Amekae Ate Ŋu Ahe Ŋutifafa si Anɔ Anyi Ðaa Vɛ?

“Woatsɔ woƒe yiwo atu kodziwoe, eye woatsɔ woƒe akplɔwo atu hɛ gobɛwoe; dukɔ [magatsɔ] yi ɖe dukɔ ŋu azɔ o, eye womagasrɔ̃ aʋawɔwɔ hã azɔ o.”

MAWUNYAKPUKPUI si le etame la tso Yesaya ta 2, kpukpui 4, le Eʋegbe Biblia me. Woyɔ nya siawo ɖe agbalẽ si nye Human Development Report 1994 si Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe Ŋgɔyidɔwo Dzikpɔha (UNDP) ta la me eye wogblɔ kpe ɖe eŋu be: “Edze abe ɖe nyagblɔɖi sia me vaɣi ɖo esi dukɔwo dome nyaʋiʋlia wu enu [le ƒe 1990 me] ene. Gake vaseɖe fifia la, esia zu mɔkpɔkpɔ gbɔlo.”

Aʋawɔnuwo Dzi Ðeɖe Akpɔtɔ

Nu ɖeka si na kakaɖedzi megale mɔkpɔkpɔ na ŋutifafa ŋu o enye be tɔtrɔ si va dukɔwo dome dunyahehe me la mewɔe be ga si wogblẽna ɖe aʋawɔnuwo ŋu dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ fũ alesi dze o. Nyateƒee, woɖe nanewo dzi kpɔtɔ. Le Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe akɔntabubu nu la, ga si wogblẽna ɖe aʋawɔnuwo ŋu le xexeame katã ɖiɖi tso ga gbogbotɔ kekeake si nye dɔlar biliɔn 995 dzi le ƒe 1987 me va ɖo dɔlar biliɔn 815 le ƒe 1992 me. Dɔlar biliɔn 815 gakpɔtɔ nye ga gbogbo kokoko. Anɔ abe ga si amesiwo le xexeame katã ƒe afã kpɔna si wotsɔ ƒo ƒui ene!

Nu bubu si hã tsi tre ɖe aʋawɔnuwo dzi ɖeɖe akpɔtɔ ŋue nye nukpɔsusu si nye be aʋawɔŋusẽ hea dedienɔnɔ vɛ. Eyata togbɔ be Dukɔwo Dome Nyaʋiʋlia wu enu hã la, adzɔnuwɔdukɔwo me tɔ geɖe gblɔna be ele be woayi edzi azã ga geɖe ɖe dukɔ ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋu. Esime James Woolsey nye United States Dukɔa ƒe Nugɔmekuha ƒe tatɔ la, egblɔ na Sewɔtakpekpea le February 1993 me be: “Míewu ʋɔ driba gã aɖe [si nye U.S.S.R.], gake fifia míele avetsu si yɔ fũ kple da vɔ̃ɖi vovovowo me.”

Le dukɔ madeŋgɔwo me la, wobua ga geɖe zazã ɖe aʋawɔnuwo ŋu be enye mɔ si dzi woato be dukɔ siwo wobuna be woate ŋu awɔ nu abe ʋɔ dribawo kple da vɔ̃ɖiwo ene la nagava dze yewo dzi o. Gake UNDP de dzesii be ne míagblɔe tututu la, “dukɔwo dome ʋa ʋee aɖewo ko dukɔ madeŋgɔwo wɔ, eye wo dometɔ geɖe zã woƒe asrafowo tsɔ te woƒe amewo ɖe to.” Le nyateƒe me la, UNDP ƒe nyatakaka la ɖe eme be: “Le dukɔ madeŋgɔwo me la, ele bɔbɔe be nusiwo dzi woŋea aɖaba ƒui le hadomegbenɔnɔ me (nunyuimakpɔɖu kple dɔléle siwo nu woate ŋu axe mɔ ɖo) nawu ame zi gbɔ zi 33 wu alesi wòate ŋu adzɔ be ame natsi aʋa si woakpe kple dukɔ bubu me. Gake le mamã dedie nu la, asrafo siwo ade 20 ye li na atikewɔla ɖesiaɖe be wòakpɔ egbɔ. Ne míagblɔe la, anɔ eme be asrafowo aɖe ame ŋutɔ ƒe dedienɔnɔ dzi akpɔtɔ wu be woado ŋusẽe.”

