Indlela Isi-Arabhu Esaba Ngayo Ulimi Lwezifundiswa — Watchtower UMTAPO OKUYI-INTHANETHI

Indlela Isi-Arabhu Esaba Ngayo Ulimi Lwezifundiswa

SEKUNGAMAKHULU eminyaka isi-Arabhu siwulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu yizifundiswa. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 C.E., izazi ezikhuluma isi-Arabhu emadolobheni ahlukahlukene eMpumalanga Ephakathi ahumusha futhi alungisa imibhalo yesayensi neyefilosofi eyayibhalwe ngezikhathi zoPtolemy no-Aristotle. Ngaleyo ndlela izazi ezingama-Arabhu zalondoloza futhi zacebisa imisebenzi yongqondongqondo basendulo.

Ingxubevange Yemibono

Ngekhulu lesi-7 nelesi-8 leNkathi yethu Evamile kwavela imibuso emibili emisha eMpumalanga Ephakathi—owokuqala i-Umayyad ngemva kwayo kwaba Abbasid. Njengoba izikhonzi zayo e-Arabhiya, e-Asia Minor, eGibhithe, ePalestine, ePheresiya nase-Iraq zazithonywe yikho kokubili iGrisi neNdiya, ababusi abasha bakwazi ukuthola intilibathwa yezinto abangazifunda. Ama-Abbasid akha inhloko-dolobha entsha, iBaghdad, futhi yaba yisikhungo semibono eminingi. Lapha, ama-Arabhu azihlanganisa nabase-Armenia, amaBerber, amaShayina, amaCopt, amaGreki, amaNdiya, amaJuda, abasePheresiya, abaseTurkey, namaSogdia ayesuka ngaphesheya koMfula i-Oxus, manje osewaziwa ngokuthi i-Amu Dar’ya, Enkabeni ye-Asia. Laba bantu bafunda futhi baba nezimpikiswano ezingokwesayesi ndawonye, ngaleyo ndlela bacobelelana ukuhlakanipha kwabo okuhlukahlukene.

Ababusi baseBahgdad abangama-Abbasid babekhuthaza abantu abayizihlakaniphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bavelaphi, ukuba bafake isandla ekuthuthukiseni umbuso kwezobuhlakani. Kwenziwa izinhlelo zokuqoqa nokuhumushela olimini lwesi-Arabhu amashumi ezinkulungwane ezincwadi ezazikhuluma ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise i-alchemy, i-arithmetic, i-geometry, imithi, umculo, ifilosofi nesayensi yezinto zemvelo.

UCaliph al-Manṣūr, owabusa kusukela ngo-754 C.E. kwaze kwaba ngu-775 C.E., wathuma amanxusa esigodlweni saseByzantine ukuba ayothenga izincwadi zezibalo zamaGreki. UCaliph al-Ma’mūn (813 C.E.-833 C.E.) naye wenza okufanayo, wakhuthaza ukuba izincwadi zesiGreki zihunyushelwe olimini lwesi-Arabhu futhi lokhu kwaqhubeka ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi, cishe zonke izincwadi zesiGreki zefilosofi nezesayensi zase zihunyushelwe olimini lwesi-Arabhu. Kodwa izazi ezingama-Arabhu azigcinanga ngokuhumusha. Zabhala nezazo izincwadi.

Okwenziwa Ama-Arabhu

Abahumushi abaningi abangama-Arabhu babehumusha ngokunembile futhi beshesha ngendlela eyisimanga. Ngakho, ezinye izazi-mlando zithi kumelwe ukuba abahumushi babekwazi lokho ababekuhumusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi eziningi zasebenzisa izincwadi ezihunyushiwe ukuze zithuthukisa ucwaningo lwazo.

Ngokwesibonelo, udokotela nomhumushi uḤunayn ibn Isḥāq (808 C.E.-873 C.E.), umKristu okhuluma isiSyriac, waba negalelo elikhulu endleleni yokuqonda ikhono lokubona. Izincwadi zakhe, ezazihlanganisa imifanekiso enembile yokwakheka kweso, kwaba yizo okubhekiselwa kuzo ngokuyinhloko emkhakheni wokwelapha izifo zamehlo e-Arabhiya naseYurophu. Isazi sefilosofi nodokotela u-Ibn Sīnā, owaziwa ngelika-Avicenna eYurophu (980 C.E.-1037 C.E.), wabhala izincwadi eziningi ezikhuluma ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene kusukela kwezikhuluma ngesimilo nokuba nengqondo kuya kwezokwelapha nefilosofi yezinto ezikhona. Incwadi yakhe evelele kakhulu ethi, Canon of Medicine, yayinokuhlakanipha kwezokwelapha okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise nemibono yezihlakaniphi zamaGreki ezazidumile uGalen no-Aristotle. Le ncwadi ethi Canon iyona ngokuyinhloko eyaqhubeka isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha iminyaka engaba amakhulu amane.

