Ðe Míaƒe Domenyiŋusẽfianu Ðo Dzɔgbese Ði na Mía?

“TSÃ la, míebuna be ɣletiviwoe ɖoa míaƒe dzɔgbese. Fifia míenya nyuie be míaƒe domenyiŋusẽfianuwo mee míaƒe dzɔgbese le.” Nenemae James Watson gblɔ woŋlɔ ɖe agbalẽ si nye Exploding the Gene Myth, si Ruth Hubbard kple Elijah Wald ta ƒe gɔmedzedze. Gake le Watson ƒe nyayɔyɔa te tututu la, woyɔ R. C. Lewontin, Steven Rose, kple Leon J. Kamin ƒe nyawo gblɔ be: “Míaƒe susu mete ŋu dzea amegbetɔ ƒe hadomenuwɔna tɔxɛ aɖeke dzi si míagblɔ be wowɔ de míaƒe domenyiŋusẽfianuwo me ale gbegbe be hadomenɔnɔmewo mate ŋu atrɔe o.”

Wogblɔ agbalẽ ma me nya aɖewo ɖe eƒe akpa dzi kpuie eye wobia nya vevi sia gbã be, “Domenyiŋusẽfianu mee amegbetɔ ƒe nuwɔna tsona?” Ne míagblɔe le mɔ bubu nu la, domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo naa ame nyia nɔnɔmewo kple nuwɔnawo ƒe dome ɖeɖekoe ɖoa amegbetɔ ƒe nuwɔnaa? Ðe woagblɔ be domenyiŋusẽfianu mee nuwɔna gbegblẽ aɖe tso eyata woaɖe mɔ ɖe eŋua? Ðe wòle be woaɖe hlɔ̃dolawo nu be woƒe domenyiŋusẽe kpe wo dzi, ale be woate ŋu ado le nya me be domenyiŋusẽfianue ɖoe na wo nenema?

Míate ŋu agbe o be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ke ɖe nu nyui geɖe ŋu le ƒe alafa sia me. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo dometɔ ɖekae nye domenyiŋusẽmãnu (DNA) wɔnuku la, si wogblɔna be enye alesi tututu míaƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu le. Nyatakaka siwo le domenyiŋusẽ me he dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo kple ame tsɛwo siaa ƒe susu. Nuka tututue wokpɔ le domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti numekukua me? Aleke wotsɔ nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo ɖo kpe nuɖoɖoɖi alo nuɖoɖiname ƒe nufiafia si li egbea dzii?

Ke Nuteƒemawɔmawɔ le Srɔ̃ɖeɖe me Kple Vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe Dɔdɔ Ya Ðe?

Le nyati aɖe si wota ɖe The Australian me ƒe nya nu la, domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti numekuku aɖewo gblɔ be “ɖewohĩ nuteƒemawɔmawɔ le srɔ̃ɖeɖe me le míaƒe domenyiŋusẽfianuwo me. . . . Edze abe nenemae woɖoe be míaƒe nuteƒemawɔmawɔ le gbɔdɔdɔnyawo me nanɔ ene.” Wò ya kpɔ nusi gbegbe nuwɔna sia agblẽ le srɔ̃ɖeɖewo kple ƒomewo ŋu ɖa be woaʋu mɔ ɖi na amesiame si di be yeagblɔ be ye tɔ dzɔ be yeanɔ agbe gbegblẽ ɖa!

Newsweek magazine ƒe nyati aɖe gblɔ le vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe dɔdɔ ŋu be “Ðe Wotsɔnɛ Dzia Amee loo alo Ðe Wosrɔ̃nɛ?” Nyatia gblɔ be: “Wole agbagba dzem le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple tagbɔdɔléleŋutinunya me be woase numekuku yeye si fia be ɖewohĩ domenyiŋusẽfianu gbɔe vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe dɔdɔ tso ke menye vihehe me o la, gɔme. . . . Ŋutsu kple ŋutsu alo nyɔnu kple nyɔnu geɖe siwo dɔa wo nɔewo gbɔ la lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be chromosomes mee vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe dɔdɔ dzea egɔme tsoe.”

Azɔ nyatia yɔ Ðk. Richard Pillard ƒe nyawo gblɔ be: “Domenyiŋusẽfianu si nyɔa gbɔdɔdɔ ƒe dzodzro fia be, ‘Naneke megblẽ le ŋuwò o, eye menye wò vodadae o.’” Esi Frederick Whitam si nye vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe dɔdɔ ŋuti numekula hã nɔ gbe tem ɖe “menye wò vodadae o” ƒe nya sia dzi la, egblɔ be “ne wogblɔ na amewo be ɖe wotsɔ vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe dɔdɔ dzi woe la, wokpɔa gbɔdzɔe vie. Eɖea fɔɖiɖi le ƒometɔwo kple agbe sia nɔlawo dzi. Efia hã be mele be nanewo abe vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe dɔdɔ ŋuti nufialawo ƒe nyawo naɖe fu na amewo o.”

Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, nyakakamɔnuwo ƒoa nu tso yeaɖi kpeɖodzi si li be domenyiŋusẽfianuwo mee vidzinuɖekatɔwo ƒe dɔdɔ ƒe dzodzrowo tsona ŋu abe nyateƒe matrɔmatrɔ ene ke menye be ate ŋu adzɔ eye kakaɖedzi mele eŋu o.

New Statesman & Society ƒe magazine kɔ tsi ɖe alesi wogblɔ nya sia ŋɔnɔe aɖaŋutɔe dzi be: “Anye be nuxlẽla si nyaa lé dzi na la mekpɔe be kpeɖodzi ŋutɔŋutɔ si li la mede to o—alo le nyateƒe me, menya be kpeɖodzi aɖeke kura mele dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me aʋatso [vodada] si nye be ɖe wowɔ agbegbegblẽnɔnɔ ‘de ŋutsu ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu kple ŋutsu ƒe ahɔhɔ̃ me’ ŋu o.” David Suzuki kple Joseph Levine hã gblɔ woƒe susu le domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti numekuku si wɔm wole fifia ŋu ɖe woƒe agbalẽ si nye Cracking the Code me be: “Togbɔ be woate ŋu agblɔe gbadzaa be domenyiŋusẽfianuwo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe amewo ƒe nuwɔna dzi hã la, ezu nya bubu kura be woaɖee fia be domenyiŋusẽfianu tɔxɛ aɖe—alo domenyiŋusẽfianu eve alo domenyiŋusẽfianu blaeve gɔ̃ hã—koŋue kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe lã aɖe ƒe nuwɔna tɔxɛ aɖewo ƒe tɔtrɔ ɖe afisi wòle ŋu dzi. Esɔ be míabia le afisia nenye be le lãmenugbagbeviwo didi kple wo tɔtrɔ nu tututu la, ame aɖe ke ɖe DNA si kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe nuwɔna tɔxɛ aɖe si nye domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ŋu hã.”

Ahatsunono Kple Hlɔ̃dodo ƒe Domenyiŋusẽfianuwo

Nusɔsrɔ̃ le ahatsunono ŋu he domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti numekula geɖe ƒe susu le ƒeawo me. Ðewo gblɔ be numekuku ɖee fia be domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖewo ƒe anyinɔnɔ alo woƒe anyimanɔmanɔe na wonoa ahatsu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, The New England Journal of Medicine ka nya ta le ƒe 1988 me be “le ƒe ewo siwo va yi me la, wokpɔ kpeɖodzi matrɔmatrɔ le numekuku vovovo etɔ̃ me be ahatsunono nye nɔnɔme si ƒe dome wonyina.”

Gake fifia numãmeŋutinunyala bibi aɖewo le ɖi kem susu si nye be domenyiŋusẽfianu koŋue hea ahatsunono vɛ. Nyatakaka aɖe si le The Boston Globe, April 9, 1996 tɔ me, gblɔ be: “Mɔkpɔkpɔ aɖeke meli be woava ke ɖe ahatsunono ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋu o, eye numekula aɖewo ʋu eme be esi ɖewohĩ yewoate ŋu akpɔe nye domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie si ana ame aɖewo nano aha fũ evɔ womamu o—nɔnɔme si ate ŋu ana woazu ahatsunolawo.”

The New York Times ka nya ta le takpekpe aɖe si wowɔ le Maryland Yunivɛsiti ŋu, si ƒe tanyae nye “Domenyiŋusẽfianuwo Kple Hlɔ̃dodo Ŋuti Numekuku ƒe Gɔmesese Kple Vevienyenye.” Gbɔgblɔ be hlɔ̃dodo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu li le bɔbɔe ŋutɔ. Edze abe nyameɖela geɖe dina be yewoada asi ɖe nɔnɔme sia dzi ene. Ame aɖe si ŋlɔa dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ɖe The New York Times Magazine me gblɔ be ɖewohĩ vɔ̃ɖinyenye “le chromosomes siwo míexɔ tso mía dzilawo gbɔ le míaƒe fufɔɣi me.” The New York Times me nyati aɖe ka nya ta be numedzodzro atraɖii be hlɔ̃dodo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu li na wòdze be hlɔ̃dodo tso “nane koŋ gbɔ—si nye ahɔhɔ̃a ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie.”

Jerome Kagan si nye susuŋutinunyala le Harvard gblɔ be ava ɖo afi aɖe esime woade dzesi ɖevi siwo me ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ le le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dodokpɔ me. Ame aɖewo gblɔ be ɖewohĩ mɔkpɔkpɔ li be woaɖe hlɔ̃dodo dzi akpɔtɔ to lãmenuwo tɔtrɔ me tsɔ wu be woawɔe to hadomeɖɔɖɔɖowɔwɔ dzi.