Dukɔwo Dome Aʋawɔnusitsatsa

Le Dukɔwo Dome Nyaʋliɣia la, dukɔ sesẽtɔ eveawo dzra aʋawɔnuwo na dukɔ siwo de wo dzi be wo dome kadodowo nasẽ ɖe edzi, woakpɔ aʋaŋutiɖoɖowɔƒewo, eye ŋusẽ nakpɔtɔ anɔ yewo si. Ŋusẽ va nɔ dukɔ geɖe ƒe asrafowo ŋu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me fifi laa la, dukɔ 33 li siwo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒe aʋawɔʋuwo sɔ gbɔ wu 1,000.

Fifia si Dukɔwo Dome Nyaʋiʋlia wu enu la, dunyahehe kple aʋawɔɖaŋu siwo ta wodzraa aʋawɔnuawo la dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ. Gake ga si wokpɔna tsoa eme na wogadzranɛ kokoko. Gakpɔmɔnue wònye! Eyata esi aʋawɔnuwo ƒe hiahiã dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ le dukɔ siwo me wowɔa wo le me la, ewɔlawo dea dzi ƒo na wo gbɔ dziɖuɖuwo be mɔ si dzi woato ana dɔwɔɖuiwo nanɔ anyi eye woana ganyawo nanyo ɖe edzie nye be woadzra aʋawɔnuawo na dukɔ bubuwo.

World Watch ƒe magazine gblɔ be: “Nya si tsi tre ɖe eɖokui ŋue nye be esi dukɔ sesẽtɔ eveawo dzudzɔ woƒe nukliatukpeawo wɔwɔ la, wole mɔnu dim kpatakpata ne woadzra woƒe bɔmb kple tu siwo mezãa nukliatukpewo o la na amesiame kloe si aƒlee.” Ga nenie wokpɔ tso wo dzadzra me? Stockholm Dukɔwo Dome Ŋutifafa Ŋuti Numekuƒea gblɔ be ga si wokpɔ le aʋawɔnu siwo mezãa nukliatukpewo o siwo wodzra na dukɔ vovovowo tso ƒe 1988 vaseɖe ƒe 1992 mee nye dɔlar biliɔn 151. Dukɔ si ɖonɛ ɖe duta wue nye United States, eye tsã Soviet Union dukɔwoe kplɔe ɖo.

Nukliaŋɔdzi Kpɔtɔ Li

Ke nukliaŋɔdzi ya ɖe? United States kple Soviet Union (alo dukɔ siwo va xɔ ɖe eteƒe) de asi Nukliatukpe Siwo Dea Kpuiƒe Ŋuti Nubabla si wowɔ le ƒe 1987 me kple Tukpe Siwo Dea Didiƒe Dzi Ðeɖe Akpɔtɔ ƒe Nubabla eve siwo wowɔ le ƒe 1991 kple ƒe 1993 me la te.

Tukpe Siwo Dea Didiƒe Dzi Ðeɖe Akpɔtɔ ƒe Nubabla xe mɔ ɖe tukpe siwo wodana le anyigba siwo ŋu tukpe siwo wu ɖeka le nu eye wode se be woaɖe tu siwo katã ŋu nukliatukpedanu le la ɖa keŋkeŋ hafi ƒe 2003 nava yi. Gake togbɔ be nuklia Xexemeʋa III ƒe ŋɔdzi nu fa hã la, nukliaʋawɔnu gbogbo aɖewo gali—wosɔ gbɔ atsrɔ̃ nu gbagbe ɖesiaɖe ɖa le anyigba dzi zi gbɔ zi geɖe.

