini emikhulu iguduza phakathi kwezingongolo ezinde zikamoba, izihlube amahlamvu aphezulu bese izinquma zibe amalunga amafushane, noma izingxenye, esezilungele ukugaywa emshinini. Nakuba umsiki oyedwa kamoba engavuna isilinganiso samathani kamoba amahlanu ngosuku esebenzisa indlela enzima yokusika ngesandla, imishini yokusika umoba ingagaya kalula nje amathani angaba ngu-300 ngosuku. Amasimu angase avunwe minyaka yonke iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba umkhiqizo kashukela unciphe bese kudingeka kutshalwe omunye.
Uma umoba usuvuniwe, isivinini ekuwuthutheni siyadingeka, ngoba ushukela uphela ngokushesha kumoba osuvuniwe. Ukuze kube lula ukuwuthutha ngokushesha uye emishinini yokugaya, kunojantshi bezinqola abanolayini abasondelene abahamba ibanga elingaba ngamakhilomitha angu-4 100 ezindaweni ezitshala umoba eQueensland. Amakhanda ezitimela ahamba kulabo layini anemibala emihle njengoba enqamula izwe, edonsa inqwaba yezinqola ezigcwele umoba.
Emshinini Wokugaya
Ukubuka umshini wokugaya umoba kuyisenzakalo esithakazelisayo. Uthi ufika nje ube uhlangatshezwa uhlu lwezinqola zikamoba zilinde ukuthululwa. Imishini yokuwuhlephula nokuwucindezela iyawuchoboza, ikhame uju lukashukela emalungwini. Amalungu asemfamfathekile noma amakhifilithi ayomiswa abese esetshenziselwa ukunika wonke umshini wokugaya amandla. Asalayo adayiselwa izimboni ezikhiqiza iphepha nezinto zokwakha ukuze ziwasebenzise.
Kube sekususwa ukungcola okusojwini lukashukela, kusale uketshezi olucwengiwe. Lokhu kungcola okukhishiwe, okubizwa ngokuthi udaka, kusetshenziswa njengesivundisi. Okunye okuseceleni, utiligi usetshenziswa njengokudla kwemfuyo noma into okwenziwa ngayo utshwala bukamoba nobasezimbonini. Ukuba yizinhlobonhlobo kukamoba nokuphumelela kwenqubo yokugaya kuyathakazelisa ngempela.
Lolu ketshezi lube selujiyiswa lwenziwe usulubha ngokubilisa kushiswe amanzi angadingeki bese lufakwa izinhlayiya ezincane zikashukela. Lezi zinhlayiyana ziyakhula zize zibe nkulu ngokufanele. Zibe sezikhishwa kule ngxube zomiswe. Umphumela kuba ushukela onsundu ongacolisiwe. Ukuqhubeka nenqubo kuzoshintsha lo shukela ongacolisiwe kuwenze ushukela omhlophe ojwayelekile abaningi abawuthandayo lapho bedla.
Mhlawumbe itiye lakho noma ikhofi selizoba mnandi nakakhulu ngemva kwalolu hambo oluthakazelisayo nolufundisayo ezweni likamoba. Kodwa-ke, uma unesifo sikashukela, kungase kudingeke uwuyeke ushukela mhlawumbe usebenzise okunye.
Ngokuqinisekile, siye sahlabeka umxhwele ngokuba khona kwezinhlobo eziningi kangaka zikamoba kanye nokuhlakanipha kwaLowo owasiklama futhi wenza ukuba sitshalwe ngobuningi lesi sitshalo, umoba—ngempela utshani obudlondlobele!
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Ingabe I-beet Noma Umoba?
Ushukela uvela ezitshalweni ezimbili eziyinhloko emhlabeni. Umoba ngokuvamile utshalwa ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi ukhiqiza okungenani amaphesenti angu-65 kashukela osetshenziswa emhlabeni. Amaphesenti angu-35 asele atholakala kuyi-sugar beet, etshalwa ezindaweni ezibandayo, njengaseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ayefana amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kushukela.
[Isithombe ekhasini 23]
Umoba uyashiswa ngaphambi kokuba uvunwe
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Umshini wokuvuna ushukela. Ugandaganda udonsa inqola
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All pictures on pages 21-4: Queensland Sugar Corporation