Bushe Indeke Shaishileko Shani?

BUSHE abapange ndeke batendeke shani ukupanga bamashini benda mu muulu abafina ukucilo mwela? Bapashenye bacibinda bene bene aba mipupukile, e kutila ifyuni. Mu 1889 imipupukile ya nkoba yalengele injiniya umwina Germany Otto Lilienthal alembe icitabo icaleti “Bird Flight as the Basis of Aviation.” Ilyo papitile imyaka ibili apangile indeke yakwe iya kubalilapo iyabulamo injini. Mu 1896, pa numa ya kupupusha indeke yakwe mupepi ne miku 2,000, Lilienthal alipaiwe. Octave Chanute, injiniya umwina Amerika uwafyalilwe ku France, abomfeshe amano ya kwa Lilienthal ku kupange ndeke yabulamo injini iya mapindo yabili yabili kabili ico calangilile ukuti kwali ubuyantanshi bwa kupanga bamashini benda mu muulu abafina ukucilo mwela.

Bamwana Wright babili e bakonkelepo. Orville na Wilbur abakwete ishopo lya ncinga mu Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A., batendeke ukweshako ukupupusha indeke yabo mu 1900, babomfeshe amano ya kwa Lilienthal na Chanute. Pa myaka ibili yakonkelepo, bamwana Wright babombele no mutima nteka kabili mu kukonkana, libili libili baleeshako ukupupusha indeke yabo pa Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Bapangile indeke shipya ukubomfya imipaipi ya mwela, iya kubalilapo yapangilwe ku cibokoshi ca muti wa kucapila uwa starchi. Pa kuti bengapupuka mu ndeke ya injini, bapangile injini wa masilinda yane, uwa maka nga nshi no kumubika pe pindo lya pa nshi ilya ndeke ipya. Ulya injini aleshingulusha bapolopela babili aba mbao, ababelele mu mbali shonse shibili ku mucila wa ndeke.

Pa December 14, 1903, indeke ipya iya bamwana Wright yaimine pa cintamba ca iko ica mbao pa muku wa kubalilapo no kupupuka mu muulu amasekondi yatatu na hafu! Ilyo papitile inshiku shitatu aba balumendo balyenseshe indeke yabo na kabili. Kwi pele pele yapupwike miniti umo no kwenda bamita 260. Ilya ndeke yalibombele bwino.a

Ku ca kupapa, aba pe sonde tabapooseleko amano kuli uyu mulimo wa lulumbi. Lintu inyunshipepala ya The New York Times yalembele ilyashi lya bamwana Wright mu January 1906, yalandile ukuti “mashini wabo uwenda mu muulu” apangilwe mu bumfisolo kabili yatile mu 1903 aba balumendo “balyesesheko fye panono ukupupuka mu muulu.” Lelo ubushiku bulya bwine bapupwike, Orville atumine bawishi telegramu no kubacincisha ukwishibisha bakalemba wa lyashi. Nangu cibe fyo, pali iyo nshita amanyunshipepala fye yatatu e yalembele ilyo lyashi.

Bushe Indeke Shisenda Abalendo ne Fipe Shali no Kubako?

Ilyo indeke shaishileko abengi pe sonde balishitwishike. Mu 1910, Chanute umo uwa basolwesolwe balumbuka mu fya kupanga indeke, na o asobele ukuti: “Incenshi shine shine shitila ku ntanshi takwakabeko indeke ishisenda abalendo ne fipe. Indeke tashakatale ashikwata incende iikalamba iya kusendelamo abalendo nelyo ifipe.”

Nangu cibe fyo, amatukuto ya kupanga indeke yalilundulwike nga nshi pa numa bamwana Wright bapupwishe indeke yabo pa muku wa kubalilapo. Mu myaka fye isano balya balumendo bapangile indeke iyaleingisha abantu babili iyalebutuka bakilomita 71 mwi awala limo no kwima mu muulu apalepa bamita 43. Mu 1911 pa muku wa kubalilapo indeke yalalenye icalo ca United States; ukufuma ku New York ukufika ku California mu nshiku 49! Ilyo kwali Inkondo ya Calo iya Kubalilapo, indeke shatendeke ukubutuka bakilomita 100 mwi awala limo ukufika kuli bakilomita 230 mwi awala limo. Kabili shatendeke ukwima mu muulu apalepa bamita 9,000.

Ululumbi lwa ndeke lwalitwalilile ukusabankanishiwa mu manyunshipepala muli ba 1920. Mu 1923 bamushika ba nkondo babili abena Amerika e babalilepo ukulalanya icalo ca United States mu ndeke ukwabulo kwiminina, ukufuma ku lulamba ukufika ku lulamba lubiye mu maawala fye 27. Ilyo papitile imyaka ine Charles A. Lindbergh mu kwangufyanya aile ululumbi lintu apupwike ukwabulo kwiminina ukufuma ku New York ukufika ku Paris mu maawala 33 na baminiti 20.

Pali iyi nshita, indeke shisenda abalendo ne fipe shatendeke ukucebusha abantu. Ukufika ku mpela ya 1939, abantu batendeke ukunine ndeke ica kuti mu Amerika cila mwaka indeke shalesenda abantu mupepi na mamilioni yatatu. Ku mpela ya ba 1930, indeke sha DC-3, shalesenda fye abantu 21 no kubutuka bakilomita 270 mwi awala limo; lelo pa numa ya Nkondo ya Calo iya Cibili, balikushisheko no kulundako amaka ya ndeke shisenda abalendo ne fipe, ica kuti shatendeke ukubutuka bakilomita 480 mwi awala limo. Mu 1952 abena Britain bapangile indeke sha turbojet ishisenda abalendo ne fipe. Kabili indeke shikalamba, pamo nga Boeing 747 ishisenda abalendo 400, shatendeke mu 1970.