Ne wokaka aʋawɔtu siawo la, ena nukliaŋutinuwo fifi dzina ɖe edzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me le Russia la, wokakaa nukliatu 2,000 ƒe sia ƒe tsɔ dzraa ɖo, eye wokpɔa plutonium siwo ƒe lolome le abe kɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ene si woyɔna be tukpekɔwo tsoa wo me. Tukpekɔ, si wɔwɔ bia ga kple mɔ̃ɖaŋununya geɖe lae nye nukliabɔmb wɔnu vevitɔ. Esi wònye ganu falɛfalɛ siwo xea mɔ ɖe keklẽ nu mee wodea tukpekɔwoe ta la, edze ƒã be fiafi ate ŋu atsɔ ɖeka ade eƒe kotoku me adzoe. Ne ŋɔdzidonamela aɖe kpɔ tukpekɔ ɖeka si wowɔ xoxo la, ate ŋu atsɔe ade nusi naa nu wóna sesĩe me wòazu bɔmb si nu sẽ ŋutɔ.

Kuxi bubu hãe nye alesi nukliaʋawɔnuwo akaka yi dukɔ geɖe wu mee ƒe ŋɔdzi. Wogblɔ be dukɔ atɔ̃ sie nukliaŋusẽ le wu—woawoe nye China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, kple United States—eye wobu dukɔ bubu geɖe be ŋutete le woawo hã si be woawɔ nukliaʋawɔnuwo kabakaba.

Esi nukliaʋawɔnuwo va le dukɔ geɖe wu si sum la, alesi wòate ŋu anɔ bɔbɔe be wo dometɔ aɖe azãe la dzina ɖe edzi. Nane tae amewo vɔ̃na be yewoazã aʋawɔnu dziŋɔ siawo ɖo. Agbalẽ si nye The Transformation of War gblɔ be, “wo nu sẽ ale gbegbe be wonaa aʋawɔnu siwo mezãa nukliatukpewo o dzena fefenuwo ko.”

Aʋawɔnuwo Ðeɖe Ða Kple Ŋutifafa

Gake nukae adzɔ ne dukɔwo ɖe woƒe aʋawɔnu gã siwo tsrɔ̃a nu la ɖa? Ðe ema afia be ŋutifafa ƒe xexeme aɖe avaa? Kura o. Aʋawɔwɔ ŋuti ŋutinyaŋlɔla John Keegan de dzesii be: “Tso August 9, 1945 dzi la, wometsɔ nukliaʋawɔnuwo wu ame aɖeke o. Aʋawɔnu maxɔasi siwo wowɔna le agbɔsɔsɔ me kple aʋawɔnu sue, siwo xɔ asi vie wu radio kple batrikpevi eye wobɔ ɖe xexeame le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me lae wotsɔ wu ame 50,000,000 siwo ku le aʋawɔwɔ me tso ŋkeke ma dzi la ƒe akpa gãtɔ.”

Aʋawɔnu siwo mebia mɔ̃ɖaŋununya boo o zazã ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si dzɔ nyitsɔ laa ye nye amewuwu si yi edzi le Rwanda-dukɔa me, si ŋu The World Book Encyclopedia (1994) gblɔ le be: “Ameawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye Roma Katolikotɔwo. . . . Roma Katoliko kple Kristotɔwo ƒe sɔlemeha bubuwoe ɖo gɔmedzesukuwo kple suku kɔkɔwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ.” Gake amesiwo tsɔ yi ɖe asie wu amesiwo ade miliɔn afã le Rwanda. Edze ƒã be nu bubu gahiã hafi ŋutifafa nava xexeame wu aʋawɔnu siwo mezãa nukliatukpewo o kple nukliaʋawɔnuwo dzi ɖeɖe akpɔtɔ. Azɔ hã la, nane hiã tsɔ wu xexemesubɔsubɔhawo ƒe nufiafiawo.

Gbevovodolawo Dome Hoʋiʋliwo Dzi ɖe Edzi

Sadako Ogata si nye Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe amegã si kpɔa aʋasilawo ƒe nyawo gbɔ la gblɔ nyitsɔ laa be: “Le Dukɔwo Dome Nyaʋiʋli la ƒe nuwuwu teti la, míebui be kuxiawo katã gbɔ anya kpɔ. Míede dzesii be Dukɔwo Dome Nyaʋiʋli la ƒe akpa bubu aɖe li o—be dukɔ sesẽtɔawo na nuwo nɔ ɖoɖo nu alo zi ɖoɖo dzi wɔwɔ ɖe nuto siwo me wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo la dzi. . . . Eyata fifia le Dukɔwo Dome Nyaʋiʋli la ƒe nuwuwu megbe la, míele gbevovodolawo dome ʋa siwo dzi kɔnuwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo, si megadzɔna hafi o, eye ɖewohĩ wonye esiwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Xexemeʋa I la tɔgbe si gaho la teƒe kpɔm.”