Zi geɖe la, nya siwo wogblɔna le nususugblɔ siawo ŋu be ame ƒe nuwɔna tso eƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu gbɔ la, me mekɔna o eye kakaɖedzi menɔa wo ŋu o. Agbalẽ si nye Exploding the Gene Myth ƒo nu tso numekuku si Lincoln Eaves, agbenɔnɔ ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti numekula wɔ, amesi gblɔ be yekpɔ kpeɖodzi be blanuiléle tsoa domenyiŋusẽfianu gbɔ la ŋu. Esi Eaves wɔ numekuku le nyɔnu siwo wogblɔ be woate ŋu alé blanui bɔbɔe ŋu vɔ la, “egblɔ be ɖewohĩ [nyɔnuawo ƒe] nukpɔsusu kple alesi woléa blanuii awɔe be kuxi kpata mawo nadzɔ bɔbɔe.” Nukawoe nye “kuxi kpata” mawo? Nyɔnu siwo ŋu wòwɔ numekukua le la nye amesiwo “gbɔ wodɔ sesẽe, wodze wo dzi, alo wonyã wo le dɔ me.” Ke blanuilélee na dzigbãnya siawo dzɔa? Agbalẽa yi edzi be: “Nya woagblɔ enye ema? Ðe wodɔ nyɔnuawo gbɔ sesẽe, ɖe wodze wo dzi, alo ɖe wonyã wo le dɔ me, nusiawo tae wolé blanui ɖo. Zi alesi dzigbãnyawo dzɔ ɖe wo dzii la, zi nenemae woalé blanuii. Ðe [Eaves] kpɔe be menye agbemenudzɔdzɔ aɖekee na wolé blanui o la, ke ɖewohĩ anyo be wòakpɔe ɖa be domenyiŋusẽfianu ka gbɔe wòtso hã.”

Agbalẽ ma ke gagblɔ be ŋutinya siawo “tɔgbe ye dzena le domenyiŋusẽfianu [agbenɔnɔ tɔ] ŋuti nyatakaka akpa gãtɔ siwo li fifia me,” le nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽwo kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyagbalẽwo siaa me. Nya lédziname vovovowo, nususugblɔ siwo ŋu kpeɖodzi mele o, kple nya ŋɔnɔewo le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe vevienyenye le míaƒe agbenɔnɔ me ŋu ye nɔa wo me. Nusi ɖea dzesi le nuŋɔŋlɔ siawo ƒe geɖe ŋue nye be gɔmesese menɔa wo ŋu o.” Eyi edzi be: “Vovototo gã aɖe le domenyiŋusẽfianu tsɔtsɔ sɔ ɖe nɔnɔmewo nu le Mendel ƒe domenyinyi nufiafia nu kple nususugblɔ be domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ‘ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi’ gbɔe dɔléle sesẽwo abe dɔdzẽ alo ʋusɔgbɔdɔ ene tso dome. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo gaha nu esi wogblɔ be domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti numekuku ate ŋu ana woase amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔmewo gɔme.”

Gake le nya siwo katã míegblɔ va yi nu la, nya siwo wobiana zi geɖe kpɔtɔ li be: Nukatae míekpɔnɛ ɣeaɖewoɣi be míaƒe agbenɔnɔ le tɔtrɔm? Eye ŋusẽ kae le mía si le nɔnɔme siawo me? Aleke míawɔ akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe míaƒe agbenɔnɔ dzi ɣeawokatãɣi? Ðewohĩ nyati si gbɔna akpe ɖe ŋuwò nàkpɔ ŋuɖoɖo aɖewo na biabia siawo.

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 18]

Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe Dɔdada—Ðe Mɔkpɔkpɔwo Le Eme Vama?

Ke domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔdada—si nye domenyiŋusẽfianu nyuiwo dodo na dɔnɔwo be wòada domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔléle si wotsɔ dzi woe ya ɖe? Mɔkpɔkpɔ gãwo nɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo si le ƒe ʋee siwo va yi me. The Economist, December 16, 1995 tɔ, bia be: “Ðe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔdada nye mɔ̃ɖaŋununya si le tsia dzia? Ne ètsɔ dɔdala siawo kple nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽwo ƒe nyagbɔgblɔ bu eŋui la, ɖewohĩ àbui nenema. Gake Amerikatɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala bibiwo ƒe hatsotso aɖe melɔ̃ ɖe edzi o. Harold Varmus, si nye Dukɔa ƒe Lãmesẽnyadzikpɔha (NIH) ƒe tatɔ, bia tso dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala deŋgɔ 14 si be woagadzro nya sia me. Esi woyi ŋugble me ɣleti adre megbe la, wogblɔ le nyatakaka si wota kwasiɖa si va yi me be, togbɔ be mɔkpɔkpɔ le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔdada ŋu hã la, ‘wogakafu’ dzidzedze si wokpɔ va ɖo fifia akpa.” Wodo dɔnɔ 597 siwo lãmetsi si nye adenosine deaminase (ADA) vɔ le lãme na, alo amesiwo le dɔ bubu geɖe siwo wobu be domenyiŋusẽfianu dodo ate ŋu ada la dometɔ ɖeka lém la kpɔ. The Economist gblɔ be: “Le numekuha la ƒe nya nu la, dodokpɔ sia wɔwɔ meɖe vi na dɔnɔawo dometɔ ɖeka pɛ hã wòdze ƒã o.”

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 19]

Togbɔ be ame aɖewo agblɔ nyawo le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe nuɖoɖiname ŋu hã la, amewo ate ŋu atia alesi woanɔ agbee