Mu 1976 kwali ubuyantanshi na bumbi lintu ibumba lya bainjiniya abena Britain na bena France lyapangile Concorde, indeke iya mapindo nga kapumpe iisenda abantu 100 kabili iibutuka bakilomita ukucila 2,300 mwi awala limo ukucile ciunda. Lelo indeke ishibutuka ukucile ciunda tashafula sana pa mulandu wa kuti indalama ishipooswapo shingi.

Ukwalula Isonde

Nangu fye tamwaninapo indeke, amatukuto ya kupanga indeke yafwile yalyambukila imikalile yenu. Indeke shilatwala ifipe mwi sonde lyonse; ilingi line ica kulya tulya, ifya kufwala tufwala, na bamashini tubomfya pa ncito nelyo pa ng’anda fyaletelwe ne ndeke ishayabwike fibemba nelyo ifyalo ifikalamba. Indeke shilatunta amelu ne fipe ku fyalo fyalekanalekana. Amakwebo yashintilila sana pa ndeke shisenda ifipe. Imibombele ya ndeke yalyambukila ifipe na makwebo e lyo ne mitengo tushitilapo ifipe.

Indeke shalyambukila sana no bwikashi bwa bantunse. Ukwabulo kutwishika indeke shalicefya isonde. Nga mwalikwata indalama kuti mwaya konse uko mwingatemwa mu maawala fye ayanono. Ilyashi na bantu filasalangana mu kwangufyanya.

Ubwafya Ubufuma mu Buyantanshi

Lelo ubuyantanshi bwa musango yo buletako ubwafya. Pa mulandu wa kufulilako kwa ndeke, bamo balatiino kuti mu muulu mwakulaba amasanso ayengi. Cila mwaka abengi balafwa mu masanso ya ndeke sha bantu ne shisenda abalendo ne fipe. Magazini wa Fortune atila: “Ukucimfyanya kwa ndeke kwalilenga utwampani twa ndeke utwingi ukukanayangwako ku kucingilila amasanso nga fintu twalecita kale lintu twalelipilisha abalendo indalama shalundwako.” Uyu magazini alandile ukuti akabungwe ka Federal Aviation Administration, akalolesha pa kucincintila amasanso ya ndeke mu United States, “takakwate ndalama, ababomfi banono, kabili takatungululwa bwino.”

Pa nshita imo ine, ukufulisha kwa ndeke ishilekowesho mwela no kukafya icongo kulesakamika abengi abalolesha pa filengwa na Lesa. Magazini wa Aviation Week & Space Technology asoso kuti ukubombela pa mafya ya kukafye congo “kwaba pa milandu ikalamba iiletako amalekano mu mibombele ya ndeke shisenda abalendo.”

Apantu indeke shileya shilekota aya mafya yalebipilako fye: Mu 1990 casangilwe ukuti amaperesenti 25 aya ndeke sha mu Amerika shalicila pa myaka 20, kabili amaperesenti 33 aya ishi ndeke shalibomba sana ukucisha “icipimo” icaimikwa na bashipanga.

E co kanshi bainjiniya wa ndeke nomba bali no mulimo ukulamba. Bafwile ukupanga indeke ishacingililwa ku masanso kabili isha mutengo uunono ishingasenda abantu abengi, nangu cingati indalama shipooswapo na mafya ya kucingilila ifilengwa na Lesa fileya filelundwako.

Kale kale amapange ya kufwaya ukucefyako ishipooswa pa ndeke yalitendeka ukusokoloka. Jim Erickson, muli magazini wa Asiaweek, alembo kuti ibumba lya basayantisti wa ndeke abena France na bena Britain pamo na kabungwe ka British Aerospace balefwaya ukupange ndeke iingasenda abantu 300 kabili iibutuka imiku ibili ukucile ciunda. Ishi ndeke shikalabomfya indalama ishinono na mafuta ayanono pa kusenda abantu. Pa mulandu wa kuti indeke nashifulisha mu fibansa fya ndeke, bamo aba misengulwilo bafwaya kukabeko indeke sha pakapaka ishikalamba ishingasenda abantu 100. Batila ishi ndeke shikalasende fipe ifisendwa ne ndeke sha mapindo.

Bushe cine cine indeke sha pakapaka ishikalamba ne ndeke ishibutuka ukucila iciunda, e fikapwisha amafya ayakakala aya ndeke mu myaka iileisa? Kwena, icine cikayeba apantu umuntunse acili aletwalilila no buyo bwa kupupuka ‘mu myulu iyacenama.’

[Futunoti]

[Icikope pe bula 14]

Otto Lilienthal, mupepi na 1891

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Library of Congress/Corbis

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Charles A. Lindbergh afika mu London pa numa ya kwabuka Bemba wa Atlantic pa kuya ku Paris mu 1927

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Corbis-Bettmann

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Indeke ya “Sopwith Camel” mu 1917

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Museum of Flight/Corbis

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Indeke ya DC-3 mu 1935

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Icikope ca ba Boeing Aircraft Company

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Indeke ya “Sikorsky” S-43 flying boat mu 1937

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Indeke ya pakapaka iya ba Coast Guard iya kupusushishamo abantu

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Indeke ya “Pitts,” Samson replica iipilibauka pa kupupuka

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Indeke ya “Concorde” yatendeke ukusenda abantu mu 1976

[Icikope pe bula 16, 17]

Indeke ya “Airbus” A300

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Indeke ya “space shuttle” ilabutukisha lintu yaingila mu lwelele lwa pe sonde

[Icikope pe bula 17]

Indeke ya “Rutan Vari,” 1978