Arthur Schlesinger, ŋutinyaŋlɔla kple nuŋlɔla si xɔ Pulitzer-nunana la gblɔ nya ma tɔgbe be: “Fuléle ƒomevi aɖe xɔna ɖe bubu teƒe. Esi woɖe nusi xe mɔ ɖe amewo ƒe tamesusu nu ɖa le Ɣedzeƒe Europa kple tsã Soviet Union la, ena to, dukɔ, mawusubɔsubɔ, kple gbegbɔgblɔ me fuléle si wolé ɖi si xɔ aƒe ɖe ŋutinya kple amewo ƒe susu me vevie la ho. . . . Ne nukpɔsusu ŋuti nyaʋiʋliwoe yɔ ƒe alafa 20 lia me la, ke ƒe alafa 21 lia dze egɔme kple gbevovodolawo dome ʋawɔwɔ.”

Le Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe akɔntabubu nu la, wowɔ aʋa 82 tso ƒe 1989 vaseɖe ƒe 1992 me, eye dukɔ madeŋgɔwo mee wowɔ wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ le. Le ƒe 1993 me la, wowɔ aʋa gãwo le dukɔ 42 me eye dunyahehe me ʋunyaʋunyawɔwɔ do mo ɖa le dukɔ 37 bubuwo me. Fifia Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo—si ƒe gaŋutiɖoɖowo ɖo xaxa me la—dze agbagba ʋuu do kpoe be yeahe ŋutifafa vɛ le aʋanutsiɖoɖo 17 pɛ ko me. Edze ƒã be ele be ameƒomea natrɔ ɖe teƒe bubu adi ŋutifafa ƒe xexeme.

Kuxi Siwo Ate Ŋu Ado Mo Ða

Le esi teƒe be woakpɔ mɔ na nu nyuiwo le etsɔme la, ame geɖe siwo ƒe xexlẽme le dzidzim ɖe edzi gblɔna be afɔku gbɔna. February 1994 ƒe The Atlantic Monthly ƒo nu tso nusi wokpɔ mɔ na be ava eme le ƒe siwo gbɔna me ŋu kpuie be: “Dukɔwo le gbagbãm elabena amewo ʋuna le agbɔsɔsɔ me ɣeaɖewoɣi esi amewo le sisim le nutome kple hadome fɔkuwo nu ta. . . . Wowɔa aʋa ɖe nuhiahiã veviwo ta, vevietɔ tsi, eye aʋa ŋutɔ va zua nuvlowɔwɔ si yia edzi, ne aʋawɔla siwo gblẽa nusiwo mele gbɔgblɔ me o dome ƒe ƒuƒoƒowo kpe ŋgo kple dukɔa me dedienɔnɔdzikpɔlawo.”

Ðe esia fia be míate ŋu akpɔ ŋutifafa si anɔ anyi ɖaa gbeɖe oa? Menye nenema kura o! Nyati si kplɔe ɖo ɖe nusiwo ta míate ŋu atsɔ kakaɖedzi akpɔ mɔ na etsɔme la fia.

[Aɖaka si le axa 13]

Mawusubɔsubɔ—Ate Ŋu Ahe Ŋutifafa Vɛa?

Ne dukɔwo kpe aʋa la, xexemesubɔsubɔhawo gblẽa ŋutifafa kple nɔvisilele ƒe nufiafiawo ɖi. Britaniatɔ aʋakplɔlagã Frank P. Crozier gblɔ le alesi woÌnɔ le Xexemeʋa I me ŋu be: “ Kristo-sɔlemehawoe nye amesiwo dea ʋukɔkɔɖi dzi vevie wu ɖesiaɖe le mía dome, eye míewɔa wo ŋudɔ faa.”