Abacwaningi abangama-Arabhu bayamukela indlela yokucwaninga izinto ezingokwesayensi ngokoqobo, ewumgogodla wentuthuko engokwesayensi. Lokho kwaholela ekubeni babale kabusha ibanga lesiyingi somhlaba nokuba balungise ukwaziswa komsebenzi kaPtolemy okuphathelene nendlela umhlaba omi ngayo. “Baba nesibindi sokucubungula ngisho nemibhalo ka-Aristotle,” kusho isazi-mlando uPaul Lunde.

Intuthuko kwezemfundo yabonakala nasemikhakheni eminingi yezinto ezenziwa ngezandla, njengokwakhiwa kwamathange amanzi, imigudu ehamba ngaphansi, amasondo aphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ezinye zalezi zinto ezisekhona nanamuhla. Izincwadi ezintsha zezolimo, ezesayensi yezitshalo nokunakekelwa kwenhlabathi kwenza abalimi bakwazi ukukhetha okusanhlamvu okufanelana kangcono nesimo sendawo, ngaleyo ndlela umkhiqizo wathuthuka.

Ngo-805 C.E., uCaliph Hārūn ar-Rashīd wakha isibhedlela sokuqala kuwo wonke umbuso wakhe. Ngemva nje kwalokho, wonke amadolobha amakhulu ngaphansi kombuso wakhe aba nesibhedlela.

Izikhungo Ezintsha Zokufunda

Amadolobha amaningi e-Arabhiya ayenemitapo yezincwadi nezikhungo zezifundo ezikhethekile. EBaghdad, uCaliph al-Ma’mūn wasungula isikhungo sokuhumusha nokucwaninga esibizwa ngokuthi iBait al-Hikma, okusho ukuthi “Indlu Yenhlakanipho.” Ababesebenza kuso babehlanganisa nezazi ezikhokhelwayo. Kuthiwa umtapo wolwazi oyinhloko waseCairo wawunemiqulu engaphezu kwesigidi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iCórdoba, ikomkhulu lama-Umayyad eSpain, yayinemitapo yezincwadi engu-70, eyayikhanga izazi nabafundi abavela kulo lonke elase-Arabhiya. Kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, iCórdoba iyisikhungo esihamba phambili kwezemfundo.

EPheresiya, ubuchwepheshe bamaGreki kwezezibalo bahlangana nobaseNdiya, lapho izazi zezibalo zase ziklame khona uhlelo olusebenzisa inombolo engu-0 nolokuphawula izinombolo (positional notation). Ngalolo hlelo lokubhala izinombolo, izinombolo ezizimele ziba nenani elingafani kuye ngendawo ezikuyo nokuphawulwa kwayo ngo-0. Ngokwesibonelo, u-1, angamelela okukodwa, okuyishumi, okuyikhulu njalonjalo. Lolu hlelo “alugcinanga nje ngokwenza indlela yokubala ibe lula kodwa futhi lwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-algebra,” kubhala uLunde. Izazi ezingama-Arabhu zathuthuka kakhulu nasemkhakheni wokubala we-geometry, trigonometry nakuyisayensi yokuthungatha indlela.

Inkathi enkulu yokuchuma kwama-Arabhu kwezesayensi nezibalo yenzeka ngesikhathi abantu emhlabeni bengayinakile imfundo. Imizamo efanayo yayenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, ikakhulukazi emizini yamaLoma, ukuze kulondolozwe imisebenzi yezazi zasendulo. Kodwa, lo mzamo waba mncane kakhulu uma uqhathaniswa nowama-Arabhu. Kodwa, kusukela ekhulwini leshumi izinto zaqala ukushintsha lapho izincwadi zobuchwepheshe zama-Arabhu ezihunyushiwe zingena kancane kancane kwelaseNtshonalanga. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zangena ngobuningi futhi lokhu kwaholela ekuvuselelweni kwesayensi eYurophu.

Yebo, ukubheka umlando ngeso elibanzi kwembula ukuthi akusona isizwe esisodwa noma abantu abafanelwe udumo ngemfundo ekhona namuhla kwezesayensi nemikhakha ehlobene nayo. Izizwe ezihamba phambili kwezemfundo namuhla ziyithekele ezizweni zasendulo ezenza ucwaningo, zacubungula imibono eyayamukelwa ngaleso sikhathi futhi zakhuthaza ukuba kufundwe.

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 26]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

◼Ithonya lama-Umayyad

◻Ithonya lama-Abbasid

ISPAIN

ICórdoba

IBYZANTIUM

IRoma

IConstantinople

UMfula i-Oxus

IPHERESIYA

IBaghdad

IJerusalema

ICairo

I-ARABHIYA

[Isithombe ekhasini 27]

Umfanekiso weso kaHunayn ibn Ishāq

[Isithombe ekhasini 27]

Ikhasi lencwadi ka-Avicenna ethi “Canon of Medicine”

[Isithombe ekhasini 28]

Izazi ezingama-Arabhu emtapweni waseBasra, ngo-1237 C.E.

[Umthombo]

[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 27]