Akpa sia tututue subɔsubɔhawo wɔ le aʋawɔwɔ me le ɣeyiɣiawo katã me. Katolikotɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla E.I. Watkin lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be: “Togbɔ be esesẽ be míalɔ̃ ɖe edzi hã la, míate ŋu agbe alo aŋe aɖaba ƒu ŋutinya me nyateƒe si wònye be Bisiɔpwo do alɔ aʋa siwo katã woƒe dukɔ me dziɖuɖu wɔ la dzi o, eye míate ŋu agblɔ alakpanya aɖe alo ade wo dzi anukwaremaɖimaɖitɔe o.” Eye Sun si wotana le Vancouver, Canada, la ŋlɔla ƒe nya aɖe gblɔ be: “ÐewohiÞ gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔ wònye na subɔsubɔha siwo katã woɖo be sɔlemeha la nɔa dukɔa ƒe aflaga yome . . . Aʋa kae wowɔ kpɔ si ŋu womegblɔ le be Mawu le akpa eveawo dzi o?”

Edze ƒã be le esi teƒe be xexemesubɔsubɔhawo nahe ŋutifafa vɛ la, wodea aʋawɔwɔ kple amewuwu dzi—abe alesi wowɔ eƒe kpɔɖeŋu sẽŋu le amewuwu si yi edzi le Rwanda me ene.

[Aɖaka si le axa 14]

Aʋawɔwɔ ƒe Toflokonyenye

Dutanuŋlɔla Webb Miller ŋlɔ le agbalẽ si nye I Found No Peace si wota le ƒe 1936 me be: “Ewɔ mo yaa be ŋɔdzi gã si nɔ [Xexemeʋa I] me ƒe yakanyenye kple toflokonyenye katã mewɔ dɔ ɖe dzinye o vaseɖe ƒe enyi le eƒe keke megbe hafi.” Le ɣeyiɣi ma me la, egatrɔ yi ɖasrã Verdun ƒe aʋagbedzi, afisi wògblɔ be ame 1,050,000 ku le.

Miller ŋlɔ bena: “Woflu mía kple ame miliɔn geɖe bubuwo le aʋa la wɔɣi. Nusi me Xexemeʋa la kpɔ dzidzedze le koe nye aʋa yeyewo hehe vɛ. Ame miliɔn enyi kple afã ku yakatsyɔ, ame miliɔn bla nanewo kpe ŋɔdzi manyagblɔwo ƒe fu, eye ame miliɔn alafa geɖe to nuxaxa, nubuname, kple dzidzɔmakpɔmakpɔ me. Eye nusiawo katã dzɔ le amefuflu deŋgɔ aɖe me.”

Ƒe etɔ̃ le agbalẽ sia tata megbe la, Xexemeʋa II dze egɔme. The Washington Post de dzesii be: “Míaƒe ƒe alafa 20 lia sia me ʋawo nye ‘aʋa siwo de afisiafi’ si wokpe kple aʋawɔlawo kpakple dumevi dzrowo siaa. . . . Ŋkumaʋuɣi ƒe aʋa siwo wowɔ le ƒe alafa siwo va yi me nye dzrewɔwɔ suewo ko ne wotsɔ wo sɔ kpli fifi tɔwo.” Le eŋutinunyala aɖe ƒe akɔntabubu nu la, ame miliɔn 197 ku le aʋawɔwɔ kple dumeviwo ƒe aglãdzedze me tso ƒe 1914 me.

Gake amegbetɔ ƒe aʋawɔwɔ kple aglãdzedze siawo katã mehe ŋutifafa alo dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ vɛ o. The Washington Post gblɔ be, “dunyahehe alo ganya ŋuti ɖoɖo aɖeke mete ŋu fa dzi na ame miliɔn geɖe siwo tsi dzodzodzoe la alo te ŋu kpɔ woƒe nuhiahiãwo gbɔ vaseɖe fifia o.”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]

Vidada sia nye ame akpe alafa geɖe siwo wowu le Rwanda la dometɔ ɖeka—woa ŋutɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔhametɔwoe wu wo dometɔ geɖe

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Albert Facelly/Sipa Press